JOHN RUDD, LL.D.
Events treated at length are here indicated in large type; the numerals following give volume and page.
Separate chronologies of the various nations, and of the careers of famous persons, will be found in the Index Volume, with volume and page references showing where the several events are fully treated.
* Denotes date uncertain.
A.D.
1517. Protest of Luther against the sale of indulgences. See "Luther Begins the Reformation in Germany," ix, 1.
Overthrow of the mameluke power in Egypt, by Selim I, who annexes that country to the Ottoman empire.
Balboa beheaded by Pedrarias Davila, the new Governor of Darien, on a charge of contemplated revolt.
Negro slaves first introduced into America. See "Negro Slavery in America," ix, 36.
1518. First preaching of the reformed doctrines by Zwingli, in Switzerland.
Conquest of Arabia by the Ottomans.
1519. Death of Maximilian I; his grandson, Charles I of Spain—jointly with Ferdinand his brother, in his hereditary realm—elected as Emperor Charles V. Union under one crown of the German Empire, Spain, the Netherlands, the Sicilies, Sardinia, and the Spanish Indies.
Cortés first enters Mexico. See "Cortés Captures the City of Mexico," ix, 72.
Mouth of the Mississippi discovered by Francisco de Garay.
Magellan starts on his expedition to circumnavigate the world. See "First Circumnavigation of the Globe," ix, 41.
1520. Papal bull of Leo X against Luther, who publicly burns it. See "Luther Begins the Reformation in Germany," ix, 1.
Execution of nobles at Stockholm, following the successful invasion of Sweden by King Christian II of Denmark; Sten Sture, the Protector, is mortally wounded at Bogesund; Christian proclaimed king.
Henry VIII of England agrees to meet Francis I of France. See "The Field of the Cloth of Gold," ix, 59.
Solyman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottomans, succeeds Selim I.
1521. Conquest of Belgrade by the Ottoman Turks.
Issue of the first of the Placards, edicts of Emperor Charles V against heresy, in the Netherlands.
First of the wars between Charles V and Francis I; Navarre unsuccessfully invaded by the French; France invaded from the north; Milan lost to the French.
Treaty of Bruges between Henry VIII and Charles V.
Execution of the Duke of Buckingham for high treason; the office of constable of England, his inheritance, abolished.
"Cortés Captures the City of Mexico." See ix, 72.
Magellan reaches the Ladrones and the Philippines; he is slain on an island of the latter group.
1522. Conquest of Rhodes from the Knights of St. John by the Turks, under Solyman the Magnificent.
Battle of La Biococca; the French defeated by the forces of Charles under Colonna.
France invaded by the English under the Earl of Surrey.
A ship belonging to Magellan's fleet completes the circumnavigation of the globe.
Luther publishes his New Testament; he writes his Reply to Henry VIII, who had been dubbed "Defender of the Faith" by Pope Leo X, in acknowledgment of a book, A Defence of the Seven Sacraments, written against Luther.
1523. Invasion of France by Henry VIII and Charles V.
Italy invaded by the French.
Abrogation of the mass and image-worship in Switzerland.
Gustavus Vasa becomes king of Sweden. See "Liberation of Sweden," ix, 79.
Frederick I, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, succeeds to the throne of Christian II of Denmark, who is deposed by his subjects.
1524. Retreat of Bonnivet; death of Bayard, "the knight without fear and without reproach." Italy invaded by Francis I; he occupies Milan and lays siege to Pavia.
"The Peasants' War in Germany." See ix, 93.
Voyage to the North American coast by Verrazano, an Italian navigator, on behalf of France.
1525. Defeat of Francis I at Pavia. See "France Loses Italy," ix, 111.
Bloody conclusion of the Peasants' War.
A hereditary Protestant principality formed in East Prussia by the grand master of the Teutonic Knights; the suzerain being Sigismund, King of Poland.
1526. Treaty of Madrid; release of Francis I. See "France Loses Italy," ix, 111.
Battle of Mohacs; the Hungarians are overwhelmed by Solyman; Louis II slain. Rival elections of John Zapolya and Ferdinand of Austria to the vacant throne.
Foundation of the Mongol dynasty of India by Baber, who conquers Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi at Paniput.
Tyndale's version of the English Bible printed at Worms.
1527. Storming of Rome; it is pillaged by the troops of the Constable de Bourbon. See "Sack of Rome by the Imperial Troops," ix, 124.
Restoration of the republic in Florence; the Medici expelled.
Winning of the Hungarian crown by Ferdinand of Austria; Zapolya expelled the country.
1528. War declared against Charles V by Henry VIII and Francis I.
Deliverance of Genoa from the French yoke, by Andrea Doria.
After tyrannizing over Scotland for more than two years, the Earl of Angus is driven out of the realm.
1529. Fall of Cardinal Wolsey. See "Great Religious Movement in England," ix, 137.
Presentation of the Protest by the German reformers at the Diet of Spire; from this the reformers take the name of Protestants.[60]
Peace of Cambrai between Francis I and Charles V.
Siege of Florence; united attempt of Charles V and Pope Clement VII to restore the rule of the Medici.
Vienna unsuccessfully besieged by Solyman the Magnificent; he gives to Zapolya the rule in Hungary.
Establishment in Sweden of Lutheranism as the state church.
1530. Coronation of Charles V, Pope Clement VII, at Bologna, performing the ceremony, the last crowning by any pope of a German emperor.
Restoration of the Medici on the submission of Florence to the invaders.
Malta ceded to the Knights of St. John by Charles V, who also hands over the Moluccas to the Portuguese.
Formulation of the reform (Protestant) profession of faith at the Diet of Augsburg; prepared and read before the Diet by Melanchthon.
1531. Breach between Henry VIII and Pope Clement VII.
Battle of Kappel; defeat of the army of Zurich by Swiss Catholics; fall of Zwingli.
Henry VIII of England first addressed as "supreme head of the Church."
Publication of Michel Servetus' treatise on the Errors of the Trinity.
1532. Restoration of religious peace, with freedom of worship, in Germany, secured by the Pacification of Nuremberg.
Conquest of Peru. See "Pizarro Conquers Peru," ix, 156.
1533. Cranmer annuls the marriage of Henry VIII with Catherine of Aragon; he marries Anne Boleyn; her coronation.
Marriage of the Dauphin Henry with Catherine de' Medici.
Enforced flight of Calvin from Paris. See "Calvin is Driven from Paris," ix, 176.
Queen Margaret of Navarre, sister of Francis I, avows heretical opinions; her mysteries, farces, and novels give a great impulse to literature in France.
A taste for poetry and refinement of the English language follows the writings of Howard, Earl of Surrey, and Sir Thomas Wyatt, in England.
1534. Throwing off of the papal authority in England. See "English Act of Supremacy," ix, 203.
Establishment of their disorderly reign of the Anabaptists, under the lead of John of Leyden, in Muenster.
Unsuccessful attempt of the Bishop of Geneva and the Duke of Savoy to reëstablish their authority over Geneva; it is henceforth free.
First fierce persecution of the reformers in France begins.
Discovery of the St. Lawrence by Jacques Cartier.* See "Cartier Explores Canada," ix, 236.
1535. Suppression of the monasteries in England.
Publication in England by Tyndale and Coverdale of a new translation of the Bible.
Settlement of Paraguay and founding of Buenos Aires. See "Mendoza Settles Buenos Aires," ix, 254.
Downfall of the Anabaptists at Muenster; John of Leyden put to death.
After being created a cardinal, Fisher is beheaded in England; the like befalls Sir Thomas More.
1536. Completion of the union between England and Wales.
Henry VIII, on the charge of infidelity, commits Anne Boleyn to the Tower of London; she is executed. Marriage of Henry to Jane Seymour.
Francis I takes Turin and attempts the surprise of Genoa.
Provence invaded by Charles V.
Discovery of California by Cortés.
1537. Death of Jane Seymour, Queen of England.
Further enslavement of the Indians forbidden by a brief of Pope Paul III.
1538. General suppression of monasteries and destruction of relics in England.
Truce of Nice, for ten years, between France and Spain.
Marriage of Mary de Guise with James V of Scotland.
John Calvin expelled Geneva.
1539. Publication of Cranmer's Bible in England.
Calvin, head of the Reformers, founds the University of Geneva.
Beginning of the explorations of De Soto, after his landing in Florida.
Emperor Charles V drives the citizens of Ghent into revolt against his exactions.
1540. Marriage of Henry VIII to Anne of Cleves; she is divorced; the King marries Catherine Howard.
Submission of Ghent to Charles V; he destroys its liberties; many of the citizens find refuge in England.
Papal sanction given to the Society of Jesus. See "Founding of The Jesuits," ix, 261.
Cherry-trees, carried from Flanders, first planted in England.
First known printing in America; done in Mexico. See "Origin and Progress of Printing," viii, 1.
1541. Charles V heads an unsuccessful expedition against Algiers.
Hungary overrun by the Turks, under Solyman the Magnificent.
King John III of Portugal requests Francis Xavier and other Jesuits to undertake missions to his colonies.
De Soto reaches the Mississippi River. See "De Soto Discovers the Mississippi," ix, 277.
1542. Discovery of Japan by the Portuguese.*
Execution of Catherine Howard, fifth queen-consort of Henry VIII. He assumes the title of king of Ireland.
Battle of Solway Moss; successful invasion of Scotland by the English.
War renewed between Francis I and Charles V.
Trade with Japan by the Portuguese permitted.
1543. Marriage of Henry VIII with Catherine Parr.
"Revolution of Astronomy by Copernicus." See ix, 285.
Birth and accession of Mary Stuart to the throne of Scotland; Earl of Arran is regent.
1544. Invasion of Scotland by the English under the Earl of Hertford; they burn Edinburgh.
Mary and Elizabeth restored to the right of succession to the English throne.
1545. Attempted invasion of England by the French.
Nineteenth general council. See "Council of Trent and the Counter-reformation," ix, 293.
Spanish discovery of the silver mines of Potosi.
Massacre of the Vaudois in Southern France.
1546. Burning of George Wishart as a heretic, by order of Cardinal Beaton, the Scottish primate; he is assassinated.
Beginning of the War of the Smalkald League. See "Protestant Struggle against Charles V," ix, 313.
1547. Death of Henry VIII; Edward VI succeeds his father on the English throne; the Duke of Somerset protector.
Henry II succeeds to the throne of France, on the death of his father, Francis I.
Capture of John Knox, the Scottish reformer; he is condemned to the French galleys.
In Russia the Grand Prince of Moscow, Ivan IV (the Terrible), assumes the title of czar or tsar.
1548. Publication of the Augsburg Interim. See "Protestant Struggle against Charles V," ix, 313.
1549. In England the Act of Uniformity, regulating public worship, is passed.
Formal uniting of the Netherlands with the Spanish crown by Charles V.
Francis Xavier lands in Japan. See "Introduction of Christianity into Japan," ix, 325.
Book of Common Prayer adopted in England, under Edward VI.
1550. Promulgation against the heretics in the Netherlands by Charles; the hateful Inquisition established there.
Peace between England and France; Boulogne restored to the latter.
Publication of his Lives of the Painters, by Giorgio Vasari.
1551. After a long siege Magdeburg is taken by Maurice of Saxony.
Turkish ravages on the coast of Sicily; an attack on Malta fails; Tripoli surrenders to them.
Palestrina, the first to reconcile musical science with musical art, made maestro di capella by Pope Julius III.
1552. Adoption of the Forty-two Articles of the Church of England; these were afterward reduced to Thirty-nine.
Alliance of Maurice of Saxony with France; they make war on Charles V, on behalf of the Protestants. The Peace of Passau follows. See "Collapse of the Power of Charles V," ix, 337 and 348.
Seizure of the bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun by Henry II of France. See "Collapse of the Power of Charles V," ix, 337.
Subjugation of the Tartars of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible of Russia.
1553. Death of Edward VI; his sister, Mary, succeeds to the English throne.
Unsuccessful attempt of the Duke of Northumberland to place his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, on the throne.
After a stubborn defence by Francis, Duke of Guise, Charles V is compelled to raise the siege of Metz.
Burning of Servetus at Geneva, with Calvin's approval.
1554. Rebellion of Wyatt, in support of Lady Jane Grey's attempt on the crown of England; she is executed.
Queen Mary, of England, marries Philip of Spain.
Regency of Mary de Guise, mother of Mary Stuart, in Scotland.
Astrakhan conquered by Ivan the Terrible.
1555. Peace of Augsburg between the Roman Catholic and Lutheran parties in Germany. See "The Religious Peace of Augsburg," ix, 348.
Persecution of the Protestants begun by Queen Mary in England; burning of Latimer and Ridley.
The sovereignty of the Netherlands resigned by Charles V to his son, Philip II.
Return to Scotland of John Knox.
Completion of the version of the Psalms, in English metre, by Sternhold and Hopkins.
1556. Burning of Cranmer.
Emperor Charles V resigns the crown of Germany. See "Religious Peace of Augsburg," ix, 348.
"Akbar Establishes the Mogul Empire in India." See ix, 366.
1557. Philip II of Spain arrives in England; he obtains a declaration of war against France and departs. Battle of St. Quentin; the Earl of Pembroke joins the army of Philip II in Flanders, with 10,000 English soldiers; defeat of the French.
Signing of the Solemn League and Covenant, "even to the knife," by Scottish Lords of the Congregation.