INDEX Transcriber's notes: Readers Should Also Consult the Table of Contents Preceding Each Article and Amendment of the Constitution A [1034] [1034] Created by President, [393-394] , [396] Discretion to discriminate, when a denial of equal protection, [1157] Judicial review of, when a due process requisite, [850-853] Jurisdictional facts, finality of determination by, [622-623] State, procedural due process, notice and hearing, etc., [1084-1088] , [1139] see also [Delegation of Power] ; Executive Power; [President: Powers] ):Violations of, how punished as crimes, [82] see also [Courts (Federal)] ; [Navigable Waters] ; [States] ; [States: Courts] ):Advertisements. See [Motor Vehicles] ; [Trade-Marks] . Advisory Opinions. See [Courts (Federal)] . See [Commerce] ; [Commodity and Security Exchanges] ; [Fruit] ; [Milk] ; [Raisins] ; [Warehouses] ; [Wheat] .Aircraft. See [Airplanes] . Air Force. See [Land, Air, and Naval Forces] . Alcoholic Beverages. See [Intoxicating Liquors] . see also [Courts (Federal)] ; [Enemies] ; [Japanese] ):Deportation, exclusion, proceedings, due process in, [851-853] Discrimination against by States, cities, when a denial of equal protection, [1157-1158] Due process of law, protected by, [846] Entry, exclusion, powers of Congress as to, [259-261] Fifth Amendment, protected by, limits, [439] Fishing licenses, State refusal to issue to, validity, [417] Land ownership by, State power to restrict, [416-417] , [968] , [1157-1158] Property of, condemnation, [865] Release from State custody by habeas corpus from federal court, [632] State curbs on entry, validity, [215-216] , [241] Alliances, States not to enter into, [325] see also [Courts (Federal)] ; [States: Courts] ):Defined, appointment, salary, etc., [445-447] Amendments to Constitution. See [Constitution of the United States] . Amnesty. See [Pardons] ; [President: Powers] . Antitrust Laws. See [Restraint of Trade] . Apportionment of Representatives. See [House of Representatives] . see also [Public Funds of United States] ):Power of Congress to make, [323-324] Required for withdrawals from Treasury, payment of claims, [323] for Support of armies, two year limit, [279] , [283-284] Army. See [Land, Air, and Naval Forces] . Arsenals, purchased with State consent, federal jurisdiction over, [300] , [306-307] Atomic Energy, [292] [235] see also [Courts (Federal)] ):Defendant's right to, in federal criminal cases, [884-885] Defendant's right to, in State criminal trials; fair trial doctrine, [1098-1109] Practice in federal courts, powers of Congress as to, etc., [527-528] B Bail:Denial of, by States, validity, [1133] Excessive, not to be required, [903-904] see also [Due Process of Law] ):Legislation, limitations imposed by due process clause, [857-858] Persons covered by, [262-263] Powers of Congress as to; limitations, [263-264] Scope of relief to debtors, [262-263] State insolvency laws, when operative, validity, [264-265] States as creditors, filing of claims, [264-265] see also [National Banks] ; [Taxation: States] ):Federal tax on State bank notes, municipal notes, [265] , [309-310] in Interstate business, State regulation, [234-235] State owned, suable, [930] State regulation of, [1020] , [1082] Unclaimed funds in, escheat to State, due process limitations, [1082] as Condition of naturalization, [256-257] Constitutional right as to, [813] Bill of Rights:Application to States, [750-752] , [757] , [760-764] , [766-768] , [771-773] , [775-792] , [808-810] , [830] , [904] , [985] , [1100-1101] , [1110-1113] , [1115-1118] , [1121-1124] , [1133] Formulation, adoption, [749-750] Intended scope, [770] Bills of Attainder, passage prohibited, [315-316] , [326-327] [326] "Blue Ribbon" Juries. See [Juries] . [1019] Borrowing Power, Federal, relation to coinage power, [117-118] , [266-267] [591-592] Bread. See [Food] ; [Weights and Measures] . Bridges across navigable streams, State power as to, [230-231] Building and Loan Association, conversion into federal, without State consent, void, [920-921] Building sites purchased with State consent, Federal jurisdiction over, [300] , [305-307] [1017-1024] , [1155] Businesses Affected with Public Interest, State regulation of, [995-997] C see also [Airplanes] ; [Attachment and Garnishment] ; [Public Utilities] ; [Restraint of Trade] ; [Taxation: State] ; [Vessels] ):Bills of lading, Federal regulation as to, [143-144] [138] , [139] Motor, State regulation of, [211-213] , [226-228] , [250] , [1032-1033] , [1153] , [1155] Pipelines, oil and gas, Federal regulation of, [137-138] Pipelines, power of States to compel service by, [1025] Railroads, conflict of State, Federal regulations as to, [246-247] , [251] Railroads, Federal regulation of labor, rates, safety, etc., due process limitations, [132-137] , [139-143] , [861-862] Railroads, grade crossing elimination, compellable services, etc., rates, safety; regulatory powers of States as to, [134-137] , [220-225] , [998-1008] , [1010-1016] , [1156] Transportation agencies, State control of, scope, [228] Censorship. See [Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly] ; [Motion Pictures] ; [Postal Service] ; [War] . Census (See also [Taxation (Federal)] ):Basis of apportionment of seats in House of Representatives, [89-90] Decennially taken; extended scope, [89-90] Chain Stores, taxation of, validity, [1055] , [1147-1148] Federal laws regulating, validity, [152-158] State laws regulating, [987] see also [Aliens] ):Assigned to negro schools, validity, [1161] [240] Citizens (State), Entitled to Privileges of Citizens in other States. See Comity Clause. see also [Comity Clause] ; [Corporations] ; [Courts (Federal)] ; [President: Powers] ; [Privileges and Immunities of U.S. and State Citizens] ):Defined; how acquired, exceptions, [254-256] , [312] , [699] , [963-965] How lost; expatriation, etc., [256-259] of Inhabitants of territories, [254-255] , [963-964] Jus sanguinis, as basis of, [254-255] Rights of naturalized persons, [257-258] Who are citizens, [254-255] , [312] , [963-965] Civil Rights, infraction by individuals, Congress cannot punish, [1175-1176] see also [Public Debt of the United States] ):Congress, powers as to, [324] for Emancipation of slaves, void, [1174] Claims of United States, powers of Congress as to, [311] Clear and Present Danger. See [Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly] . Federal regulation as to, [153-154] Prohibition of mining, under city streets, etc., [1026] Coins and Coinage. See [Counterfeiting] ; [Money] . See also [Taxation: State] ):Corporations not eligible to benefits of, [688-689] Privileges and immunities of State citizens, scope, [689-693] Sources, purposes of, how implemented, [686-688] State citizenship, scope of, [688] State discrimination as to nonresidents, limits, [691-693] see also [Carriers] ; [Child Labor] ; [Coal] ; [Foreign Commerce] ; [Hydroelectric Power] ; [Interstate Commerce Commission] ; [Navigation] ; [Original Package Doctrine] ; [Police Power] ; [Radio] ; [Taxation] ; [Wheat] ):Commerce clause of Constitution as source of National power, [118-173] , [214-215] , [217-220] , [246-253] Commerce clause of Constitution, purpose, meaning of terms, [118-126] Concurrent Federal-State legislation as to, [246-252] Foreign, powers of Congress as to interstate and, compared, [123-125] , [162-163] , [165-167] [149-150] with Indian tribes, congressional power as to, [252-253] Instruments of, powers of Congress as to, [125-126] , [139] Prohibition, restraint of, powers of Congress as to, [144-150] Regulations, Federal, favoring certain ports, [322-323] Reserved powers of States as limitation on Federal powers as to, [121-122] , [917-921] State power to regulate interstate, Federal supremacy, [177-214] , [224-225] , [249-252] , [968] , [1027] Stockyards, Federal supervision of, [149] Commission Merchants, State regulation of, [235] [250] , [1019] Common Law (see also [Juries] ):No Federal crimes under, [877] Communication, instrumentalities of, Federal regulation, [138-139] [795-802] Compacts between States. See [States: Agreement with other States] . Confederations, States not to enter into, [325] see also [Self-Incrimination] ):Right of, in Federal criminal trials, [884] Right of, presence of accused, in State criminal trials, [1126-1130] see also [Contempt] ; [Elections] ; [House of Representatives] ; [Impeachment] ; [Investigations] ; [Senate] ):Bills, how enacted into law, [101-103] Concurrent resolutions, uses, [104] Journal of proceedings, contents, evidence, etc., [95] , [98] Representatives, choice of Speaker, officers, [90] Resolutions, etc., how made effective, status, [104-105] Revenue bills, origination, amendment, [101-102] Rules of procedure, determination, [95-97] Yea and Nay votes, entry into journal, [95] , [98] , [102] Judicial direction, immunity from, [500] Members of Senate or House:Attendance, compulsion of, [95] Beginning of term, [1225] Compensation for services before departments, restriction, [97-98] Compensation, how fixed; when begins, [99] Disorderly behavior, punishment, [95] Election of, qualifications, each House to judge, [95-96] Expulsion, [95] , [97-98] Freedom from arrest, libel suits, limits, [99-100] not Impeachable, [500] Incompatible offices, [100-101] , [383] Presidential electors, ineligible as, [383] Qualifications, when fulfilled, enlargement of, [87-89] , [91] as Treaty negotiators, eligibility, [449] Powers in Relation to Executive:Conduct of foreign relations, cooperation with President in, [467-471] Executive officers, control of conduct of, [478-480] Sessions:Adjournment by one House, restrictions, [95] Frequency; beginning of, [1225] Quorum required for, exceptions, [95-96] [242-246] , [1025-1027] Amendment of, process, limits of power, scope for judicial review, [711-715] Amendments, dates of ratification of, [37-54] Amendments, resolutions proposing, not submitted to President, [105] Doctrines of interpretation of, [71-81] Preamble to, [19] , [59-60] , [166] Ratification of, effective date, etc., [743] Ratification, historical note on, [9-15] Consuls. See [Ambassadors] . Containers (see also [Fraud] ; [Original Package Doctrine] ): see also [Courts (Federal)] ; [Courts (State)] ):of Congress, punishment, [85-86] Criminal, civil, distinguished, [521] of State court, summary punishment, [1129-1130] [329-362] Convict-Made Goods, State regulation of sale of, [240] Coolie Labor System. See [Involuntary Servitude] . Copyright: see also [Comity Clause] ; [Courts (Federal)] ; [Taxation] ):Charters, termination by States, [1016] Charters, when contracts not to be impaired, [336-339] , [343-352] Dissolved by State, ineligible for bankruptcy, [263] Due process of law, protected by, [981] , [1016] Equal protection of the laws, entitled to, exceptions, [1142-1144] , [1146-1147] , [1149-1150] , [1152] Federal, liability for wrongful acts, [586-587] Federal, powers of Congress as to, [267] , [309-310] Federal, suability of, [590-591] Federal, taxation by States, etc., [732-734] Foreign, appointment of agent for service of process, [1074] , [1077-1080] Foreign, equal protection clause as limit on taxation of, [1149-1150] Foreign, right to sue in Federal courts, [638] Foreign, State control over admission, licensing, operation, [231-232] , [234] , [249] , [1009] , [1016] , [1021-1022] Foreign, suability, due process limitations, [1075-1080] Freedom of speech and assembly, not claimable by, [809] Privileges and immunities of United States, State, citizens, not eligible to, [965] Production of books and papers in State investigations, [1122] Publications supporting candidates, restraints on, [793] Self-incrimination, not protected against, [826] , [843] Stockholders' derivative actions, security for costs, [1089-1090] Counsel. See [Attorneys] . of Foreign money, power to punish, [278] Punishment, powers of Congress, States, [265-266] , [278] Court of Claims (see also [Claims against United States] ; [Courts (Federal)] ):Judicial review of decisions, status, [535-536] Jurisdiction, expansion as to adjudicated claims, [311] see also [Boundaries of States] ; [Corporations] ; [Habeas Corpus] ; [Indians] ; [Juries] ; [Labor] ; [Political Questions] ; [Prizes of War] ; [Public Officers of the United States] ; [States: Courts] ; [States: Officers] ; [States: Powers] ; [States: Suits by and against] ; [Supreme Court of the United States] ):Admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; scope, types of cases, procedure in, etc., [278-279] , [572-583] Advisory opinions not rendered by, [549-550] Ancillary, inherent powers, [511-512] , [515-528] Attorneys, admission, disbarment by, [527-528] Cases and controversies before, defined, attributes of, [538-553] , [561] , [585] Cases arising under Constitution, Laws, Treaties, [553-570] Citizenship for jurisdictional purposes, [597] , [599-603] Congress, powers as to organization, jurisdiction of, [310] , [525] , [528-537] , [551] , [574-580] , [582-586] , [591] , [600] , [603] , [606-608] , [611-624] , [630-632] , [635-636] Consular courts, [533] Consuls, etc., suable in, [571-572] Contempts, power to punish, regulation by Congress, [511] , [515-521] Corporations, citizenship for jurisdictional purposes, status to sue in, [568] , [597] , [601-603] , [638] Declaratory judgments, power to issue, validity, etc., [513-514] , [551-553] District of Columbia residents, citizenship for jurisdictional purposes, [599-600] in District of Columbia, status, powers, regulations by Congress, [304-305] , [522] , [536-537] Full faith and credit clause in, [684] Immunity from suit of United States, States, foreign states, waiver, etc., [585-591] , [609] Indian tribes, immunity from suit, removal of cases, [591] Indian tribes, not foreign state for jurisdictional purposes, [431] , [610] Inferior, administrative matters, jurisdiction over, [623-624] Inferior, creation, abolition, etc., by Congress, [277] , [528-530] Judges and juries in, functions distinguished, directed verdicts, [895-897] Judicial review by, origin, scope, limits, etc., [554-566] , [799] Jurisdiction concurrent with Supreme Court, scope, [613-614] Jurisdiction, scope, [525] , [538-635] , [638] Legislative, creation, etc., by Congress, [310] , [533-537] Nonjudicial functions, powers of Congress to vest in, [533-535] , [537] Power to render and enforce judgments, [595] Presidential use of, to enforce laws, [484-486] Referees, masters, special aids, appointment by, [527] Rule-making power, derivation, limits, process, [74] , [525-526] of Specialized jurisdiction, organization, powers, etc., [531-533] , [620] State courts, controversies, concurrent jurisdiction, with, comity, [624-635] State courts, removal of cases to, from, [310] , [567-569] States, interest requisite for suits in, [114] , [543] , [594] Status to sue in, [114] , [541-543] , [594] Suits against States by citizens of other States, etc., [929-930] Suits between citizens of different States, law applicable to, interpretation (diversity of citizenship), [302] , [332] , [599-608] Suits between State, or its citizens, and foreign states, citizens, etc., [609-611] Suits between States, [591-595] Suits by States against citizens of another State, suits by, as parens patriae, [596-599] Suits by States to enforce their penal laws, [597] Suits of citizens under land grants of different States, [608-609] Suits of United States as party plaintiff or defendant, suits of, against States, [584-591] Territorial, how created, jurisdiction, etc., [703] Territorial, transferral of cases from, when, [699] Writs, congressional power as to issue by, [312-313] , [522-525] , [621-622] See [Land, Air and Naval Forces] .Errors of, not effecting denial of due process, [1140-1141] Impartiality essential to due process; effect of mob violence, [1131] , [1138-1139] see also [Criminal Prosecutions] ; [Elections] ; [Felonies] ; [High Seas] ; [Taxation: Federal] ):Definition; powers of Congress as to, [277-279] , [308-309] Federal, petty, serious, defined, [877-878] , [881-883] under National Prohibition Act, effect of repeal, [1214] Penalties, gradation for different crimes, different criminals, validity, [1160-1161] Vagueness of statutes defining, effect, [881-883] , [984] , [1097] see also [Attorneys] ; [Confrontation] ; [Crimes and Offenses] ; [Double Jeopardy] ; [Due Process of Law] ; [Ex Post Facto Laws] ; [Grand Juries] ; [Habeas Corpus] ; [Juries] ; [Public Officers of United States] ; [Territories] ; [Treaties] ):Cruel and Unusual Punishment, not to be inflicted, what constitutes, [903-905] , [1133-1135] D Dams, across navigable streams, State powers as to, [229-230] Debts due the United States, collection, [117] Debts of the United States:Abrogation of gold clause in United States bonds, validity, [117] Contraction, payment, [117] Declaratory Judgments. See [Courts (Federal)] . Judicial, to administrative agencies, [521] Legislative, by Congress, [71] , [73-81] , [392] , [442] to President, in conduct of foreign relations, [80] , [380] Rule-making, to courts, [74] , [525-526] by State legislatures, to rate-making commissions, [77] in War, [289-291] , [392] Descent. See [Succession to Property] . Direct Tax. See [Taxation: Federal] . Discrimination. See [Aliens] ; [Chinese] ; [Comity Clause] ; [Equal Protection of the Laws] ; [Involuntary Servitude] ; [Negroes] ; [Restraint of Trade] . see also [Courts (Federal)] ):Cession by States, effect, [301-302] Courts of, powers, status, [304-305] Diversity of citizenship clause, applicable to, [302] Interstate commerce, taxation of, by, [304] Jury trial, residents entitled to, [303] , [892] as a Municipal corporation, suability, powers, [300-301] , [304] Police power of, [303] Retrocession of Alexandria County to Virginia, [301] as Seat of government, powers of Congress as to, [300-305] as a "State" for certain purposes, [302] State laws applicable to, [302] Taxation in, [303-304] Diversity of Citizenship. See [Courts (Federal)] . Divorce. See [Due Process of Law] ; [Full Faith and Credit] . Docks and Dock Yards. See [Wharves and Docks] . Dogs, protection conditioned on owner's payment of tax, [1035] [704-705] see also [Due Process of Law] ):Guaranty against, not applicable to military forces, [286] What constitutes; protection against, limits, [837-841] , [1135-1137] see also [Pharmacies] ):State, etc., laws regulating sale of, [1030] Dual Federalism (see also [States: Powers] ), [106] , [915-919] see also [Administrative Agencies] ; [Aliens] ; [Bankruptcy] ; [Carriers] ; [Corporations] ; [Land, Air, and Naval Forces] ; [Police Power] ; [Public Utilities] ):in Administrative proceedings, essentials of, [849-853] in Criminal proceedings, essentials of, [847] , [881-885] Discriminatory legislation, relation to, [853-854] Indictment by grand Jury, precision required by, [838] , [883-884] as to Infamous crimes requiring grand jury indictment, [837-838] Meaning, source, evolution of, [751] , [844-846] , [854-855] Procedural protection of, essentials, [846-853] Retroactive legislation, deprivation of property, as affected by, [855-858] Self-incrimination, protection against, [825-827] , [830] , [837] , [841-844] Substantive, essentials of, [853-864] Due Process of Law (Fourteenth Amendment) (see also [Full Faith and Credit] ; [Motor Vehicles] ):in Administrative, legislative proceedings; notice and hearing, etc., [1084-1088] , [1139] Appeal, new trial, etc., not required by, [1139] in Civil proceedings, jurisdiction required, perfected by service of process, appearance, etc., [1070-1089] , [1096] Comparison with clause in Fifth Amendment, [971-972] in Criminal proceedings, [1096-1139] in Divorce actions; jurisdiction required, [662-671] Enforcement of, by Congress, limits, [1175-1177] Historical development, [971-980] Judgments without jurisdiction, process, etc., as denial of, [658-661] , [670-673] Judicial procedure, as limitation on State regulation of, [1089-1096] in Judicial proceedings, notice and hearing, etc., [1087-1088] , [1139] "Liberty", protected by, [983-997] , [1017] , [1019-1020] , [1022] "Persons", protected by, [981-982] Retroactive repeal of certain rights, when a denial of, [1035] , [1039] Scope of protection, [981-1139] E Earmarked Funds. See [General Welfare] ; [Spending for the General Welfare] . Education. See [Negroes] ; [Schools and Colleges] . see also [House of Representatives] ; [Negroes] ; [President] ; [Election] ; [Public Officers of the United States] ; [Senate] ):Congressional, use of State officers, etc., powers of Congress as to, [87] , [92-94] , [738-739] Crimes in relation to, [92] Declaration of intention as prerequisite to voting, validity, [1165] Grandfather clauses, void, [1184] Inequalities in voting power from unfair apportionment and nominating procedures, [92-94] , [1165] , [1207-1208] Literacy requirements for voting, [1184-1186] of Members of Congress, each House to be judge of, [95-96] Municipal, Federal regulations pertaining to, [92-93] Primary, for nomination of Congressmen, Federal regulations as to, [94] Primary, status of political parties in, [1185] Qualifications of voters; voting rights, Federal protection of, etc., [87] , [92-94] , [386] , [1170-1172] , [1183-1186] , [1207-1208] , [1219-1220] Time-off-for-voting laws, validity, [988] Electricity (see also [Public Utilities] ):Interstate distribution of, Federal, State regulation, [137] , [223] Embargoes. See [Conservation] ; [Foreign Commerce] . see also [Aliens] ; [Navigable Waters] ):Federal, just compensation defined, enforced; right to interest, etc., [866-867] , [869-872] Federal, of State lands, [920] Federal power of, scope, [837] , [864-872] , [920] Federal, public use defined, determined, [865-866] Federal, what constitutes a "taking", [867-869] President, powers of, in war time, [403] State, power of, inalienable, limited by due process clause, [349-350] , [1062-1070] State, "taking", "for public use", just compensation, uncompensated takings, consequential damages, defined, [1003-1068] War damage, liability of United States, [298] Emoluments, acceptance from foreign states by public officers, restricted, [324] Alien, confiscation of property, [865] Alien, deportation after end of hostilities, [474-475] Alien, not protected by due process of law, [846] Alien, property, rights, status; effect of war on, [80] , [294-298] , [402] , [846] , [865] see also [Corporation] ; [Elections] ; [Negroes] ; [State: Taxation] ):Escheat. See [Banks] ; [Insurance] . Estate, Gift, and Inheritance Taxes. See [Taxation] . Evidence and Presumptions, burden of proof, prima facie evidence, etc., due process limitations on State regulations as to, [1093-1096] Excises. See [Taxation] . see also [President: Powers] ):Distinguished from Treaties, [433] , [442] , [444-445] Examples of, authorized, approved by Congress, [419] , [433] , [441-443] , [445] Supreme, over conflicting State laws, [1201] Types of, [419] , [433-445] Validity, binding effect of, [433-444] Exports. See [Commerce] ; [Foreign Commerce] ; [Taxation] . Extradition (see also [Habeas Corpus] ):Congress, powers as to, [693-694] Duty of State to surrender fugitives, [693-694] , [738] Felons fleeing District of Columbia, unnecessary, [303] to Foreign nations, by President, [464] to Foreign nations, by States, limitation, [325] Fugitive from justice defined, [694-695] Removal procedure, rights of fugitive, [695-696] F Fair Trial (see also [Attorneys] ), [1098-1109] , [1111-1113] , [1129-1133] , [1138-1139] Federal-State Relations, [736-739] Federal Supremacy. See [National Supremacy] . see also [Crimes and Offenses] ):Committed on high seas, power of Congress as to, [277-279] Ferries (see also [Carriers] ):on Navigable streams, State powers over, [231] Firearms. See [Bearing Arms] . Fish, conservation of, powers of States, [217] , [245] , [690] , [1027] Flag, reproduction on salable articles prohibited, [1154] See [Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly] .[132] [248] , [250] , [1030] , [1154] see also [Commerce] ; [Game] ):Foreign Corporations. See [Corporations] . Foreign Relations. See [Executive Agreements] ; [President: Powers] ; [Recognition] ; [Treaties] . Forts, Federal jurisdiction over, [300] , [305-307] Franchise Taxes. See [Taxation] . [1018-1019] Freedom of Assembly. See [Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly] . Freedom of Press. See [Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly] . see also [Communists] ; [Corporations] ; [Labor] ; [Land, Air and Naval Forces] ; [Lobbying] ; [Postal Service] ; [Public Officers of the United States] ; [Radio] ; [States: Officers] ; [Supreme Court of the United States] ; [War] ):of Assembly and petition; history, restraints on, [805-810] Clear and present danger rule, [772-784] , [787-792] , [794-801] Guaranty of, absorption into Fourteenth Amendment, [757] of Press, contempt of court decrees as restraint on, [517] , [783-784] of Press, group libel laws as restraint on, [802-804] of Press, motion picture censorship, validity, [787-788] of Religion, compulsory public school attendance, effect on, [765] of Religion, liability to military service as condition prerequisite to certain privileges, effect on, [768] of Religion, "no preference" doctrine, [758-759] of Religion, public bus transportation for parochial schools, effect on, [759] , [764] of Religion, "released time" for religious instruction, effect on, [760-763] of Religion, rights of Mormons, [759] of Religion, scope, restraints on, [563-564] , [764-769] of Religion, "wall of separation" doctrine, [759-763] Religious property, tax exemption, validity, [764] Religious schools, free textbooks for, effect on, [764] of Speech and press, censorship, [786-788] of Speech and press, in parks and streets, [784-786] , [791] of Speech and press, restraint by taxation, labor regulations, etc., [792-793] of Speech and press, scope, [769-805] of Speech, curbs on sound trucks, street car radios, effect on, [767] , [785] Freedom of Speech. See [Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly] . Export of, restriction by States, [243-244] , [1027] Immature citrus fruit, exclusion by States from interstate commerce, [1027] Protection of orchards by State by destruction of private property, [1026-1027] Fugitive Slave Clause, [696] Fugitives from Justice. See [Extradition] . see also [Courts (Federal)] ; [Supreme Court of the United States] ):Adoption decrees, effect on inheritance in forum State, [673] Common law, statutory, constitutional rights, scope of recognition by States, [675-683] Congress, power to effectuate, [651-652] , [657] , [683-685] Decrees awarding alimony, custody of children, [670-671] Divorce decrees, domicile as jurisdictional prerequisite to; effect on alimony, custody of children, property, [662-670] [673-674] Judgments, effect in forum State, limits, [653-674] , [685] Judgments, fraud as defense to enforcement of, [674] Judgments, jurisdiction prerequisite to enforcement, [657-670] , [682-683] Penal judgments, limits on enforcement, [674-675] Probate decrees, [672-673] Purpose of clause, [652] Suits against corporations, by stockholders, creditors, policy holders, law applied by forum, [677-681] Tort and contract actions, law applied by forum, [677] , [681-682] Workmen's compensation acts, application in forum, [681-682] G Building used for, lien on, for money lost, [1031] Lotteries, etc., State prohibition of, [1031] [217] , [242-243] , [690] , [1027] [1030] Gas (see also [Carriers] ; [Public Utilities] ; [Taxation: States] ):Conservation, restriction of export of, by States, [243] , [1025-1026] Damages from drilling for, requiring bond to cover, [1026] Gasoline. See [Police Power] ; [Prices, Charges, Rates] ; [Taxation] ; [Zoning] . [112-117] , [917-919] Gift Taxes. See [Taxation] . Gold. See [Money] ; [Public Debt of the United States] . Governors. See [States: Governors] . Grain. See [Agriculture] ; [Commerce] ; [Commodity and Security Exchange] ; [Conservation] ; [Warehouses] . see also [Due Process of Law] ):Grants-in-Aid, [113] , [116] Group Libel, [802-804] H see also [Prisoners] ):Errors at trial, issuance to correct, [312-313] in Extradition proceedings, [695] Issuance by Federal courts, [312-314] Issuance by Federal or State court to release prisoner in custody of other jurisdiction, [624] , [626] , [631-633] Military tribunal, to review proceedings of, [286] Review of conviction, use by prisoners to obtain, [1109] , [1124-1126] not a Substitute for appeal, [314] Suspension, when valid, [315] , [399-401] Habitual Offenders, successively heavier penalties on, validity, [1133] , [1135] , [1137] , [1160] Health (see also [Drugs] ; [Food] ; [Garbage] ; [Milk] ; [Sewers] ; [Water] ): Offenses committed on, defined, [277-279] Power of States over citizens on, [325] Holding Companies. See [Public Utilities] . Hot Pursuit, agreements with Mexico for crossing of boundary by troops, [434] see also [Congress] ; [Elections] ):Apportionment, representation in, reduced for illegal voting restrictions, etc., [1170-1172] Composition, [89-90] Election to fill vacancies in, [90] [93-94] Impeachment, powers as to, [90] Revenue bills originate in, [101-102] [130-132] I Immigration. See [Aliens] . Impairment of Obligation of Contracts, [329-362] see also [House of Representatives] ; [President] ; [Senate] ):Chief Justice; when presiding officer at trial, [91] Judgment on conviction, limitations on penalties, [92] Officers subject to; grounds for, [501] Implied Powers of Congress, [72-73] Imports. See [Commerce] ; [Foreign Commerce] ; [Inspection Laws] ; [Taxation] . Income Tax. See [Taxation] . see also [Courts (Federal)] ):Citizenship of, [254] Commerce with, congressional power as to, [252-253] Crimes on reservations, State jurisdiction as to, [698] Fishing rights of, under treaty, application of State game laws to, [700-701] Liquor, prohibition on lands used by, [253] , [698] , [702] "Not taxed"; included in apportioning seats in House of Representatives, [1171-1172] Regulations governing, due process limitations, [864] State taxes on lessees of lands of, [735] Treaties with, status, abrogation, etc., [431-432] Vested property rights of, protected by Fifth Amendment, [432] Indictment. See [Due Process of Law] ; [Grand Juries] . Industrial Relations. See [Labor] ; [Steel Seizure Case] . Infamous Crimes. See [Due process of Law] . Inherent Powers of National Government, [279-280] , [380] Inheritance Taxes. See [Taxation] . Insolvency. See [Bankruptcy] . [235-238] , [248] , [250] , [364-365] see also [Abandoned Property] ; [Corporations] ; [Taxation: State] ):Agents acting as undertakers, sharing commissions, State regulations as to, [1021] Foreign companies, conditions of entry, regulation of relations with, [1021-1022] as Interstate commerce, Federal, State regulation of, [214-215] Liquidation of companies, rights of dissenting policyholders, [1023] Policy provisions, State regulations as to, [1022-1023] Rates, agent's commissions, State regulation of, [996] , [1153] , [1155] State regulation of, [996] , [1021-1023] , [1153] , [1155] Insurrection. See [National Supremacy] . Interest. See [Money Lending] . International Law:Application to prizes of war, [295-296] as National public law, [277] Offenses against, punishment by Congress; trial of, by military commissions, [277-279] President, as enforcer of, [435] , [486-487] Interstate Commerce. See [Commerce] . [134-137] Interstate Compacts. See [States: Agreements with other States] . see also [Prohibition Amendment] ; [Prohibition Repeal Amendment] ):Destined for Federal area, exempt from State taxation, [1283] Federal regulation, as affected by Twenty-first Amendment, [1233-1234] [1231-1232] State power as to, scope under Twenty-first Amendment, [1231-1234] State prohibition, regulation of sale, of, [238-239] , [1031-1032] , [1155] Transportation into States in violation of State law, [1231-1233] [82-86] Conscription does not create, [284-285] Discriminations, compulsions, not amounting to, [284-285] , [951-953] Peonage defined as, statutes creating, [950-951] Prohibited, except as punishment for crime; powers of Congress as to, [950-951] , [953-954] J see also [Aliens] ):Jeopardy. See [Double Jeopardy] . Judgments (see also [Full Faith and Credit] ):Award of execution as essential to finality of, [511-512] Judges (Federal) (see also [Courts (Federal)] ):Impeachment, [502-504] of Legislative courts, tenure, salary, [534-535] Nonjudicial functions, [549] Salaries, diminution by taxation, etc., [105-106] , [511] , [530-531] Tenure, [511] , [528-530] Judges (State), pecuniary interest in verdict, violative of due process, [1131] Judicial Power:Administrative power, as aid to, [521] Defined, scope, attributes of, [511-539] , [595] Inherent limitations of, maxims of interpretation, [561-566] Vested in Supreme Court and inferior courts created by Congress, [511-512] Judicial Procedure. See [Courts (Federal)] ; [Courts (State)] . Judicial Review. See [Courts (Federal)] . see also [Courts (Federal)] ; [Public Officers of the United States] ):Challenges in selecting, "blue ribbon" juries, State regulations as to, [1109-1111] in Common law suits in Federal courts, functions of judges and, right to, waiver, [891-897] in Criminal trials in Federal courts, waiver, etc., [638] , [878-880] Dispensing with, in State civil proceedings, [1096] Right to, in State criminal trials, [1109-1111] Selection, number, size of vote by, power of States to alter, [1096] , [1109-1111] Jurisdiction, defined, distinguished from judicial power, [511-512] K L see also [Child Labor] ; [Full Faith and Credit Clause] ; [President: Powers] ; [Women] ):Collective bargaining; closed-shop; picketing; strikes, slow-downs, and boycotts; unions; yellow-dog contracts, State regulations as to, [781] , [991-994] , [1158] Employer's freedom of speech, Wagner Act as curb on, [793] Employment agencies, State regulation of fees, etc., [997] , [1023] Federal regulation, under commerce clause, [139-143] , [152-158] Hours of, State regulations of, [968] , [1158-1159] Injunctions in disputes, issuance by Federal courts, etc., not productive of slavery, [484-486] , [621-622] , [953] Liberty of contract, State interference with, [985-994] [581-582] Loyalty affidavits required of union officers, [794-795] Picketing, control of, as restraint on freedom of speech, press, [781-783] Railway, Federal regulations as to, [139-143] State laws regulating, conflict with Federal, effect, [249] , [251-252] Steel Seizure Case, [489-499] Union publications supporting candidates, restraints on, [793] Wages, State regulations as to payment, rates, assignments of, [987-988] , [1020-1021] , [1158] Wartime controls of, wage stabilization, [392] , [395-397] Workmen's compensation laws (State), application to maritime workers, abolition of common law defenses, etc., [311] , [580-582] , [989-990] , [1091] Work stoppages via union meetings during working hours, prohibition, [809] see also [Militia] ; [President: Powers] ):Air Force, establishment, [284] Congress, power to raise, support, regulate, [279] , [283-287] , [299-300] Conscription, validity, [284-285] , [299-300] Courts martial, judicial review of, when a due process requisite, [285-286] , [851] Courts martial, Presidential sanction of, decrees of, [476] Jury, not open to indictment or trial by, [285-286] , [838] Offenses arising in, trial, punishment, [285-286] Personnel, care of, Federal regulations as to, [285] , [299-300] Recruiting, etc., of, utterances obstructing, prohibition, [794] Legal Tender. See [Money] . Legislative Process. See [Congress] ; [Internal Organization] ; [Legislative Power] . Libel, group, [802-804] Liens, on vessels, under State laws, [235] Limitation of Actions, State enactment of, due process restrictions on, [1092-1093] See [Indians] ; [Intoxicating Liquors] .[810] Lotteries. See [Gambling] . M Mandamus. See [Courts (Federal)] ; [States: Officers] . Maritime Law. See [Admiralty] . Marque and Reprisal, Letters of, grant by Congress, [279] Martial Law:Effect on personal liberty, [484] Nature of, when lawfully invoked, [398-403] Meat, importation, etc., of, State regulation, [236-238] Migration, interstate, State curbs on, [241-242] , [968] Military Commissions, trial by, validity, [294] , [399-403] Military Forces. See [Land, Air, and Naval Forces] . Military Law. See [Land, Air and Naval Forces] ; [Militia] . Jury, not open to indictment or trial by, [837-838] Powers of Congress, States, as to, [299-300] Refusal to serve with, penalty, [299] see also [Conservation] ):Export, import, sale of, State regulations as to, [236-238] , [244-245] , [1030-1031] Price-fixing under Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act, [159-160] Price, purity of, State regulations as to, [236-238] , [244-245] , [996-997] , [1030-1031] , [1154] Mob violence. See [Confrontation] ; [Domestic Violence] ; [Due Process of Law] . see also [Bills of Credit] ; [Counterfeiting] ):Coinage and borrowing powers of Congress, relation, etc., [265-267] , [309-310] Gold clauses in contracts, abrogation, powers, of Congress as to, [265-267] , [287] Legal tender, powers of States as to, [326] Legal tender, Treasury notes as, [266-267] , [287] [1020-1021] Monopolies. See [Restraint of Trade] . Morals, State protection of, [1031-1032] Mortgages (see also [Taxation] ): see also [Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly] ):see also [Carriers] ; [Public Utilities] ; [Taxation: State] ):Advertising signs on, limited prohibition, validity, [1032-1033] , [1153-1154] Insurer of operators of, liability, [1022] Nonresident owners, etc., appointment of agent for service of process, [660-661] , [1074] State, etc., regulatory powers as to, [211-212] , [226-228] , [250] , [1032-1033] , [1153] , [1155] Municipal Corporations. See [States: Political Subdivisions] . N Incorporation, etc., by Congress, [265] , [267] , [309] State laws, application to, national supremacy, [725] State taxation of, [729] , [733] National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), void, [152-153] see also [National Banks] ; [Public Officers of the United States] ; [States: Courts] ; [Taxation: State] ):Conflict with Tenth Amendment, [915-921] Examples, [122] , [134-137] , [139-140] , [148] , [231] , [276] , [310] , [386] , [416-418] , [437-438] , [554-555] , [568-569] , [626-627] , [631-633] , [636-637] , [698] , [702] , [721-722] , [724-739] , [868] , [916] , [919] , [966] Federal contractors, State taxation of, application of State laws to, [726] , [730-732] Federal instrumentalities, securities, State tax exemption, [728-736] Meaning, interpretation, of, [721-722] , [724-736] State laws enacted during insurrection, effect, [728] Naturalization: see also [Flood Control] ; [Hydroelectric Power] ; [Navigation] ; [Vessels] ):see also [Hydroelectric Power] ; [Navigable Waters] ):Instruments of, docks, ferries, etc., Federal regulation of, [128-130] Obstructions to, Federal restraint of, [126-128] Navy. See [Land, Air and Naval Forces] . Nazi Saboteurs, trial by military commission, [285-286] , [401-402] "Necessary and Proper" Clause, [110] , [121] , [266-267] , [307-311] , [426-427] Citizenship of, [963-964] Home ownership, occupancy, public restrictions on, private covenants prohibiting, validity, [1028] , [1142] , [1161] Right to vote, discriminatory devices denying, validity, [1163-1164] , [1183-1186] , [1208] Segregation in schools, conveyances, laws as to, validity, [1161-1163] Segregation, State powers as to interstate carriers, [225-226] , [230] Nobility, titles of, not granted by United States, nor accepted by public officers without consent of Congress, [324] O Oaths, powers of Congress as to, [736] Obligation of Contracts. See [Contracts] . Officers of the United States. See [Public Officers of the United States] . Oil (see also [Taxation: State] ):Conservation, powers of States, [1025-1026] Damages from drilling, requiring bond to cover, [1026] Leases from United States, cancellation for fraud, [311] under Marginal belt along coast, powers of United States as to, [325] , [700] "Okies", State curbs on entry, [242] , [968] Oleomargarine (see also [Taxation] ): see also [Taxation: State] ):Effect on State regulation of cigarettes, convict-made goods, liquors, oleomargarine, etc., [236-241] Interstate and foreign commerce, relation to, [177-178] , [180] , [182-189] , [194] , [236-241] , [362-363] P Packers and Stockyards Act. See [Commerce] . Congressional powers as to; amnesty, etc., [324] , [411] , [527-528] for Contempts, limitations on President, [408-409] , [521] Legal nature, essentials, of; limited effect, [324] , [406-407] , [409-411] , [527-528] of Participant in Civil War, effect, [1173] Patents: Peddlers, State laws regulating, [786] , [1155-1156] Penalties. See [Crimes and Offenses] . Peonage. See [Involuntary Servitude] . People of the United States:"Citizens", synonymous with Sovereignty, possessors of, [59-60] Perjured testimony, conviction on, validity, [1124-1126] Petition, Right of. See [Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly] . [1023] Picketing. See [Labor] . Piers. See [Wharves and Docks] . Pipe Lines. See [Carriers] ; [Public Utilities] . Piracy, power of Congress to define, punish, [277-279] Plants. See [Quarantine Laws] . Corporations, contracts of, impairment by, [345-348] , [350-352] Federal, as limited by due process clause, [859-862] Foreign commerce, in relation to, [215-217] Implementation of, by Federal prohibition of commerce, [169-173] Interstate commerce, in relation to, [215] , [217-252] , [968] , [1232-1233] State, as limited by equal protection clause, [1144-1146] , [1153-1163] State, conflict with national supremacy, [722-726] State, defined, due process clause as restraint on, [974-980] , [982-1036] , [1091] State, impairment of contracts by, [357-361] [93] , [282] , [309] , [420] , [425-426] , [471-475] , [546-549] , [562-566] , [571-572] , [610] , [704-705] , [712-715] , [1064] , [1172] Poll Taxes (see also [Elections] ): Religious precepts, practice pursuant to, [759] , [765-766] Seat in House of Representatives refused practitioner of, [89] [483] Post Roads. See [Roads.] Postal Power. See [Postal Service] ; [Roads] . Preamble. See [Constitution of the United States] . Presentment. See [Due Process of Law] . Cabinet as adviser of, origin, meetings, [405-406] Compensation of, restrictions on alteration, dual salaries, etc., [384] , [388] Candidate-elect, death of, powers of Congress as to, [1225-1226] by Electors, number, duties of, etc., dispute over selection, political loyalty, disposition, [383-386] , [941-944] by House of Representatives, when, how, [383] , [941-944] , [1225] Immunity from judicial direction, injunction, etc., [499-501] , [546] Impeachment of, [501-503] Message to Congress, [381] Oath of office, effect, time for, [384] , [388-389] see also [Administrative Agencies] ; [Constitution of the United States] ; [Delegation of Power] ; [Eminent Domain] ; [Executive Agreements] ; [Extradition] ; [Pardons] ; [Posse Comitatus] ; [Public Officers of the United States] ; [War] ):to Appoint officers, [404] , [412] , [445-450] , [452-455] as Commander in Chief; a civilian officer, [380] , [389-405] , [434-435] , [470] , [476] , [486-499] to Conduct foreign relations, [412-413] , [423-426] , [433-437] , [439-443] , [445-449] , [462-471] , [473-475] Courts, use by, to enforce laws, [484-486] Duty to execute the laws; powers derived from, [462] , [470-471] , [475-499] Exercise of, when in person or by agents, [476-477] to Inform Congress, convene it in special sessions, [462-463] as to Lawmaking, legislative process, approval, veto of bills, etc., [101-105] Military forces, use by, to enforce laws, [482-485] to Negotiate executive agreements, scope, [433-445] to Negotiate, terminate treaties, [412-413] , [419-420] , [423-426] of Pardon, amnesty, commutation, scope, [406-411] to Protect citizens and property abroad, [487-488] to Receive ambassadors, etc., [462-469] of Recognition, [465-470] , [472-473] to Remove officers, [378-380] , [404] , [453-460] , [478-481] to Seize plants, factories, etc., [395-397] , [489-499] Source of, nature, scope, [377-381] as to Subordinates, control, protection of, [460-462] , [478-481] to Suspend writ of habeas corpus, when valid, [315] to Take measures short of war, [487-489] as to War, [281-283] , [290] , [297-298] , [380] , [390-404] , [419-420] , [434] , [470-471] , [474-475] , [487-489] to Withhold confidential communications from Congress, courts, [460-462] Qualifications, [384] , [386-387] Refusal to accept office; resignation, how effected, [388] Succession to; vacancy existing at beginning of term, etc., [384] , [387-388] , [1225] Term, maximum duration, expiration, [377] , [382] , [1225] , [1237] [392-393] , [1234] Price-fixing, validity, [159-160] , [296] see also [Insurance] ; [Milk] ; [Public Utilities] ; [Stockyards] ; [Warehouses] ):Primary Elections. See [Elections] . Priorities. See [Rationing] . [1137-1139] See [Comity Clause] .Privileges and Immunities of State Citizens. See [Comity Clause] . Privileges and Immunities of U.S. Citizens: [295] , [575] Production, Federal regulation of, under commerce clause, [152-160] Professions. See [Business, Trades, Professions] . see also [Crimes and Offenses] ; [Taxation: Federal] ), [1213-1214] [1213] , [1231-1234] Property. See [Due Process of Law] ; [States] ; [Taxation] ; [United States] . Protective Tariffs, [162] Psychopathic personality, commitment of, validity, [984] Contracted before adoption of Constitution, [721] Gold clause in U.S. bonds, validity of abrogation, [1174] Validity not to be questioned, [1174] see also [Appropriations] ):Accounting of receipts and expenditures required, [323] Public Lands. See [United States] . Public Ministers. See [Ambassadors] . Public Officers of the States. See [States: Officers] . see also [Ambassadors] ; [President: Powers] ; [Secret Agents] ):Ad interim designations by President, [455] Appointment by President, with Senate approval, [453-454] Categories of, "inferior", "employees", etc., [452] Congress, assertion of appointing power, [449-450] , [452] Congress, power to condition removal of, by President, [459-460] Control of conduct of, by Congress, [449-452] Disqualification for rebellion, treason; removal of disability by Congress, [1173] Doctrines as to, "estate in office", "nature of office", [457-458] Impeachment of, [455] , [457] , [501] Indemnification of, by Congress, [501] Jury service by, in Federal criminal trials, [879] Liability of, for excess of authority, [500-501] Membership in Congress restricted, [100-101] "Office", defined, [445-446] , [449] , [457-458] Political activities of, restricted, [94] , [793-794] Presidential electors, status as, [385-386] Recess appointments of, [455] Removal of, by President, [453-460] , [478-481] Speaker of the House, President pro tem of Senate, as, [387] State taxation of salaries of, [731] Subordinates of President, Judicial review, restraint of, [500-501] Suits against, removal from State to Federal courts, [568-569] Suits against, sovereign immunity issue, [580-590] Trial of, for offense against, etc., State laws, removal to Federal court, [501] , [632-634] , [724-728] see also [Carriers] ; [Taxation] ):Federal regulation of, due process limitations, [860-862] Holding companies, Federal regulation of, [150-151] Rate regulation by States, judicial review of, [972] , [998-1008] State, etc., regulatory powers as to, [220-234] , [249-251] , [1008-1016] , [1156] State taxation of, operated interstate, [209-214] Q Quartering Soldiers in Private Homes, [817] R Railroads. See [Carriers] . [249] Rates. See [Prices, Charges, Rates, Etc.] [397-398] Real Property. See [Taxation: State] . Reciprocal Trade Agreements, [441-442] [465] , [467-470] , [472-473] Red-light districts, creation by municipalities, [1031] Rent Control, validity, [296] , [358-359] , [475] , [855] Republican Form of Government, Federal guarantee of to States, [704] Resale Price Maintenance. See [Restraint of Trade] . Reserved Powers. See [Commerce] ; [General Welfare] ; [States] . Interstate, Federal prohibition of, [144-149] Monopoly privileges, State grant of, validity, [1160] Resale price maintenance, unfair discrimination, etc., State laws on, [1017] State antitrust laws, [1160] Retroactive. See [Contracts] ; [Due Process of Law] . Revenue. See [Taxation: Federal] ; [Taxation: State] . Right to Bear Arms. See [Bearing Arms] . Rights, other than enumerated in Constitution, retention by people, [909] see also [Public Utilities] ):Post roads, power of Congress to establish, [132] , [267-268] State toll tax on, mail trucks exempt, [268] Rule-Making Power (see also [Administrative Regulations] ), [76-78] S Safety. See [Zoning] . see also [Negroes] ):Curricula, military training, attendance at, State laws regulating, [984-985] see also [Corporations] ; [Due Process of Law] ; [Self-Incrimination] ; [Wiretapping] ):Evidence obtained by, use of, [830-831] Incidental to arrest, [828-829] Records, requirement of keeping, disclosing as a, [827] Self-incrimination, seizures entailing, etc., effect, [825-827] by State, unreasonable, validity, [1121-1124] Unreasonable, protection against, [823-831] Vehicles, search of, without warrant, [830] Warrants for, necessity, sufficiency of, [825-830] See [District of Columbia] .[437-438] , [447-449] , [1156] Secret Societies, State regulation of, [985] , [1156] Securities (see also [Blue Sky Laws] ; [Commodity and Security Exchanges] ):Brokers in, State regulation, [235] Issuance, trading in, Federal regulation, [150-151] Sale of, State regulations as to, [1156] Segregation. See [Chinese] ; [Japanese] ; [Negroes] . see also [Congress] ; [Executive Agreements] ):Assent to appointment of officers, [453-454] Impeachments, trial by, vote to convict, [91] Members not to serve as presidential electors, [91-92] , [94] , [1207-1208] Members of, number of, popular election, [91-92] , [94] , [1207-1208] Officers of, how chosen, [91] Presidential diplomatic agents, powers as to choice of, etc., [437-438] , [447-449] Revenue bills, may amend, [101-102] Treaties, powers, duties as to, [412-413] , [419] , [434] , [444-445] Vacancies in, how filled, [1207] Vice-President to preside over, casting vote, when, [91] Separation of Powers (see also [Delegation of Power] ):Immunity of legislative, executive branches from judicial direction, [499-500] Severance Taxes. See [Taxation] . [1030] Sherman Act. See [Restraint of Trade] . Shrimp, State restriction on export of, [245] Slavery (see also [Involuntary Servitude] ):Importation of, not to be prohibited before 1808, [312] Social Security Act, validity, [115] Sound Trucks. See [Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly] . Sovereignty, where located, [59-60] , [72] Special Assessments. See [Taxation: State] . [112-117] Stare Decisis, [565-566] Admiralty matters, rights, legislation as to, [574-582] Admission on terms of equality, [697-701] Compact clause, history, [365-367] Compacts, consent of Congress to, when required, [365] , [367-369] Compacts distinguished from treaties, [367] Compacts, substance, legal effect of, [367-370] Commerce clause, as restraint on powers of, [173-214] see also [Courts (Federal)] ; [Full Faith and Credit] ):Concurrent jurisdiction with Federal courts, comity, [624-627] , [636] Consuls, suable in, [571-572] Contempt power of, [517] Controversies with Federal courts, comity, [624-635] Crimes on Indian reservations, jurisdiction, [698] Enforcement of Federal laws by, [635-637] , [726-727] , [736-739] Federal courts, interference with, illegal, [727-728] Judicial review by, [560] Procedure in; State regulation, due process limitations on, [1089-1096] , [1139] Records of territorial court, transfer to, on State admission, [699] [567-569] Review of, by Federal courts, [554-555] Suits in, at common law, in lieu of Federal admiralty actions, [575-576] , [578-579] Debts incurred in aid of rebellion, void, [1174] Federal territorial statutes, application after State admission, [698] [93] Immunity from Federal taxation, [105-109] Immunity from suit without consent, [609] Obligations owed to, by United States, [704-705] Offenses on navigable waters, punishment by, [578] Acting under void statute, status of, [929] Denying constitutional rights, Federal punishment of, [1176-1177] Disqualification for rebellion, treason; removal of disability by Congress, [1173] National duties of, limits, [736-737] Office of, when a contract not to be impaired, [340-341] Political activity of, application of Federal Hatch Act, etc., [116] , [793-794] Presidential electors, status as, [385-386] Restraint of, by Federal courts, [629-630] Salaries of, subject to Federal income tax, [105-106] , [108] Suits against, when immune from, [930-935] Test oaths for, illegal, [736] Bonds and charters of municipal corporations, impairment by States, [339-340] , [356-357] Federal taxation, scope of immunity from, [106-109] Municipalities, equal protection of the laws, not entitled to invoke, [1143] State control of, effect of due process clause on, [1035-1036] Powers denied to, [325] Property owned during territorial status, effect of admission as, on title (off shore oil), [700] Property transfers during territorial status, effect on, of admission as State, [700] [428-430] , [915-921] [929-936] United States, conditions, reservations, in cessions of property to, [305-307] [489-499] Sterilization, sexual, State laws providing for, [984] , [1161] [996] [1033] Suffrage. See [Elections] . Sunday Blue Laws, [1031] , [1154] Appellate jurisdiction, limitation of, by Congress, [614-615] Chief Justice, presides at President's impeachment trial, [91] Concurrent jurisdiction with lower Federal courts, [613] Full faith and credit clause, application by, [682-685] Legislative courts, appellate jurisdiction over, [536] Original jurisdiction, [571] , [591-595] , [611-613] Protection of, against noises, banners, etc., [792] Rule-making authority, derivation, etc., [608] Size, internal organization, sessions, etc., [528-529] State court decisions, review by, [570-571] State procedure, scope of review by, [1140-1141] State's corrective process in criminal trials, review of adequacy, by, [1138-1139] T Tariffs, as regulation of foreign commerce, [162] Capital gains, computing income tax on, [1197-1200] Cooperatives, unincorporated joint stock associations, earnings, [1196] Corporate dividends, when taxable as income, [1193-1195] Corporate earnings, undistributed, etc., when taxable as income, [1195-1197] Customs, import duties, [319] Direct, apportionment, defined, [89] , [105] , [317-319] , [321] Discriminatory, retroactive, etc., due process limitations, [862-864] in District of Columbia, [303-304] , [321] Excises, defined, [318-321] , [1191] Exports, exempt from, [105] , [321-322] Extermination by, [111] Forbidden subjects, [105-109] Income, allowable deductions, exemptions, losses, etc., [1198] , [1200-1201] Income, as direct, or excise, tax, [319-321] , [1191-1192] Income, due process limitations, [862-863] Income tax, power of Congress to levy, [1191-1201] Inheritance tax, [1192] Levy as penalty to enforce Federal, State laws, [1196-1197] , [1214] License taxes, [110] Power of Congress to levy, [105] , [110-117] Preferences to ports of one State, duties on outbound vessels, prohibitions, [322-323] Regulation by taxation, [110-112] on Rental value, when a direct, or income, tax, [1200] Reserved powers of States, invasion by, [109] , [916-919] , [921] Revenue bills, originate in House of Representatives, [101-102] Suits to recover taxes, alteration of right, [858] Tariffs, protective, [112] Uniformity of duties, imports, excises, [105] , [109-110] of Unlawful articles, [1201] , [1214] Airplanes operated in interstate commerce, [210-211] , [1052] Banks, [1147-1148] Businesses selling goods of interstate origin, [186-192] Carriers operated in interstate commerce, [179-180] , [192-193] , [197-203] , [206-213] Collection by bailees, employers, retailers, safe deposit companies, validity, [1061] Collection, levy of, procedural due process in, jurisdiction, etc., [1039-1062] Commerce clause as restraint on, [177-214] Companies engaged in interstate commerce, gross receipts, income, franchise taxes, etc., [179-180] , [186-198] , [202-215] Considerations as to validity; public purpose, severity, benefit, [1036-1037] , [1041-1043] Copyright royalties, [734] Corporations engaged in interstate commerce, [193-204] , [206-215] , [1040] , [1049-1053] , [1148] , [1151] , [1153] Due process clause as restraint on, [1036-1062] Equal protection clause as limitation on, [1146-1153] Equitable interest of purchaser of U.S. property, [306] Exemption, as a contract protected against impairment, [341-343] , [347-348] , [350] Exports, imports, when valid, [362-365] of Federal contractors, [730-732] of Federal instrumentalities, functions, securities, etc., [728-737] [732] Goods in interstate transit, restrictions, [179-183] Income, due process, equal protection clause limitations on; jurisdiction; collection by withholding, etc., [1039] , [1053-1055] , [1061] , [1150] Inheritance, estate, gift; due process, equal protection clause, limitations on, [1037-1039] , [1045-1049] , [1061] , [1150-1151] Insurance companies; due process, equal protection clause, limitations on, etc., [1055-1056] , [1062] , [1148-1150] Insurance companies engaged in interstate commerce, [214-215] Lessees of Indian lands, validity, [735] Motor vehicles, [211-213] , [1151] Multiple, [1041-1056] Multiple taxation test applied to interstate commerce, [204-208] , [1052] Nonresident, scope for discrimination, [692-693] Oleomargarine, [1148] Preference of ports, prohibition on, inapplicable, [322] Property employed in interstate commerce, apportionment, [198-212] Public utilities, [213] , [1039-1040] , [1050-1053] , [1148] , [1151-1153] Railroads, [1052-1053] Real property, due process, equal protection clause, limitations on assessment and collection, jurisdiction, etc., [1039-1041] , [1057-1062] , [1152-1153] Sales and use taxes, application to interstate commerce, [184-192] Severance, due process limitations, [1039] Special assessments, due process limitations on, [1040-1041] Suits to recover, when within State immunity from suit, [935-936] Tangible, intangible personalty, due process limitations on, jurisdiction, [1041-1053] Tonnage duties, restrictions on, [365-366] Trusts, and beneficiaries of, due process limitations on, [1044-1049] , [1053] Vessels operated in interstate commerce, [209-210] Teachers. See [States: Officers] . Telegraph (see also [Public Utilities] ): see also [Citizenship] ):Acquisition by conquest, disposal of, [403] Congress, powers as to, [703] Constitutional guaranties, application to, [703] Courts of, powers of Congress as to, etc., [310] , [533-535] Federal taxes, uniformity requirement as to, [109-110] Unincorporated; rights of persons accused of crimes in, [877] "Third Degree". See [Confessions] . Tobacco (see also [Cigarettes] ), [240] , [990] Tonnage Duties. See [Taxation: State] . [276] Trades. See [Business, Trades, Professions] . Trading Stamps, State licensee fees on use, [1019] Transportation. See [Carriers] ; [Commerce] ; [Vessels] . Treason, definition, requirements for conviction, punishment, [638-646] see also [Executive Agreements] ; [Indians] ; [Political Questions] ; [President: Powers] ; [Senate] ; [States] ):Effect of war on, [417] Exterritorial rights granted by, effect, [877] Implementation, repeal, termination by Congress, [418-421] , [423-427] , [431-432] Interpretation of, by whom, [423] , [425-426] as Law of the land; as contract; effect on State laws, State courts, [413-425] , [431-432] when Self-executing, [417-418] [426-431] States not to enter into, [325] Termination as international compact, how, by whom, [423-426] Troops (see also [Land, Air and Naval Forces] ): U Uniformity of Federal taxes. See [Taxation: Federal] . Unit Rule in State Taxation of Carriers, [200-201] Obligations owed to States, [704-705] Property ceded by States, conditions, reservations as to, [306-307] Property of, jurisdiction as to, [305-307] Property of, powers as to, disposal, etc., [701-703] Property of, State powers as to, taxation of, [305-307] , [732] Public lands of, powers of States as to, [305] , [702-703] Public lands, powers as to, [701-702] V Vaccination, compulsory, State laws providing for, [984] see also [Carriers] ; [War] ):on Inland waters, Federal regulation of, [128-130] Liens on, under State laws, [235] on Navigable waters, State regulation of, [228-231] Rates for service on, State regulation, [229] , [231] Safety devices on, Federal requirement, [139] State taxation of, due process, etc., limitations, [209-210] , [1052] Vice President:Candidate elect, death of, powers of Congress to fill vacancy, etc., [1225-1226] Election of, duties of electors, Senate, [383] , [941-944] , [1226] as Presiding officer in Senate, casting vote only, [91] Resignation, refusal to accept, how evidenced, [388] Succeeds to Presidency, when, [384] , [387-388] , [941-942] Term, beginning of, etc., [377] , [1225] Vacancy in, power of Congress to fill, [384] , [387-388] Voting. See [Elections] . W Wages. See [Labor] . see also [Eminent Domain] ; [Japanese] ; [President: Powers] ):Congress, power to declare, etc., [279-282] , [286-293] , [296-298] , [395-397] , [399] , [401-404] Dates of beginning, termination, how fixed, [282] Declaration, when required, [281-282] Economic mobilization during, [280-289] , [296] Eminent domain in time of, liability of United States, [298] Enemy aliens, restraint of, [297-298] Enemy property during, [294-296] Laws of, application, [293-294] Legislation enacted in prior wars; postwar effect, [286-288] , [292-293] Personal liberty, restraint of, during, [297-298] Powers, nature and source of, [279-281] , [291-293] Preparation for, in time of peace, [291-292] President, powers of, absent a declaration of, [281-282] Private rights during, [293-298] Prizes of, laws applicable to, [295-296] [297] , [794] Terminated, by whom, [474-475] Theatre of war, defined, by whom, [294] Treaty-making power, involvement in, pursuant to, [419-420] War Crimes, prosecution for, [402-403] [251] , [994] , [996] Warrants. See [Searches and Seizures] . see also [Public Utilities] ):Diversion by riparian owner, State prohibition, [1026] Restrictions by States on export of, [243] [265] , [1018] in Navigable streams, State powers as to, [229-231] Purchased with State consent, Federal jurisdiction over, [305-306] [159] Wills. See [Administration of Estates] ; [Succession to Property] . Wireless. See [Radio] . [824] see also [Elections] ):Workmen's Compensation. See [Full Faith and Credit Clause] ; [Labor] . Work-Or-Fight, work-or-starve laws, validity, [952-953] Wrongful Death Statutes, State enforcement in Federal courts, [574] , [579] Y Z