BOOK OF THE EARTH
ITS STRUCTURE: [Interior], [Crust], [Rocks], [Fossils], [Heat]
[GEOLOGICAL VIEW OF GROWTH OF THE EARTH]
[SURFACE OF THE EARTH]: [Land Forms]: [Continents], [Islands], [Mountains], [Plains]; [Water Forms]: [Springs], [Rivers], [Lakes], [Oceans]
[CELEBRATED MOUNTAIN PEAKS AND RANGES]
[ATMOSPHERE, CLIMATE AND WEATHER]
NATURAL WONDERS AND FORCES: [Volcanoes], [Earthquakes], [Geysers], [Caverns], [Waterfalls], [Whirlpools], [Tides], [Deserts], [Ocean Depths], [Clouds], [Seasons], [Glaciers], [Icebergs], [Snow], [Rain], [Hail], [Dew], [Coral Islands and Reefs]
[DICTIONARY OF MINERAL PRODUCTS]
[TABLES FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS]
[PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS ABOUT THE EARTH]
NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS, CHARTS AND MAPS
| Life Ages of the Earth | Pictorial Diagram Showing the Corresponding Forms of Animal and Plant Life, and Rock Strata in theEarth’s Crust. | Rocks and Strata to which they belong | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cenozoic, or Recent Life. Age of Mammals. |  | Alluvium, Gravel, Mud, Sand, Clay, Marl, Limestone. | Ceno- zoic |
| Mesozoic, or Middle Life. Age of Reptiles. | Chalk, Gault, Green Sand, Oolite, Clays and Limestone, China Clay, Shales, Cement, Sandstone, Pervian. | Meso- zoic | |
| Paleozoic, or Old Life. Age of Invertebrates. Age of Fishes. Age of Acrogens. | Coal Massives, Upper and Lower. Millstone, Grit, Mountain, Limestone, Old Red Sand Stone, Iron Ore, Gypsum, Gas,Lead, Zinc, Phosphate, Marble, Sandstone, Shales, Copper. | Paleo- zoic | |
| Proterozoic, or Earlier Life. Earliest Forms of Life. | Copper, Silver, Lake Superior Iron Ores, and many Metals. Granite, Schists. Emery, Gems, and Building Stone. | Protero- zoic | |
| 1. Sivatherium, (siv-a-thē´-ri-um). 2. Mastodon, (mas´tō-don). 3. Elephas, (el´e-fas). 4. Palæotherium,(pā-lē-ō-thē´-ri-um).5. Pterodactyl, (ter-ō-dak´tīl). 6. Ammonites, (am´mo-nitz). 7. Plesiosaurus, (plē-zi-ō-saw´rus). 8.Ichthyosaurus, (ik-thi-ō-saw´rus).9. Carboniferous, (kär’bŏn-ĭf´ēr-ŭs) fern. 10. Lepidodendron,(lep-ī-dō-den´dron). 11. Calamites, (kal´a-mits orkal´a-mī´tēz). 12. Labyrinthodon,(lab-i-rin´thō-don). 13. Acanthodus, (a-kan-thō´dus). 14. Diplacanthus, (dip-la-kan´thus).15. Lepidosteus, (lep-i-dos´te-us). 16. Climatius, (clī-măi´tē-us). 17. Zosterites, (zos-ter-i´tēz).18. Goniatites, (gō-ni-a-tī´tēz).19. Strophomena, (strō-phŏm´ĕ-na). | |||
[Large illustration] (465 kB)
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BOOK OF THE EARTH
Science tells us that the Earth was once a shining star, a globe of liquid fire. As it cooled down, a crust formed over its surface, composed chiefly of rocks and metals. This crust was rent by the force of the gases shut up within, and thus the mountains, valleys, gorges, and volcanoes were formed. The Earth, indeed, is still upheaving and subsiding, but so slowly that we rarely feel it. Through these agencies the distribution of land and water on the surface of the earth has undergone great changes. The shape of the Earth is that of a sphere somewhat flattened at the poles, and it has a diameter of about 8,000 miles. The solid crust is called the lithosphere—which is surrounded by an envelope of air—the atmosphere—and in part by an envelope of water—the hydrosphere.
HOW THE EARTH WOULD APPEAR IF CUT THROUGH THE CENTER
Beneath the rocky crust of the earth, thirty-five miles in thickness, there is a broad belt of heavier material to a depth of nine hundred miles. Within this shell lies the great metallic core.