CHRONOLOGY OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY
EMBRACING THE PERIOD COVERED IN THIS VOLUME A.D. 1162-1300
JOHN RUDD, LL.D.
Events treated at length are here indicated in large type; the numerals following give volume and page.
Separate chronologies of the various nations, and of the careers of famous persons, will be found in the INDEX VOLUME, with volume and page references showing where the several events are fully treated.
A.D.
1162. Surrender and destruction of the city of Milan; the whole of Lombardy submits to Frederick.
Thomas Becket, appointed archbishop of Canterbury, resigns the chancellorship. See "ARCHIEPISCOPATE OF THOMAS BECKET," vi, i. Flight of Pope Alexander III into France.
1163. Council of Tours; Alexander declares void all the acts of his opponents; stringent decrees against the heretics of Southern France, called Manicheans, Paulicians, and afterward Albigenses.
1164. Henry II convokes an assembly of barons and prelates; they enact the Constitutions of Clarendon. See "ARCHIEPISCOPATE OF THOMAS BECKET," vi, i.
1165. Pope Alexander returns to Rome.
1166. Emperor Frederick I reenforces his army and again invades Italy.
1167. General league of the Lombard cities formed; Milan rebuilt. Emperor Frederick Barbarossa defeats the Sicilian auxiliaries of Pope Alexander, captures Rome, and seats Antipope Paschal.
1168. Success of the Lombard League; they found a new city, named Alessandria, in honor of the Pope. See "THE PEACE OF CONSTANCE," vi, 28.
Death of Antipope Paschal III; Antipope Callistus III set up.
1169. Richard Strongbow, with other knights, begins the English conquest of Ireland; Wexford, Waterford, and Dublin captured.
1170. Peter Waldo, a citizen of Lyons, founds a preaching society, afterward called Waldenses.
Murder of Thomas Becket. See "ARCHIEPISCOPATE OF THOMAS BECKET," vi, i.
1171. End of the Fatimite dynasty in Egypt; Saladin, acting for Noureddin, becomes supreme head.
Henry II lands with an army at Waterford, Ireland; his own knights and many Irish chiefs do homage to him for their lands.
1173. Henry II appears before the papal legates and receives absolution for Becket's death; his Queen, Eleanor, jealous of Fair Rosamond, incites her sons to rebel against their father; Louis, King of France, supports them, and David of Scotland invades England.
1174. Saladin becomes independent sultan of Egypt.
Henry II does penance at Becket's tomb; he defeats and captures the
King of Scotland, and quells the insurrection of his sons. The Leaning
Tower of Pisa commenced.
1175. English conquest of Ireland completed.
1176. Frederick I is defeated at Legnano by the forces of the Lombard League. See "THE PEACE OF CONSTANCE," vi, 28.
Peter Coleman commences the erection of the first stone bridge across the Thames at London.
1177. Meeting of Emperor Frederick and Pope Alexander; a treaty is concluded between them.
Henry II divides England into six circuits, through which he sends justices twice a year to administer the law in each county.
1178. A fleet is sent by the King of Sicily to assist the Christians in Palestine.
1179. Eleventh general council, Third of the Lateran, declares that the true pope must be elected by two-thirds of the cardinals; one of its canons condemns the Waldenses, and their translation of their Bible is suppressed.
1180. Death of Louis VII; his son Philip Augustus succeeds to the French throne.
Henry the Lion, placed under the ban of the empire, has his Bavarian domains sequestered and his Saxon kingdom partitioned.
About this time the Gothic style of architecture is introduced.
1182. France expels the Jews.
1183. Lombard cities secure their freedom. See "THE PEACE OF CONSTANCE," vi, 28.
Baldwin IV, disabled by leprosy, resigns the crown of Jerusalem to his nephew, Baldwin V.
Saladin takes Damascus, Aleppo, and Mosul, and sets aside the Turkish
Sultan.
1184. Diet of Mainz; the functions and dignities of the electors of Germany settled.
Council of Verona; excommunication of the Roman people and the
Waldenses.
1185. Tumults at Constantinople; Andronicus murdered, which ends the Comneni dynasty; Isaac Angelus made emperor.
Prince Arthur, grandson of Henry II, born after the death of his father, Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany.
1186. Marriage of the Emperor's son, Henry, to Constance, heiress of the throne of the Two Sicilies; they are crowned king and queen of Italy at Milan.
Revolt of Bulgaria and Wallachia (Roumania); they throw off the
Byzantine yoke.
1187. Battle of Tiberias. See "SALADIN TAKES JERUSALEM FROM THE CHRISTIANS," vi, 41.
Pope Gregory VIII urges a new crusade. York Minster, England, founded.
1188. Imposition of the "tithe of Saladin," on behalf of the crusaders in England. King Richard says he "would sell London itself" to aid the cause. See "THE THIRD CRUSADE," vi, 54.
Pope Clement III again makes Rome the papal residence.
1189. Massacre of Jews in England.
Sancho, King of Portugal, takes Silvas and Beja.
Tancred, natural son of Roger, is invited by the Sicilians to occupy the throne; he is supported by the Pope against Constance and her husband.
Frederick Barbarossa sets out on the Third Crusade. See "THE THIRD
CRUSADE," vi, 54.
1190. King Richard of England claims the dowry of his sister, Joan, widow of the late King of Sicily.
Emperor Frederick is drowned. See "THE THIRD CRUSADE," vi, 54. A wealthy German, to aid his poor countrymen at Acre, founds the order of Teutonic Knights. See "THE TEUTONIC KNIGHTS," vi, 68.
1191. Pope Celestin III allows the Romans to destroy Tusculum; the expelled inhabitants build Frascati.
The city of Bern, Switzerland, built.
1192. The Order of the Garter said to have been originated by Richard I of England at Acre.
After leaving Palestine, Richard is shipwrecked near Aquileia; he is imprisoned and held for ransom by Emperor Henry VI.
1193. Pope Celestin III threatens to excommunicate the princes who hold King Richard in captivity.
John Lackland, brother of Richard, King of England, attempts to usurp the throne; he is resisted by the barons.
Discord and wars among the municipal republics of Italy.
1194. Richard, after having been a captive for more than a year, is released for a ransom of 150,000 marks, raised by his subjects. He returns to England, declares war against Philip Augustus, and invades Normandy. He pardons his brother John.
Emperor Henry VI puts an end to the Norman line in Sicily; he founds the Hohenstaufen dynasty there.
1195. Battle of Alarcos; Alfonso the Noble, King of Castile, defeated by the Moors.
1196. Crusade of German barons to Palestine.
1197. Death of Henry VI of Germany; his heir is an infant son, Frederick II.
1198. Contest for the crowns of Germany and Italy between Philip of Swabia, supported by the Ghibellines, and Otho of Brunswick, son of Henry the Lion, aided by the Guelfs.
Florence becomes an independent republic.
Battle of Gisors, France; Richard Coeur de Lion defeats the French; his war-cry, "Dieu et mon droit" later became the motto to the arms of England.
1199. Richard Coeur de Lion is slain while contesting with one of his
French vassals. John usurps the throne of England to the exclusion of
Prince Arthur. See "PHILIP OF FRANCE WINS THE FRENCH DOMAINS
OF THE ENGLISH KINGS," vi, 86.
A quarrel between Parma and Placentia inflames a general war among the cities of Lombardy.
1200. King John and Philip Augustus, the latter forsaking Arthur's cause, come to terms.
Pope Innocent III compels Philip Augustus to take back his queen, whom he had divorced.
1201. Fourth Crusade undertaken by Baldwin of Flanders, Simon de Montfort, and Boniface of Montserrat; treaty of the nobles of France and Flanders with Venice.
Chartering of the University of Paris, by Philip.
1202. Venice secures the help of the crusaders by agreeing to transport them to Palestine, in place of a part of the payment, in the conquest of the city of Zara, then in rebellion.
Prince Arthur made prisoner by his uncle, King John, who murders him. See "PHILIP OF FRANCE WINS THE FRENCH DOMAINS OF THE ENGLISH KINGS," vi, 86.
1203. Constantinople attacked and taken by the Venetians and crusaders, who restore the emperor Isaac Angelus.
A great Mongol empire raised by Ghengis Khan. See "FOUNDING OF THE
MONGOL EMPIRE BY GHENGIS KHAN," vi, 103.
1204. Constantinople in revolt. See "VENETIANS AND CRUSADERS TAKE CONSTANTINOPLE," vi, 121.
Loss of Normandy and other French possessions by King John of England. See "PHILIP OF FRANCE WINS THE FRENCH DOMAINS OF THE ENGLISH KINGS," vi, 86.
Foundation of the Latin Empire of the East. See "LATIN EMPIRE OF THE
EAST," vi, 140.
1205. Boniface sells Crete to the Venetians.
1206. Henry of Flanders elected emperor of Constantinople; he vainly attempts to remedy the civil and ecclesiastical confusion in his dominions.
Theodore Lascaris, son-in-law of Alexius III, establishes the Greek empire of Nicaea.
1207. Stephen Langton consecrated archbishop of Canterbury by Innocent III; resistance of King John. See "INNOCENT III EXALTS THE PAPAL POWER," vi, 156.
1208. Tuscany ceases to be a separate state, except the republic of Florence.
A crusade against the Albigenses is proclaimed by Innocent III.
An interdict laid on England as King John persists in rejecting
Stephen Langton. See "INNOCENT III EXALTS THE PAPAL POWER," vi, 156.
Assassination of Philip of Swabia by Otho, Count of Wittelsbach; Otho
IV becomes emperor of Germany in place of his father.
1209. Foundation of the order of Franciscans.
Defeat of the Scots under William I in an invasion of England.
Salinguerra, leader of the Ghibellines at Ferrara, expels the marquis
Azzo and the Guelfs.
Massacre of the Albigenses by the crusaders, at Beziers, France. See
"INNOCENT III EXALTS THE PAPAL POWER," vi, 156.
1210. Emperor Otho IV claims Sicily of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen; he attempts its conquest. He is excommunicated by the Pope.
Fourteen heretics are condemned to the flames by the Council of Paris; the works of Aristotle are ordered to be burned, and the future translation and reading of them forbidden.
1211. Marquis Azzo recovers his influence in Ferrara.
1212. Frederick of Hohenstaufen, supported by Innocent III, wars with Otho for the German crown.
Battle of Navasde Tolosa; the kings of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre crush the Moors and destroy the Almohade power in Spain.
Children's Crusade from France and Germany. See "THE SIXTH CRUSADE," vi, 208.
1213. King John of England submits to the Pope. See "INNOCENT III EXALTS THE PAPAL POWER," vi, 156.
Subjugation of the Albigenses by Simon de Montfort, who is awarded the principality of Toulouse,
1214. Battle of Bouvines; victory of Philip Augustus over Otho IV, supported by English and Flemish auxiliaries.
1215. Transubstantiation declared, by the twelfth general council, to be a doctrine of the Church; auricular confession enforced; it transfers the greater part of the lands of Count Raymond, the late Albigenses leader, to Simon de Montfort.
Magna Charta signed by King John. See "SIGNING OF MAGNA CHARTA," vi, 175.
In Florence begins the fierce quarrel between the Guelfs and
Ghibellines.
Founding of the order of Dominicans.
China invaded by Ghengis Khan; he captures Peking.
1216. Invited by the English barons, Louis, son of Philip Augustus, lands in England with an army; King John marches to meet him; he loses his baggage and many men in the Lincolnshire quicksands; he flees to Newark and there dies of chagrin. Henry III succeeds John; the Earl of Pembroke Protector.
1217. A fifth crusade; Andrew II, King of Hungary, and other princes head the expedition.
Simon de Montfort, during a revolt, is slain at the siege of Toulouse.
Louis is defeated by the Protector, Pembroke, and returns to France.
1218. Andrew withdraws from the crusade; it is continued by William I, Count of Holland, and John of Brienne.
1219. Damietta is reduced by the crusaders.
A bull of Pope Honorius III forbids the teaching of the civil law in the University of Paris.
1220. Imperial coronation of the Hohenstaufen Frederick II. Turkestan is overrun by the Mongols, who capture Bokhara and Samarkand.
1221. Disastrous terms are imposed on the crusaders, who evacuate Egypt.
1222. Signing of the Golden Bull of Hungary. See "THE GOLDEN BULL, 'HUNGARY'S MAGNA CHARTA,' SIGNED," vi, 191.
1223. Death of Philip Augustus; his son, Louis VIII, succeeds to the French throne.
Pope Honorius III convenes a congress at Florence; Emperor Frederick pledges himself to proceed on the crusade within two years, and to marry John de Brienne's daughter, Yolanthe.
Hacon V holds the first Norwegian parliament, or storthing, at Bergen.
1224. Victory over the Russians by the Mongols on the Kalka. See "RUSSIA CONQUERED BY THE TARTAR HORDES," vi, 196.
Amaury de Montfort cedes his claim on Toulouse to Louis VIII of
France.
1225. Pope Honorius III, annoyed by the Roman senate, retires to Tivoli.
Frederick, after obtaining a further delay of two years for his crusade, marries Yolanthe. See "THE SIXTH CRUSADE," vi, 208.
1226. Death of Louis VIII; his son, Louis IX (St. Louis), succeeds under the regency of his mother, Blanche of Castile.
Renewal of the Lombard League against Emperor Frederick II.
1227. Death of Pope Honorius III; Gregory IX, who succeeds him, urges the crusade; Frederick's first expedition miscarries. See "THE SIXTH CRUSADE," vi, 208.
Great disorders in Italy; the Gyelf partisans are driven out of Verona and Vicenza.
Death of Ghengis Khan; his four sons divide the empire between them.
1228. Death of Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury; his successor, Edmund, preserves Magna Charta from being infringed.
1229. Terms fatal to the Albigenses are accepted by Raymond VII of Toulouse.
Frederick II again departs for Palestine. See "THE SIXTH CRUSADE," vi, 208.
1230. Reconciliation of Emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX. First arrival of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia.
Theodor, Emperor of Thessalonica, defeated, made prisoner, and blinded by Asan, King of Bulgaria; his brother, Manuel, usurps the throne.
1231. Summoned to assist the Poles, the Teutonic Knights defeat the pagan Prussians and found their dominions on the shores of the Baltic.
Four hundred families of Oghusian Tartars, driven from Khorassan, effect a settlement near Mount Olympus; from these the Ottomans descend.
1232. Distracted by civil wars the Moors in Spain are defeated at Seville by Ferdinand III of Leon and Castile, and lose the Balearic Islands to James, King of Aragon.
1233. Conrad of Marburg, the first inquisitor of Germany, put to death for his cruelty.
Coal first discovered near Newcastle, England.
1234. Pope Gregory IX driven from Rome by the senate and citizens, who resist his temporal power and seize his revenues; he appeals to Emperor Frederick II for assistance.
1235. Marriage of Frederick II to Isabella, sister of Henry III of England. He forbids the extravagant payments usually made on such occasions to buffoons, mimics, and players.
1236. Ezzelino da Romano, the Ghibelline leader, joins Emperor Frederick II in war upon the Lombard League.
Cordova recovered from the Moors by Ferdinand III of Leon and Castile.
1237. Battle of Cortenuova; victory of Frederick II over the Lombard League.
Union of the Knights Swordbearers, founded 1186, with the Teutonic
Knights in Prussia; they extend their conquests.
1238. League of Venice, Genoa, and Pope Gregory IX against Frederick II.
Establishment of the Moorish kingdom of Granada, Spain.
1239. Frederick II, having married his natural son, Enzio, to Adelaide, heiress of the two principalities of Torri and Gallura, creates him king of Sardinia. Pope Gregory IX claims the island and excommunicates the Emperor, denouncing him as a heretic and absolving his subjects from their allegiance.
1240. Emperor Frederick II advances against Pope Gregory IX and threatens Rome. The Pope declares a crusade against him.
Batu Khan, at the head of Mongols of the Golden Horde, overruns and devastates Russia.
On the Neva, Alexander, Prince of Novgorod, gains a great victory over the Swedes.
1241. Hamburg and Lubeck form an alliance to protect their commerce. See "RISE OF THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE," vi, 214.
Central Europe is invaded by the Mongols, or Tartars, who vanquish the Silesians, Poles, and Teutonic Knights at Wahlstatt; they defeat the Hungarians on the Sajo.
A Pisan and Sicilian fleet, by order of Frederick II, captures twenty-two Genoese galleys in which cardinals, prelates, and ambassadors, summoned by the Pope, were proceeding to hold a council at Rome; the prisoners were held at Naples and Apulia.
1242. Aldermen first elected in London.
Asia Minor is invaded by the Mongols.
Alexander Nevski, son of Jaroslav, defeats the Swedes and Knights
Swordbearers at Lake Peipus.
1243. Frederick II urges the cardinals to appoint a pope; he releases some of his prisoners to attend the conclave.
1244. Jerusalem is stormed and sacked by the Kharesmians.
Pope Innocent IV escapes from Rome and fixes his court at Lyons.
Earliest use of the word "parliament" in England.
1245. Thirteenth general council (Lyons) convened by Pope Innocent IV; it proclaims the deposition of Frederick II. A new crusade is ordered.
End of the Babenberg dynasty in Austria.
1246. Ferdinand, assisted by the Moors of Granada, lays siege to Seville.
1247. Parma, recovered by the papal party, is besieged by Frederick II.
1248. First crusade of Louis IX of France. See "Louis IX LEADS THE LAST CRUSADE," vi, 275.
Seville is wrested from the Moors by St. Ferdinand of Leon and
Castile.
Emperor Frederick II compelled to raise the siege of Parma.
1249. Damietta is captured by the crusaders.
1250. Battle of Mansourah; total defeat of the crusaders by the Egyptians; King Louis IX captured with his army; they are released on restoring Damietta and promising to abstain from future hostilities.
Turan Shah, Sultan of Egypt, assassinated by the mamelukes. See
"MAMELUKES USURP POWER IN EGYPT," vi, 240.
Death of Emperor Frederick II; his son Conrad succeeds as king of Italy; he is acknowledged as king of Germany by most of the temporal princes. William II, Count of Holland, assisted by the ecclesiastical states and the papal party, contests the imperial dignity.
Waldeman, King of Sweden, introduces the mariner's compass among the navigators of the Baltic.
Florence adopts a democratic government; peace obtained between the
Guelfs and Ghibellines.
1251. Ottocar, son of Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, acquires Austria. Pope Innocent IV returns to Italy; he visits Genoa, Milan, and other cities, and fixes his residence in Perugia.
1252. Crusading movement of the "Pastors." This originated in France on receipt of the news of St. Louis' expedition; there occurred an outbreak of fanaticism as insensate as that of the Children's Crusade. A Hungarian, named Jacob, proclaimed that Christ rejected the great ones of the earth, and that the deliverance of the Holy City must be accomplished by the poor and humble. Shepherds left their flocks, laborers laid down the plough, to follow his footsteps. "Pastors" was the name given to these village crusaders.
1253. Founding of the Sorbonne in Paris for secular ecclesiastics; its decisions on religious questions were deemed final.
1254. Death of Conrad IV, last of the Hohenstaufen emperors; his heir is Conradin, his infant son. In Germany, William is acknowledged; Pope Innocent IV attempts to wrest the Two Sicilies from the Hohenstaufens; he is defeated by the regent Manfred, uncle of Conradin.
Pope Innocent IV dies at Naples. Alexander IV is elected.
1255. Bills of exchange in favor of Italian merchants drawn at Rome on the English bishops and abbots, which they are compelled to pay.
1256. Death of William of Holland in battle against the Frisians.
1257. Rival election in Germany of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and Alfonso of Castile as kings of the Romans. The reign of both is only nominal.
1258. In England the barons form a council to advise or command the King. See "THE MAD PARLIAMENT," vi, 246.
Genoa and Venice engage in their first great conflict; the combined fleets of Venice and Pisa defeat the Genoese.
Manfred is crowned king of the Two Sicilies.
Hulaku Khan founds the Mongol empire of the Ilkhans and ends the caliphate of Bagdad.
1259. Treaty of Abbeville between Henry III, King of England, and Louis IX (St. Louis) of France.
1260. Ottocar II of Bohemia secures Styria by defeating Bela IV of Hungary.
1261. Overthrow of the Latin Empire of the East; Michael Palaeologus, assisted by Genoese forces, instals the Palaeologi dynasty on the Eastern throne; recovery of Constantinople by the Greeks. The Genoese are given important naval stations, and the Venetians are excluded from the Black Sea.
1262. Beginning of the barons' war in England; the kingly power is restored to Henry III by parliament; his son Edward brings in a foreign army to support him.
1263. Last invasion of Scotland by the Norwegians repulsed by King Alexander III.
1264. Henry III and his brother, Richard of Cornwall, are defeated and taken prisoners at Lewes by Simon de Montfort at the head of the English barons.
1265. Representation of the commons in parliament is granted by Simon de Montfort. At the battle of Evesham he is defeated and slain; the authority of the King is restored.
Birth of Dante.
1266. Magnus, King of Norway, cedes the Hebrides and the Isle of Man to Scotland.
Charles of Anjou conquers Sicily.
Florentine nobles (Grandi) are excluded from all part in the government of Florence.
1267. Conradin enters Italy with an army; a large part of Sicily declares in his favor.
1268. In attempting to recover the Two Sicilies from Charles, Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufens, is captured and executed.
Beibars, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, conquers the Christian principalities of Antioch and Joppa. See "MAMELUKES USURP POWER IN EGYPT," vi, 240.
Louis IX, by a pragmatic sanction, resists the papal claim to nominate bishops in France.
1269. Charles of Anjou aids in the restoration of the Guelfs in Florence.
1270. Louis IX, of France, by his "establishments," suppresses the wager of battle and provides for a regular administration of justice.
The last of the crusades. See "Louis IX LEADS THE LAST CRUSADE," vi, 275.
Venice levies a toll on the goods of Bolognese merchants; payment is refused; war between the two states follows.
1271. Crusade of Prince Edward of England; he drives Beibars from the siege of Acre and takes Mazareth; an attempt is made to murder him.
Marco Polo sets out on his travels. See "HEIGHT OF THE MONGOL POWER IN
CHINA," vi, 287.
1272. Prince Edward concludes a truce with Beibars for ten years; he leaves Palestine. End of the crusades.
Death of Henry III of England; his son, Edward I, succeeds.
A patent of nobility is granted to his silversmith by Philip III, King of France.
1273. Election of Rudolph as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. See "FOUNDING OF THE HOUSE OF HAPSBURG," vi, 298.
1274. After a long stay in France Edward I lands in England; is crowned with his Queen, Eleanora, at Westminster.
Fourteenth general council, Second of Lyons, presided over by Pope
Gregory IX.
Death of Thomas Aquinas, the "Angelic Doctor," while on his way to attend the council of Lyons.
1275. Edward I persecutes the Jews in England.
Marriage between the doges and foreigners prohibited by the Venetians.
1276. Ottocar II, of Bohemia, is vanquished by Rudolph of Hapsburg. See "FOUNDING OF THE HOUSE OF HAPSBURG," vi, 298.
Lombardy distracted by civil wars, earthquakes, floods, famine, and pestilence, followed by a severe winter of four months.
Death of Beibars, Sultan of Egypt and Syria; succession of Kaldoun.
Edward I subdues Wales as far as Snowdon. See "EDWARD I CONQUERS
WALES," vi, 316.
1278. Prussia submits to the Teutonic Knights.
Ghibellines allowed to return to Florence.
Rudolph defeats Ottocar II at Marchfeld; he is slain. See "FOUNDING OF
THE HOUSE OF HAPSBURG," vi, 298.
1279. Edward I, of England, gives up Normandy to Philip III of France. The English Parliament passes the first statute of mortmain; it forbids the alienation in mortmain of real property to religious houses or other corporations.
1280. Kublai Khan, grandson of Ghengis Khan, completes the Mongol conquest of China.
1281. Tartars attempt the conquest of Japan. See "JAPANESE REPEL THE TARTARS," vi, 327.
A vacancy of six months in the papal chair; Martin IV ultimately elected pope.
Edward I further extends his conquest in Wales. See "EDWARD I
CONQUERS WALES," vi, 316.
1282. Rudolph of Hapsburg invests his sons, Albert and Rudolph, with the duchies of Austria, Styria, and Carniola, founding the house of Austria. See "FOUNDING OF THE HOUSE OF HAPSBURG," vi, 298.
A great inundation of the sea forms the Zuyder Zee, a large gulf in the Netherlands, formerly covered with forests and towns; thousands of lives are lost and all the towns and villages submerged.
Massacre of the French in Sicily. See "THE SICILIAN VESPERS," vi, 340,
1283. After a struggle of fifty years the Teutonic Knights complete their power over the Prussians.
1284. Naval battle of Meloria; the Genoese crush the power of the Pisans.
Queen Eleanora gives birth to a son at Carnarvon castle, Wales, afterward Edward II, from whom the eldest son of the King of England takes the title of Prince of Wales. See "EDWARD I CONQUERS WALES," vi, 316.
1285. Death of Philip III of France; his son, Philip IV, succeeds. Florence is appealed to for protection by the citizens of Pisa.
1286. First introduction of the gabelle, or salt duty, in France.
1287. Destruction of the shipping and magazines in the harbor of Pisa by the Genoese.
1288. Othman, from whose name are derived the terms Ottoman and Osmanli, lays the foundation of the Turkish empire in Asia Minor.
1289. The Ghibellines of Arezzo and their allies are defeated by the Florentines at Campaldino.
1290. Edward I expels the Jews from England. See "EXPULSION OF JEWS FROM ENGLAND," vi, 356.
Death of the "Maid of Norway," Queen of Scotland; John Balliol, Robert
Bruce, and others dispute the succession.
Ladislaus of Hungary assassinated; he is succeeded by Andrew III, called the Venetian, from the place of his birth.
1291. Edward I, of England, decides the disputed succession in Scotland; he claims and receives homage from the competitors as their suzerain.
In Switzerland the three Forest Cantons confederate, these being Uri,
Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
Siege and conquest of Acre from the Christians by Malek el-Ashref; end of the Christian realm of Jerusalem.
Death of Rudolph of Hapsburg.
Death of Saadi, the Persian poet.
1292. Edward I awards the crown of Scotland to John Balliol, who does homage to him.
Adolphus of Nassau elected to the German throne.
1293. Balliol hesitates to obey a summons from Edward I to appear in London.
1294. Under Nicolo Spinola the Genoese capture a Venetian fleet and take Canea, in the isle of Candia.
1295. Philip the Fair of France, and John Balliol, King of Scotland, make war on England.
1296. Balliol is dethroned by Edward I, who invades and conquers Scotland.
Pope Boniface VIII issues his bull (Clericus laicos) against the taxation of the property of the Church without the consent of the holy see. Philip the Fair of France refuses to comply with it.
1297. Great victory of the Scots, under William Wallace, at Stirling. See "EXPLOITS AND DEATH OF WILLIAM WALLACE," vi, 369.
Count Guy Flanders is defeated by the French.
Philip the Fair is excommunicated because his law against the export of coin stops the papal revenues derived from France.
Pope Boniface VIII prohibits the dissection of dead bodies for the study of anatomy at Bologna.
1298. Adolphus of Nassau defeated and slain by Rudolph's son, Albert, who is elected king by the German electors.
At Curzola the Genoese gain a naval victory over the Venetians.
A successful war is waged against the Colonnas by Pope Boniface VIII.
Wallace defeated at Falkirk by Edward I. See "EXPLOITS AND DEATH OF
WILLIAM WALLACE," vi, 369,
1299. Defeat of the Turks at Hems by the allied forces of the Templars and Mongols; recovery of Jerusalem for a short period.
Ottoman Turks invade the Greek empire.
1300. Institution of the jubilee by Pope Boniface VIII. See "FIRST GREAT JUBILEE OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH," vi, 378.
Guy, Count of Flanders, defeated and made prisoner by Philip's brother, Charles de Valois.
A charitable society at Antwerp is first given the name of Lollards, because they lulled the sick by singing to them.