BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS

[The letter a is reserved for Editorial Matter.]

Chapter I. Land and People

[b] A. H. L. Heeren, Historical Researches.

[c] R. Pietschmann, Geschichte der Phoenizier.

d The Holy Bible.

e Flavius Josephus, Ἰουδαϊκη ἀρχαιολογία.

f Herodotus, Ἱστορίαι.

g Justin, Historiarum Philippicarum libri XLIV (epitome of Trogus Pompeius).

g C. K. J. von Bunsen, Ægyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte.

h Menander of Ephesus, Annals of Tyre (quoted in Josephus).

Chapter II. Early History and Influences

[b] R. Pietschmann, Geschichte der Phoenizier.

c O. Meltzer, Geschichte der Karthager.

d Herodotus, Ἱστορίαι.

e B. G. Niebuhr, Lectures on Ancient History.

f The Holy Bible.

g Menander, Annals of Tyre (quoted in Josephus).

Chapter III. The Phœnician Time of Power

[b] F. C. Movers, Die Phoenizier.

c Max Duncker, Geschichte des Alterthums.

[d] R. Pietschmann, Geschichte der Phoenizier.

e Josephus, Ἰουδαϊκη ἀρχαιολογία.

f The Holy Bible.

g Herodotus, Ἱστορίαι.

h Menander, Annals of Tyre (quoted in Josephus).

i Dius, Chætus, Theophilus, Eupolemus, Fragments.

Chapter IV. Phœnicia Under the Persians

[b] John Kenrick, Phœnicia.

c Herodotus, The History of Herodotus (translated from the Greek by William Beloe).

d Xenophon, Cyropædia (translated from the Greek by J. S. Watson and Henry Dale).

e Diodorus Siculus, The Historical Library (translated from the Greek by G. Booth).

f Arrian, History of Alexander’s Expedition (translated from the Greek by Mr. Rooke).

g Quintus Curtius, The Wars of Alexander (translated from the Latin by John Digby).

h Isocrates, Orations.

Chapter V. Phœnicia Under the Greeks, the Romans, and the Saracens

[b] John Kenrick, Phoenicia.

c Diodorus Siculus, The Historical Library (translated from the Greek by G. Booth).

d Strabo, The Geography of Strabo (translated from the Greek by J. Falconer and H. C. Hamilton).

e E. Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

f William of Tyre, Historia belli sacri.

g Sanchoniathon (see Bibliography under Court de Gébelin).

h Saint Jerome (Hieronymus), Commentarii in Iesaiam.

Chapter VI. The Story of Carthage

[b] George Grote, History of Greece.

[c] John Kenrick, Phoenicia.

[d] T. Mommsen, Römische Geschichte.

[e] Meyer’s Konversations-Lexikon.

[f] E. Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

g Thucydides, Συγγραφή.

h Sallustius, Bellum Jugurthinum.

i Eratosthenes, Γεωγραφικά.

j Isocrates, Orations.

k Polybius, Καθολικὴ κοινὴ ἱστορία.

Chapter VII. Phœnician Commerce

[b] A. H. L. Heeren, Historical Researches.

[c] F. C. Movers, Die Phoenizier.

d Strabo, The Geography of Strabo (translated from the Greek by J. Falconer and H. C. Hamilton).

e Diodorus Siculus, The Historical Library (translated from the Greek by G. Booth).

f Strabo, Γεωγραφικά.

g Herodotus, The History of Herodotus (translated from the Greek by William Beloe).

h Plinius Secundus, Historia Naturalis.

Chapter VIII. Phœnician Civilisation

[b] John Kenrick, Phoenicia.

[c] R. Pietschmann, Geschichte der Phoenizier.

d O. C. C. Emmanuel de Rougé, Mémoire sur l’origine égyptienne de l’alphabet phénicien.

e W. Deecke, Der Ursprung der Kyprischen Sylbenschrift.

f H. Wuttke, Geschichte der Schrift und des Schriftthums.

g J. P. Peters, Nippur.

h F. Hommel, Geschichte Assyriens und Babyloniens.

[i] Georg Weber, Weltgeschichte.

j Herodotus, The History of Herodotus (translated from the Greek by William Beloe).

k Plinius Secundus, Historia Naturalis.

l Philo Byblius (see Bibliography).

m Eduard Gerhard, Auserlesene griechische Vasenbilder.

Appendix A. Classical Traditions

[b] Hanno, “The Periplus of Hanno.”

c Justin, The History of the World (translated from the Latin by G. Turnbull).

d The Holy Bible.

[e] Appianus Alexandrinus, The History of Appian of Alexandria (translated from the Greek by J. Dancer).

[f] A. H. L. Heeren, Historical Researches.

g Himilco’s Voyage of Discovery. Preserved through the Ora Maritima of Rufus Festus Avienus.

[h] Pomponius Mela, The Rare and Singular Works of Pomponius Mela (translated from the Latin by Arthur Golding).

i Aristotle, Politics.

j Jas. Rennell, The Geographical System of Herodotus.

k P. F. J. Gosselin, Recherches sur la géographie systématique et positive des anciens.

[l] Avienus, Ora Maritima.

Phœnician Workmen

A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PHŒNICIAN HISTORY
BASED ON THE WORKS QUOTED, CITED, OR EDITORIALLY CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE PRESENT HISTORY; WITH CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

Åkerblad, J. D., Inscriptions Phœniciæ Oxoniensis nova Interpretatio, Parisiis, 1802; Notice sur deux inscriptions en caractères puniques, trouvées à Venise et sur les Varangues, Paris, 1804.—Appianus, Ῥωμαϊκὴ ιστορία, Leipsic, 1785, 3 vols. (Book 7 deals with the Hannibalic Wars, and contains matter of great value to the student of Carthaginian history, chiefly because it is based on lost authorities.)—Aristotle, Πολιτικφων, (ed. J. G. Schlossa), Lübeck, 1798.—Arri, Giannantonio, Lapide fenicia di Nora in Sardegna dichiarata (in Memorie della Reale Acad, di Torino, Vol. XXXVIII, pp. 59-106); Lettre à Quatremère sur une inscription latino-phénicienne de Leptis (in Journ. Asiat., Ser. III, Vol. 2, pp. 142-176).—Arrianus, Ιστορίαι αναβάσεως Αλεξάνδρον, Lemgo, 1792-1811.—Avienus, R. F., Ora Maritima (a poem describing the shores of the Mediterranean from Marseilles to Cadiz, only a fragment of which is extant. The mention of Himilco’s voyage of discovery gives it pertinence in the present connection. Avienus lived in the 4th century A.D.).

Babelon, E., et Lenormant, F., Histoire ancienne de l’orient, Paris, 1881-1888, 6 vols, (see particularly Vol. VI.); Manuel d’archéologie orientale, Paris, 1888; Carthage et l’archéologie punique en Tunisie (in Am. Journ. of Archæol., Vol. I, p. 173 et seq.). (The works of Lenormant all have a high degree of authority, and are noteworthy for their admirable style.)—Baier, J. J., Dissertatio historica de Phoenicibus eorum studiis et inventis, Jenæ, 1709.—Ball, C. J., The Origin of the Phœnician Alphabet (in Proceedings of the Soc. of Bibl. Arch., Vol. XV, pp. 392-408).—Bargès, J. J. L., Mémoire sur le sarcophage et l’inscription funéraire d’Eschmunazar, roi de Sidon, Paris, 1856; Mémoires sur trente-neuf nouvelles inscriptions puniques, Paris, 1852; Temple de Baal à Marseilles, ou grande inscription phénicienne découverte dans cette ville dans le courant de l’année 1845, Paris, 1847; Mémoire sur deux inscriptions puniques découvertes dans l’île du port Cothon à Carthage, Paris, 1849; Nouvelle interprétation de l’inscription phénicienne découverte par M. Mariette, dans le serapéum de Memphis (in Revue de l’orient, nouv. sér. III, p. 190); Observations sur les inscriptions phéniciennes du musée Napoléon III (in Journ. Asiat., Sér. VI, Vol. 2, 1863, pp. 161-195); Recherches archéologiques sur les colonies phéniciennes établies sur le littoral de la Celtoligurie, Paris, 1878. (Though somewhat antiquated, these works still possess a certain value for the student of palæography. The interest of the described inscriptions is largely due to the fact that the Phœnician alphabet is “the mother of all existing alphabets.”)—Barthélémy (l’Abbé), Réflexions sur quelques monuments Phéniciens et sur les alphabets qui en résultent (in Mémoires de littérature, tirés des registres de l’acad. royale des inscr., Vol. XXX, 1764, pp. 405-426).—Baudissin, W. W. F. von, Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, Leipsic, 1876-1878 (a very important contribution to the subject, based on original researches).—Bellermann, J. J. L., Phœniciæ linguæ vestigiorum in Melitensi specimen, Berolini, 1809; Versuch einer Erklärung der punischen Stellen im Pœnulus des Plautus, Berlin, 1808; Bemerkungen über die phönizischen und punischen Münzen, Berlin, 1812.—Bérard, Victor, Les Phéniciens et les poèmes homériques (in Revue de l’hist. des religions, Vol. XXXIX, pp. 173-228, 419-460, Paris, 1899).—Berger, P., La Phénicie pour faire suite à l’écriture et les inscriptions sémitiques, Paris, 1881 (Extrait de l’Encyclopédie des sciences religieuses); Rapport sur les inscriptions puniques récemment découvertes à Carthage, Paris, 1877 (Extract from Archives des missions scientifiques et lit., Ser. III, Vol. 4, p. 145); La Bible et les inscriptions (Leçon d’ouverture), Paris, 1890.—Bertin, G., On the Origin of the Phœnician Alphabet, (in Orientalia Antiqua, I, 1, 1882).—Bertow. Typographie de Tyr.—Beulé, Nachgrabungen in Karthago, Leipsic, 1863.—Bible, The Holy (authorised version), London, 1611.—Bloch, A., Phönic. Glossar, Berlin, 1891.—Bockh, Aug., Urkunde über das attische Seewesen, Berlin, 1840.—Bonnemère, L., L’influence orientale en Bretagne, (in Soc. d’anthropol. de Paris, Bulletins, Sér. IV, Vol. 10, pp. 389-397).—Bourgade (l’Abbé) F., Inscriptions Phéniciennes, Paris, 1852; Toison d’or de la langue Phénicienne, Paris, 1856.—Bovet, F., Egypt, Palestine, and Phœnicia—a Visit, London, 1882.—Bredow, G. G., Untersuchungen über einzelne Gegenstände der alten Geschichte, Altona, 1800.—Brown, R., Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phœnicians, and Babylonians, Oxford, 1900, 2 vols.—Brugsch, H., Geographische Inschriften altägyptischer Denkmäler, Leipsic, 1857-1860, 3 vols.—Budd, Th., From the Deluge to the Christian Era, Norwich, 1890.

Cara, Cav. Gaetano, Sulla genuità degli idoli sardo-fenicii esistenti nel museo archæol. della regia università di Cagliari, Cagliari, 1875.—Carnena, A. A., Report on the Phœnician and Roman Antiquities in the Group of the Islands of Malta, Malta, 1882.—Cesnola, General Louis Palma di: Cyprus, Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples; A Narrative of Researches and Excavations, London, 1877; Salaminia, Cyprus, etc., London, 1882.—Chabas, F., Études sur l’antiquité historique d’après les sources égyptiennes, Paris, 1873, 2nd ed.—Church, A. J., Carthage, the Empire of Africa, London, 1886.—Clarke, J. C. C., The Origin and Varieties of the Semitic Alphabet, Chicago, 1887.—Clercq, de: Notice sur une stèle Phénico-Hittite (in Acad. des inscr., Comptes rendus, 1901).—Colonna Ceccaldi, G., Monuments antiques de Cypre, Paris, 1882.—Court de Gobelin, Allégories orientales ou le fragment de Sanchoniathon, Paris, 1773. (The alleged Phœnician History of Sanchoniathon has come in for a large share of attention from students both of history and of literature. Fragments of what purported to be a translation of this work into Greek by Philo Byblius, who lived in the first century A.D., are preserved by Eusebius. It is in dispute whether such an author as Sanchoniathon really lived or whether the alleged translation was a forgery. Mention of the work will be found in other references of the present bibliography.)—Crespin, V., Catalogo illustrato della raccolta di antichita sarde del Signor Raimondo Chessa, Cagliari, 1868.—Cumberland, B. R., Sanchoniathon’s Phœnician History, with Eratosthenes’ continuation, London, 1720.—Curtius, Quintus, History of Alexander the Great, Venice, 1471.

Davis, N., Inscriptions in the Phœnician character, London, 1863; Carthage and Her Remains, London, 1861; Ruined Cities within Numidian and Carthaginian Territories, London, 1862.—Deecke, W., Der Ursprung der kyprischen Silbenschrift, Strassburg, 1877.—Delattre, R. P., Carthage et la Tunisie au point de vue archéologique, Tunis, 1883.—Dérenbourg, J. and H., Les inscriptions phéniciennes du temple de Seti à Abydos, publiées et traduites d’après une copie inédite de M. Sayce (in Revue d’assyriol. I, 3, pp. 81-101).—Desjardins, E., Géog., histr., et administr. de la Gaule romaine, Paris, 1878 (Punic Inscr.).—Dietrich, F. E. C., Zwei sidonische Inschriften: eine griechische aus christlicher Zeit und eine altphönikische Königsinschrift, Marburg, 1855.—Diodorus Siculus, βιβλιοθήκε ἰστορική, Amsterdam, 1746.—Donop, W. G. L. von: Das Magasanische Europa, Meiningen, 1819-1821, 3 vols.—Doughty, C. M., Travels in Arabia Deserta, Cambridge, 1888, 2 vols.—Drummond, Sir William, An Essay on a Punic Inscription found in the Island of Malta, London, 1810.—Duncker, M., Geschichte des Alterthums, Leipsic, 5th ed., 1878-1883, 7 vols.—Dureau dela Malle, A. J. C. A., Recherches sur la topographie de Carthage, avec des notes par M. Dusgate, Paris, 1835.—Duvivier, F. F., Les Inscriptions Phéniciennes, Puniques, Numidiques, expliquées par une méthode incontestable, Paris, 1846, and ed. g. Nauck, Leipsic, 1871.

Euripides, φοινισσαι, Florence, 1496.—Eusebius, Ευσεβιου περι της Θεοφανειας (edited by J. Migne), Paris, 1857.—Euting. J., Inschriftliche Mitteilungen (in Zeitschr. d. Deutschen Morgenländ. Ges., Vol. XXIX, 1875); Sammlung der karthagischen Inschriften, herausg. mit Unterstützung der K. Academie d. Wissensch. zu Berlin, Strassburg, 1883; Phoenikische Inschriften aus Idalion, Strassburg, 1875; Nabatäische Inschriften aus Arabien, Berlin, 1885; Sinaitische Inschriften (in Verhdlg. d. Gesellschaft für Erdkunde), Berlin, 1886.—Ewald, G. H. A., Über das Phönikische der Inschriften und im Plautus (in Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Vol. IV, pp. 400-418); Erklärung der grossen phönikischen Inschrift von Sidon und einer ägyptisch-aramäischen, mit den zuverlässigen Abbildern beider (in Abhdlg. der Ges. d. Wiss. zu Göttingen, Vol. VII), Göttingen, 1856; Über die phönikischen Ansichten von der Weltschöpfung und den geschichtlichen Wert Sanchuniathons, Göttingen, 1857. (The author is known everywhere as one of the greatest interpreters of the traditions of the Hebrews; his opinions concerning this allied neighbouring people have, therefore, peculiar interest.)

Fabricy, G., De literaturæ Phœniciæ fontibus, Romæ, 1803.—Falbe, C. T., Recherches sur l’emplacement de Carthage suivies de renseignements sur plusieurs inscriptions puniques inédites, Paris, 1833.—Fischer, C., De Hannonis Carthaginiensis periplo, Leipsic, 1893.—Fontane, M., Histoire Universelle, Paris, 1883.—Frankel, Phöniz. Altertümer (in Monatschrift für Gesch. und Wissensch. d. Judenthums, Vol. V, 1856, p. 447 et seq.).

Gesenius, F. H. W., Palæogr. Studien über phöniz. und punische Schrift, Leipsic, 1835; De inscriptione Phœnicio-Græca in Cyrenaica nuper reperta ad Carpocratianorum hæresin pertinente commentatio, Halæ, 1825; Scripturæ linguæque Phœniciæ monumenta quotquot supersunt edita et inedita, Leipsic, 1837. (Like all the works of this author, of great value for the student of Semitic philology. The last-named work comprises the first important collection of Phœnician inscriptions ever published.)—Gilbert, O., Rom und Karthago, Leipsic, 1876.—Gibbon, E., The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (ed. by W. Smith), London, 1872, 8 vols.—Gosselin, R. F. J., Recherches sur la géographie systématique, Paris, 1790-1813, 4 vols.—Graux, C., Les fortifications de Carthage, Paris, 1878.—Grote, G., History of Greece, London, 1871, 10 vols.—Grotefend, G. F., Die Sanchuniathonische Streitfrage nach ungedruckten Briefen gewürdigt, Leipsic, 1836. (The position of Grotefend as an originator in the field of oriental philology gives peculiar interest to his views on the much-mooted question of the authenticity of the alleged writings of Sanchoniathon. Grotefend, it will be recalled, first gained a clew to the phonetic values of certain characters of the old Persian cuneiform writing, thus taking the first step toward the interpretation of the Assyrian and Babylonian records.)—Guerin, H. V., Inscription bilingue de Thugga (in Voyage archéol. dans la régence de Tunis, Paris, 1862).—Gutschmid, A. von, Beiträge zur Geschichte des alten Orients, Leipsic, 1858; Neue Beiträge zur Geschichte des alten Orients, Leipsic, 1876; Kleine Schriften, edited by Rühl, Leipsic, 1889-1894, 5 vols. (The second volume of the last-named work contains the original version of the monumental article on Phœnicia contributed by the author to the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.)

Halévy, J., Mélanges d’épigraphie et d’archéologie sémitiques, Paris, 1874; Mélanges de critique et d’histoire relatifs aux peuples sémitiques, Paris, 1883. (The opinion of one of the most original thinkers and greatest authorities among students of Semitic philology.)—Hamaker, H. A., Lettre à M. Raoul-Rochette sur une inscription en charactères phéniciens et grecs, récemment découverte à Cyrène, Leyden, 1825.—Hamdy-Bey et Th. Reinach, Une nécropole royale à Sidon, Paris, 1892.—Hanno, Ἀρριὰνοῦ περίπλους, κ. τ. λ., Ἅννωνος περίπλους Λιβίης κ. τ. λ., Basle, 1533.

(The remarkable document here cited tells us all that is known to posterity of the life of Hanno the explorer who lived probably in the fifth century, B.C. The document itself was found in the ruins of Carthage. As to whether it was written by Hanno himself we have no evidence, unless with Professor Rawlinson we feel that so direct and clean-cut an account must come from the hand of the man of action whose deed it records. Be that as it may, it is a most important historical document, as evidencing an early expression of that desire to reach out beyond the limits of the then known world, which almost two thousand years later was to culminate in the discoveries of Columbus.)

Heeren, A. H. L., Historical Researches, Oxford, 1834-1846, 5 vols. (The author is particularly happy in his treatment of Phœnician and Carthaginian civilisation.)—Hegel, G. W. F., Lectures on the Philosophy of History, London, 1857.—Hengstenberg, E. W., Commentatio de rebus Tyriorum, Berlini, 1832.—Henzen, G., Iscrizione Greco-fenicia d’Atene (in Annali dell’ instituto di corresp. arch. XXXIII, 1859, p. 321 et seq.).—Herder, G., Ælteste Urkunde des Menschengeschlechts (in his Werke zur Theol.).—Hérisson, Comte d’, Relation d’une mission archéol. en Tunisie, Paris, 1881.—Herodianus, Ἡρωδιανοῦ τῆς μετὰ Μάρκον βασιλείας ἱστοριῶν βιβλία ὀκτώ, Leipsic, 1789-1805, 5 vols.—Herodotus, Historiæ, Strasburg, 1816, 5 vols.—Hittell, J. T., History of the Mental Growth of Mankind in Ancient Times, New York, 1893.—Hitzig, F., Zur ältesten Volks-und Mythengeschichte, Leipsic, 1845; Epigraphische Miscellen. (in Zeitschr. d. Deutschen Morganländ. Ges. Vol. XII, 1858, p. 695).—Hogg, J., On Some Inscriptions from Cyprus, copied by Commander Leycester, R. N., London, 1862. (Reprint from Transactions of Royal Society of Literature.)—Homer, Ὀδυσσεία, Florence, 1488.—Hommel, F., Geschichte Assyriens und Babyloniens, Berlin, 1885. (Contains a tolerably full exposition of the author’s reasons for upholding the theory of the Babylonian—versus the Egyptian—origin of the Phœnician alphabet, a subject regarding which authorities are not agreed.)

Jeremias, J., Tyrus bis zur Zeit, Nebukadnezars, Leipsic, 1891.—Josephus, κατὰ Ἀπίωνος, Basle, 1544.—Judas, A. C., Étude démonstrative de la langue Phénicienne et de la langue Libyque, Paris, 1847; Essai sur la langue Phénicienne avec deux inscriptions puniques inédites, Paris, 1842; Nouvelles études sur une série d’inscriptions numidico-puniques, Paris, 1857.—Justinus, Historiarum Philippicarum Libri XLIV, Venice, 1470. (The account of the early history of the Phœnicians contained in the work of Trogus Pompeius—which Justin condensed—is believed to have been based on the lost “Book of Kings” of Timagenes, and to have been quite extensive. Justin’s remnant is very meagre, but is rendered relatively valuable by the paucity of other sources.)

Kenrick, J., Phœnicia, London, 1855. (A work which attempts to do for the Phœnicians what Wilkinson did for the Egyptians, and with a large measure of success. Still very valuable.)—Kidder, D. P., Tyre: Its Rise, Glory, and Desolation, with Notices of the Phœnicians Generally, New York, 1852.—Kiepert, H., Die geogr. Stellung der nördl. Länder in der phöniz.-hebr. Erdkunde (in Berl. Acad. d. Wiss. 1859, p. 191 et seq.).—Kopp, N. F., Palæographia critica, Mannheim, 1829 (see pp. 90-240, Inscr. Semiticæ); Bilder und Schriften der Vorzeit, Mannheim, 1819-1821, 2 vols.—Kruse, F., Ulrich Jasper Seetzen’s Reisen durch Syrien, Palästina, Phönizien, die Transjordanländer, Arabia, Petræa, und Unter-Ægypten, Berlin, 1854, 2 vols.

Lajard, F., Introduction à l’étude du culte public et des mystères de Mithra en orient et en occident, Paris, 1847.—Lanci, M., Osservazioni sul bassorelievo fenico-egizio che si conserva in Carpentrasso, Rom, 1825; La sacra scrittura illustrata con monumenti fenico-assirii ed egiziani, Rom, 1827; Paralipomeni alla illustrazione della sagra scrittura per monumenti assirii ed egiziani, Paris, 1845; Ragionamento di M. Lanci intorno a nuova stela fenicia discoperta in Malta, Rom, 1855.—Landau, W. von: Beiträge zur Altertumskunde des Orients. Part I: Belagerung von Tyros. Part II: Die phöniz. Inschr., Leipsic, 1899.—Lang, R. H., Cyprus: Its History, its Present Resources and Future Prospects, London, 1878.—Lasalle, Ch., Origin of Western Nations and Languages showing the Construction and Aim of Punic, etc., London, 1883.—Layard, A. H., Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, London, 1853.—Laval, L. de, Voyage dans la péninsule arabique du Sinai et l’Egypte moyenne, Paris, 1855-1859.—Ledrain, M., Cours d’épigraphie sémitique et d’archéol. assyrienne, Paris, 1883; Notice sommaire des monuments phéniciens du musée du Louvre, Paris, 1888.—Leemans, C., Gedenksteenen met Phönicische, Karthagische, Numidische en Liby-Phönicische Opschriften, Leyden, 1842.—Lenormant, F., Le légende de Cadmus et les établissements phéniciens en Grèce, Paris, 1867.—Lenthéric, Ch., La Grèce et l’Orient en Provence, Paris, 1878.—Lessert, Pallu de: Les fastes de la Numidie, Constantine, 1888.—Levy, M. A., Phöniz. Studien, Breslau, 1856-1870, 4 parts; Phöniz. Wörterbuch, Breslau, 1864; Siegel und Gemmen mit aram., phöniz., althebr., himjar., nabatæischen und altsyrischen Inschr., Breslau, 1869.—Lichtenstein, A. A. H., Tentamen palæographiæ Assyrio-Persicæ, Helmstädt, 1803.—Lidzbarski, M., Handbuch der semitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898, 2 vols.; Ephemeris, Giessen, 1900.—Livy, Titus, Historiarum Ab Urbe Condita libri, London, 1600.—Longpérier, A. de: Inscriptions phéniciennes de Carthage (in Journ. Asiat. Ser. VI, Vol. XIII, p. 343).—Lortet, L., La Syrie d’aujourd’hui, Paris, 1884.—Luynes, Duc de, Mémoire sur le sarcophage et l’inscription funéraire d’Esmunazar, roi de Sidon, Paris, 1856.

Malte-Brun, C., Geschichte der Erdkunde von den ältesten bis auf die neuesten Zeiten, Leipsic, 1816, 2 vols.—Maltzan, H. Freiherr von, Reise auf der Insel Sardinien. Nebst einem Anhang über die phöniz. Inschr. Sardiniens, Leipsic, 1869.—Maspero, G., Histoire ancienne de l’orient, Paris, 1886.—Meier, E., Erklärung phöniz. Sprachdenkmäler, die man auf Cypern, Malta und Sicilien gefunden, Tübingen, 1860.—Mela, Pomponius, De situ orbis libri III (in Dionysius Alex. et Pomp. Mela sit. orb. descr.), 1577, and the Rare and Singular Works, London, 1590.—Meltzer, O., Geschichte der Karthager, Berlin, 1879. (An admirably scientific study of the early history of Carthage, but only the first volume, bringing the story to 306, B.C., has appeared.)—Meyer, Ed., Geschichte des Altertums, Stuttgart, 1884-1902, 5 vols.; Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, Leipzig und Wien, 1894-1897, 17 vols.—Michaeler, K., Historisch-kritische Abhandlung von den Mysterien, Wien, 1796.—Mommsen, Theodor, Römische Geschichte, Berlin, 1853-1856—Montesquieu, Baron de, Esprit des lois, Paris, 1740.—Montfaucon, B. de, Palæografia Græca, Paris, 1708; L’antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures, Paris, 1719.—Movers, F. C., Die Phönizier. Vol. I, Bonn, 1841; Vol. II in three parts, Berlin, 1849-1856; Phönizien (in Allg. Encyclop. von Ersch und Gruber, Ser. III, Vol. XXIV, pp. 319-443); Phönizische Texte erklärt, Breslau, 1845-1847, 2 vols.; Die punischen Texte im Poenulus des Plautus kritisch gewürdigt und erklärt, Breslau, 1845.

Franz Karl Movers was born at Koesfeld, Prussia, July 17th, 1806; died at Breslau September 28th, 1856. Professor Movers was essentially a man of one idea and one book; but the idea was a broad one, and the book an epoch-making one. Movers early in life seems to have selected the history of Phœnicia as the subject to which he would direct his great energy and scholarly attention. It was an almost virgin field. Beyond the vague traditions of the Greeks, comparatively little was known of that race which had played so great a part in spreading oriental culture throughout the western world. The subject was a peculiarly difficult one, because, unlike the Egyptians and the Babylonians, the Phœnicians had left very few monuments to tell posterity the story of their greatness. But Professor Movers followed up with the utmost assiduity such traces as were to be found, and while he did not live to complete his work, he gave the world a partial history of the Phœnicians which no subsequent investigator of their history can ever neglect. In the main his results have stood the tests of time, and even now Movers must be considered the foremost authority on Phœnician history.

Müller, F. H., Commentatio de rebus Semiticis, Berolini, 1831.—Müller, W. M., Ein Phönik. König (in Mitteil. d. Vorderasiat, Ges. 1896), Berlin, 1896.—Munk, S., L’inscription phénicienne de Marseilles, trad. et commentée, Paris, 1848.—Münter, F., Die Religion der Karthager, Copenhagen, 1816; Der Tempel der himmlischen Göttin zu Paphos, Copenhagen, 1824; Om en nyling blandt ruinerne of Karthago opdaget Punisk gravskrift, Copenhagen, 1824. (Works now having scarcely more than an antiquarian interest.)

Oberhummer, E., Phönizier in Arkadien, München, 1882.—Ohnefalsch-Richter, Max, Kypros, die Bibel und Homer. Beiträge zur Cultur-, Kunst-, und Religionsgeschichte des Orients im Altertume, Berlin, 1893, 2 vols.—Olshausen, J., Phöniz. Ortsnamen ausserhalb des semitischen Sprachgebietes (in Neues Rheinisches Museum, 1853, p. 321 et seq.).

Papier, A., et Mélix, Sur dix-huit inscriptions nouvelles communiquées à l’académie d’Hippone (in Bulletin de l’Acad. d’Hippone, 1886, no. 21, pp. 81-112).—Pausanias, Ἑλλάδος περιήγησις.—Perrot, G., and Chipiez, C., History of Art in Phœnicia, London, 1885, Vol. III of the Series.—Peters, J. P., The Babylonian Origin of the Phœnician Alphabet (in Proceedings of the Soc. of Bibl. Archæol., Vol. VI, p. 73, et seq.); Notes on Recent Theories of the Origin of the Alphabet (in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. XXII, p. 177, New Haven, 1901); Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures, etc., New York and London, 1897, 2 vols.—Philo Byblius, Phœnician History in Muller’s Fragmenta Hist. Græc., Vol. III, Paris, 1841-1851. (This is the alleged translation of Sanchoniathon, already referred to. It is regarded as indisputable that the author drew upon native sources, and did not invent the legends he narrates, whether or not such an author as Sanchoniathon existed.)—Philostratus, Zürich, 1844.—Pietschmann, R., Geschichte der Phönizier, Berlin, 1889.

Professor Pietschmann’s book, written for the Oncken Series, is the most recent and the most authoritative work on the subject. It by no means supplants the great works of Movers and Kenrick, but it embodies the results of investigations that were not made when these works were written, and so condenses into relatively brief space practically all that is at present known regarding the Phœnicians.

Pliny, the Younger, Historiarum Mundi, London, 1826; History of the World, translated by P. Holland, London, 1601.—Polybius, Καθολικὴ κοινὴ ἱστορία. (Polybius, the personal friend of Scipio, was present at the destruction of Carthage in 146, B.C. He is the incomparable authority for the history of the Punic wars, but of his forty books, only the first five are intact. Of these there are several English translations.)—Prutz, H., Aus Phönizien: geographische Skizzen und historische Studien, Leipsic, 1876.

Queipo, Don V. Vasquez, Essai sur les systèmes métriques et monétaires des anciens peuples depuis les premiers temps historiques jusqu’à la fin du Khalifat d’Orient, Paris, 1859.

Rawlinson, G., A Manual of Ancient History, Oxford, 1869; History of Phœnicia, London, 1889.—Rawlinson, H. C., Bilingual Readings—Cuneiform and Phœnician. Notes on some Tablets in the Brit. Mus. containing Bilingual Legends (Assyria and Phœnicia), (in Journal of the Royal Asiat. Soc., new Ser. I, pp. 187-247).—Renan, J. E., Mission de Phénicie, Paris, 1865-1874, 9 pts.; Catalogue des objets provenant de la mission de Phénicie, Paris, 1862; Histoire générale et système comparé des langues sémitiques, Paris, 1855.—Rougé, Vicomte Em. de: Mémoire sur l’origine égyptienne de l’alphabet phénicien, Paris, 1874. (The original memoir was communicated to the Academy some twenty years earlier, but was accidentally destroyed and hence was never published. The present paper gave currency to the views of the author, according to which the Phœnician alphabet is derived from the hieratic form of the Egyptian writing.)

Saalschütz, J. L., Zur Geschichte der Buchstabenschrift, in besonderer Beziehung auf Hebräer, Phönizier, Griechen und Ægypter, Königsberg, 1838.—Saint-Martin, Vivien de, Le Nord d’Afrique dans l’antiquité, Paris, 1863.—Saulcy, F. de, Mémoire sur une inscription phénicienne déterrée à Marseilles, Paris, 1847.—Sayce, A. H., Ancient Empires of the East, London, 1884; New Phœnician and Israelitic Inscriptions (in Babylonian and Oriental Record, Vol. I, p. 193, London, 1886-1887).—Scholz, P., Götzendienst und Zauberwesen, Regensburg, 1877.—Schröder, A., Conspectus chorog. insigniorum locorum et geographia veterum populorum delineatus, Sundiae, 1831.—Schröder, P., Die phöniz. Sprache, Halle, 1869; Über einige Fragmente phönikischer Inschriften aus Cypern (in Monatsber. d. Berl. Acad. d. Wiss. 1872, p. 330 et seq., Berlin, 1872); Phönizische Miscellen. (in Zeitschrift d. Deutschen Morgenländ. Ges., Vol. XXXIV, p. 675, Halle, 1880).—Seere, P., Les marines de guerre de l’antiquité et du moyen age, Paris, 1886.—Smith, R., Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, Cambridge, 1885.—Smith, R. B., Carthage and the Carthaginians, London, 1878.—Socin, A. and Gutschmid, A. von, Phœnicia (in Encycl. Brit., Vol. XVIII, Ninth ed.).—Spiro, F., Les inscriptions et les stèles votives de Carthage, Lausanne, 1895.—Stade, B., Erneute Prüfung des zwischen dem Phönizischen und Hebräischen bestehenden Verwandtschaftsgrades ein Beitrag zur morgenländ. Sprachkunde (in Morgenländ. Forschg. 1875, pp. 167-232, Leipsic, 1875).—Stadthagen, D., De quibusdam marmoribus Phœnicis præmisso specimine de Scripturæ alphabeticæ origine, Berlin, 1846.—Strabo, Geographica, Venice, 1516.

Tatianus, Oratio ad Græcos, edited by Worth, Oxford, 1700.—Temple, Sir G., Phœnician Tombstone found in Maghrawah in Tunis (in Transactions of the Roy. Asiat. Soc., Vol. III, p. 548).—Tiele, C. P., La Religion des Phéniciens (in Revue de l’histoire des religions, Vol. III, Paris, 1881).—Tissot, Géographie comparée de la province romaine d’Afrique, Paris, 1884-1888, 2 vols.—Turner, W. W., Remarks on the Phœnician Inscriptions of Sidon (in Journal of Am. Oriental Soc., 1862, p. 48 et seq., New Haven, 1862); The Sidon Inscriptions, with a Translation and Notes (in Journal of Am. Oriental Soc., 1856, p. 243 et seq., New Haven, 1856).

Vassallo, C., Dei monumenti antichi nel gruppo di Malta. Periodo Fenicio ed Egizio, Valetta, 1851.—Vaux, W. S. W., Inscriptions in the Phœnician Character, now deposited in the British Museum, discovered on the Site of Carthage, London, 1863.—Vierthaler, Philosoph. Gesch. der Menschen und Völker, Salzburg, 1787-1794, 4 vols.—Vogüé, M. de, Six inscriptions phéniciennes d’Idalion, Paris, 1875; Mélanges d’archéologie orientale, Paris, 1868.

Wachsmuth, K., Stadt Athen im Alterthum, Leipsic, 1874-1890, 2 vols.—Weber, G., Allgemeine Weltgeschichte, Leipsic, 1857-1880, 15 vols.—Weinrich, De Phœnicum literatura, Meiningæ, 1714.—Wellhausen, J., Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, Berlin, 1884.—Whitney, W. D., On de Rougé’s Derivation of the Phœnician Alphabet from the Egyptian Characters (in Journ. of Am. Oriental Soc., Vol. X, p. 131).—Williams, H. S., The History of the Art of Writing, New York and London, 1902.—Winckler, H., Altorientalische Forschungen, Leipsic, 1893.—Wuttke, H., Geschichte der Schrift und des Schriftthums, Leipsic, 1872.

Xenophon, Κύρου Ἀναβάσις, Oxford, 1735; Κυροπαιδεία, Florence, 1516.

PART VI

THE HISTORY OF WESTERN ASIA

BASED CHIEFLY UPON THE FOLLOWING AUTHORITIES

ERNEST BABELON, MAX DUNCKER, PAUL KAROLIDES, EDUARD MEYER,
PERROT AND CHIPIEZ, GEORGE RADET, A. H. SAYCE,
A. SOCIN, CHARLES W. SUPER

WITH ADDITIONAL CITATIONS FROM

THE SO-CALLED POEM OF PENTAUR, H. C. BRUGSCH, STEPHANUS
BYZANTINUS, J. A. CRAMER, DEMETRIUS OF SCEPSIS,
DIODORUS, GEORGE GROTE, HERODOTUS, FRITZ
HOMMEL, JUSTIN, POMPONIUS MELA, NICOLAS
OF DAMASCUS, H. SCHLIEMANN, PLINIUS
SECUNDUS, STRABO, THUCYDIDES,
XANTHUS, XENOPHON

TOGETHER WITH AN INTRODUCTORY ESSAY ON

THE POSITION OF ASIA MINOR IN HISTORY

WILLIAM J. HAMILTON