| VOLUME X |
| [SPAIN] |
| PAGE |
| CHAPTER I |
| [Land and People; and Gothic Sway (to 711 A.D.)] | [1] |
| The Celts and Celtiberians, [3]. The Phœnician invasions, [4]. The Greek colonies;the Carthaginian conquest, [5]. The Romans in Spain, [7]. Roman administration,[10]. Introduction of Christianity, [11]. Barbarian invasions, [14]. The Gothsarrive, [15]. Progress of the Gothic conquest, [17]. Leuvigild and Ermenigild, [21].Recared I and Catholicism, [23]. Petty monarchs, [24]. The reign of Wamba, [25].Ervigius and Ergica, [28]. Witiza, [29]. The fable of Roderic and Florinda, [31]. Visigothiccivilisation, [32]. Hardships of the Jews, [34]. Burke’s estimate of Gothicrule, [35]. |
| CHAPTER II |
| [The Time of Moslem Domination (711-1214 A.D.)] | [36] |
| The Asturias and Leon under Pelayo, [38]. Sebastian’s account of the battle ofCovadonga, [39]. Alfonso the Catholic, [40]. Alfonso the Chaste and Bernardo delCarpio, [42]. Alfonso the Great, [43]. Alfonso’s successors, [43]. Origin of Castile, [46].Sancho el Mayor, [47]. The history of Castile, [48]. Origin and earliest history ofthe kingdom of Aragon, [50]. Burke’s estimate of the Cid, [52]. The historical Cid, [53].Christian Spain in the twelfth century, [58]. Foundation of the Spanish orders ofknighthood, [59]. Overthrow of the Moslems, [62]. |
| CHAPTER III |
| [The History of Castile to the Death of Pedro the Cruel (1214-1369 A.D.)] | [63] |
| Ferdinand (III) el Santo, [65]. Burke’s estimate of Queen Berengaria, [65]. Ferdinand’sconquests, [66]. Alfonso the Learned (el Sabio) and his successors, [68].Mariana’s account of the Divine judgment on Ferdinand IV, [71]. Alfonso XI, [72].Mariana’s account of Pedro the Cruel, [73]. Ayala’s account of the king’s honeymoon,[76]. Pedro’s false marriage, [78]. Ayala’s account of the murder of Fadrique,[80]. Other royal murders, [83]. The war with Henry of Trastamara, [84]. Battle ofNajera or Navarrete, [87]. Ayala’s account of the quarrel between Edward andPedro, [88]. A new revolt; the end of Pedro the Cruel, [89]. A final estimate ofPedro the Cruel, [91]. |
| CHAPTER IV |
| [Aragon to the Union with Castile (1162-1475 A.D.)] | [93] |
| James the Conqueror, [94]. Pedro III and his Sicilian wars, [95]. Political growth,[98]. Interregnum in Aragon, [106]. Aragon under rulers of the royal house of Castile,[107]. Rising in Catalonia, [111]. |
| CHAPTER V |
| [Henry of Trastamara and Isabella of Castile (1369-1479 A.D.)] | [114] |
| Juan I and the Portuguese wars, [116]. John of Gaunt in Spain, [118]. The GoodKing Henry III, [119]. Guzman’s portrait of Juan and his minister, [122]. Chronicleof the constable Don Alvaro de Luna, [124]. Internal dissensions, [124]. The fall ofAlvaro, [126]. Hume’s estimate of Juan II, [127]. The disasters of Henry IV, [128].Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, [130]. War of the Succession, [132]. |
| CHAPTER VI |
| [Ferdinand and Isabella (1474-1504 A.D.)] | [134] |
| Resistance to papal encroachment, [139]. The regulation of trade, [140]. The pre-eminenceof the royal authority, [141]. Progress of the war, [145]. The siege ofMalaga, [149]. The capture of Granada, [151]. End of Moslem sway in Spain, [154].Spanish explorers and Christopher Columbus, [155]. The expulsion of the Jews, [157].Persecution and revolt of the Moors, [161]. Spain in Italy; the Great Captain, [163].Illness and death of Isabella, [166]. Prescott’s estimate of Isabella, [169]. Burke’s estimateof Isabella; Hume’s estimate, [176]. |
| CHAPTER VII |
| [The Regencies of Ferdinand (1504-1517 A.D.)] | [178] |
| Philip enters Spain, 181, The reign of Philip I, [183]. Death of Philip; Juana’smadness, [185]. The return of Ferdinand, [187]. Was Queen Juana insane? [189]. Ferdinand’ssecond regency, [192]. Death and character of Ferdinand, [193]. The regency ofCardinal Ximenes, [196]. Death and character of Ximenes, [198]. The two chief worksof Ximenes, [200]. Comparison of Ximenes and Richelieu, [201]. Review of the reignof Ferdinand and Isabella, [202]. Discovery and colonisation, [205]. The golden ageof Spain, [207]. |
| CHAPTER VIII |
| [The Emperor Charles V (1517-1556 A.D.)] | [211] |
| King Charles becomes emperor, [213]. Charles’ struggle with the cortes, [216].Revolt of the germaneros and the comuneros, [218]. Queen Juana released, [219]. TheMoors under Charles V, [223]. Charles retires from the world, [226]. De Marliani’sreview of the influence of Charles V on Spain, [230]. |
| CHAPTER IX |
| [The Reign of Philip II (1556-1598 A.D.)] | [233] |
| Philip’s marriage with Mary Tudor, [234]. Philip’s character, [235]. War withthe Turks, [239]. Wars with France, [239]. The Netherlands, [240]. English affairsand the Armada, [244]. Acquisition of Portugal, [246]. Moriscos revolt, [247]. Moorishatrocities, [248]. Christian atrocities, [249]. The misfortunes of Don Carlos, [251]. Fateof the king’s secretary, Perez, [253]. De Castro’s estimate of Antonio Perez, [255]. Thedeath of Philip, [256]. Dunham’s estimate of Philip II, [259]. Watson on Philip’s imprudences,[259]. |
| CHAPTER X |
| [The Last of the Spanish Habsburgs (1598-1700 A.D.)] | [261] |
| Causes of Spain’s rapid decline, [262]. Philip IV, “the Great,” [266]. The Catalaninsurrection, [267]. The Thirty Years’ War and the Treaty of the Pyrenees, [268].Death of Philip IV, [271]. King Charles II and the French War, [271]. The fate ofthe young queen, [274]. Last years of Charles II, [275]. The distresses of Spain, [277]. |
| CHAPTER XI |
| [Revival of Spain under the First Bourbons (1700-1788 A.D.)] | [279] |
| French influence dominates, [280]. The new queen and the princess Orsini, [282].War of the Spanish Succession, [283]. The Catalan revolt, [290]. A new Europeanwar, [292]. Philip abdicates and returns, [294]. The adventures of Ripperdá, [295].Spanish account of the war with England, [298]. The war of the Austrian Succession,[300]. The Good King Ferdinand VI, [301]. The singer Farinelli, [301]. Charles III,[303]. Expulsion of the Jesuits, [306]. |
| CHAPTER XII |
| [Spain and the French Revolution (1788-1808 A.D.)] | [310] |
| The rise of Godoy, [311]. Godoy as minister, and the war with France, [313].Spain in alliance with France against England, [317]. The autocracy of Godoy, [320].Napoleon schemes for Spain, [325]. Charles IV abdicates; the Bourbons at Bayonne,[327]. Lafuente’s account of the Dos de Mayo, [329]. The royal family at Bayonne, [333]. |
| CHAPTER XIII |
| [The Peninsula War (1808-1814 A.D.)] | [336] |
| War declared on France, [337]. Joseph Bonaparte chosen king of Spain, [337].The English appear, [340]. Moore’s famous retreat, [343]. Napier’s story of Moore’s retreat,[345]. A Spanish opinion of the retreat, [348]. French successes, [348]. Wellingtonresumes control, [350]. The lines of Torres Vedras, [353]. Failures in Spain, [357].Napier’s account of the assault on Badajoz, [359]. British progress, [365]. Napier’s accountof the retreat, [367]. Affairs of 1812-1813, [367]. Return of the Bourbons, [370].England’s share in the war, [372]. Napier’s estimate of Wellington, [373]. |
| CHAPTER XIV |
| [The Restoration of the Bourbons (1814-1902 A.D.)] | [375] |
| The reign of terror, [379]. The tyrannies of Ferdinand “the Desired,” [380]. Aserial revolution, [382]. Châteaubriand’s account of the chaos, [386]. Civil war, [387].Intervention of the Holy Alliance, [389]. The French invasion, [390]. The return ofFerdinand, [392]. Rise of Carlism, [395]. War of the Christinos and Carlists, [396]. Thestormy regency of Christina, [398]. Espartero regent, [399]. The profligate queenIsabella II, [399]. The rebellion of 1868, [402]. Pirala on the “Mild Anarchy”of 1869, [403]. Estimate of Cherbuliez of General Prim, [404]. The hunt for aking, [406]. Amadeo’s reign and the republic, [407]. Republican Spain under Castelar,[411]. The Basques and Carlism, [412]. The dictatorship of Serrano, [414]. The BourbonAlfonso XII elected, [416]. Alfonso XII and the European powers, [418]. Theregency of Maria Christina, [418]. |
| [Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters] | [422] |
| [BOOK II. THE HISTORY OF PORTUGAL FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT] |
| CHAPTER I |
| [Early History to João I (to 1383 A.D.)] | [425] |
| Land and people, [425]. The origin of Portugal, [427]. Herculano’s estimate of thefirst Portuguese king, [432]. Reigns of Sancho I and Alfonso II, [434]. Sancho IIcalled Capello (“the hooded”), [437]. Sancho deposed, Alfonso III succeeds, [438].Political importance of Alfonso’s reign, [440]. Don Diniz, [441]. The romance of Iñesde Castro, [444]. Pedro the Severe, [446]. |
| CHAPTER II |
| [The Period of Glory and Discovery (1383-1521 A.D.)] | [452] |
| The taking of Ceuta, [455]. Prince Henry the Navigator, [459]. The reign ofDuarte, or Edward, [461]. The regency of Pedro, [465]. Alfonso V and La Beltraneja,[468]. Reign of João (II) the Perfect, [470]. Character of João II, [472]. Progress indiscovery, [474]. Martius’ account of Vasco and Cabral, [475]. The conquest of India,[479]. Emmanuel the Fortunate, [484]. The great voyage of Magellan, [486]. |
| CHAPTER III |
| [The Fall, the Captivity, and the Revolution (1521-1640 A.D.)] | [489] |
| The Portuguese in Africa, India, and Brazil, [490]. Ennes’ account of the decadenceof Portugal, [492]. The regencies and the reign of Sebastian, [495]. The débâcleat Kassr-el-Kebir, [496]. The cardinal-king and the Portuguese succession, [498].Philip II of Spain becomes Philip I of Portugal, [500]. The English in Portugal, [502].The false Sebastians, [503]. Chagas’ account of the loss of the colonies, [504]. Domesticdisaster, [506]. Philip II, [508]. Philip III (Philip IV of Spain), [508]. Ennes’ accountof the conspiracy, [510]. Chagas’ account of the 1st of December, [511]. |
| CHAPTER IV |
| [João IV to João VI (1640-1822 A.D.)] | [514] |
| Alfonso VI, [516]. Pedro II; João V, [519]. The colonies decline, [521]. The reignof José I, [522]. The great minister Pombal, [523]. The earthquake at Lisbon (November1st, 1755), [525]. Pombal and the Jesuits, [527]. A plot to assassinate the king,[528]. The exile of the Jesuits, [529]. War with Spain, [530]. Schlosser’s estimate ofPombal, [531]. The new queen and reaction, [533]. The regency and the French Revolution,[536]. The invasion of the French, [537]. The Throne moves to Brazil, [538].The Peninsula War, [539]. Portugal an English province, [541]. The revolt and recallof the king, [542]. The loss of Brazil, [543]. |
| CHAPTER V |
| [The Nineteenth Century (1822-1900 A.D.)] | [544] |
| Portugal receives a new ruler and a new constitution, [546]. Dom Miguel seizesthe power, [547]. Maria II, [550]. Cabral and the Chartists in power, [553]. The Septembristsoverthrow Costa Cabral, [554]. The reign of Luiz, [557]. Carlos I becomesking, [559]. Portuguese literature, [560]. |
| APPENDIX A |
| [The Inquisition] | [562] |
| The Cathari, [564]. The Waldenses, [565]. Crusade against the Albigenses, [566].The Inquisition established, [567]. Method of procedure with a suspect, [570]. JohnFox on the evils of the Inquisition, [572]. How a penitent was treated, [573]. The historyof torture, [574]. A contemporary account of the preliminaries to torture, [575].Limborch’s account of the fate of a Jew, [578]. The other forms of torture, [580]. Tormentodi Toca, [580]. The chafing-dish; the water-cure, [580]. The proceedingsagainst an Englishwoman, [581]. Inquisitorial documents, [582]. How the record waskept, [583]. The proper form of torture for women, [583]. Later history of the Inquisitionof Spain, [584]. State of the Jews in Spain, [585]. “Conversion” of the Jews,[586]. Queen Isabella persuaded to persecution, [587]. The Inquisition of 1481, [589].The Spanish or “Modern” Inquisition established, [590]. The Auto da fé, [591]. Torquemadaand his successors, [592]. Llorente’s computation of the victims of the Inquisition,[595]. Effects and influences of the Inquisition, [598]. |
| [Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters] | [599] |
| [A Brief Résumé of Spanish History (711-1902 A.D.)] | [601] |
| [A Brief Résumé of Portuguese History (997-1903 A.D.)] | [628] |
| [A General Bibliography of Spanish History] | [637] |
| [A General Bibliography of Portuguese History] | [650] |