CONTENTS

VOLUME XVII
SWITZERLAND (Concluded)
PAGE
CHAPTER V
[The Eighteenth Century] [1]
The conspiracy of Hentzi; the insurrection of Fribourg, [1]. Disorders at Geneva, [4]. Tumults in Neuchâtel, [8]. Aristocracy and democracy, [9]. Davel, [10]. Federal relations of the Swiss states, [13]. Switzerland feels the shock of the French Revolution, [16]. French troops in Switzerland, [20]. The capitulation of Berne; the Constitution Unitaire, [23].
CHAPTER VI
[Switzerland Since 1798] [26]
Changes of constitutions and administrations, [26]. The evacuation of Switzerland; the nomination of deputies, [28]. The act of mediation (1813 A.D.); Cabals follow Napoleon’s fall, [30]. Switzerland develops along new lines, [35]. Reaction and reform; effects of the revolution of July, [35]. Siebener Konkordat; disputes over asylum and religion, [38]. The Sonderbund War, [39]. Colonel Dufour is made commander of the army, [40]. Preparations of the Sonderbund, [41]. The capitulation of Fribourg and Lucerne end the Sonderbund, [42].
[Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters] [48]
[A General Bibliography of Swiss History] [49]
[A Chronological Summary of the History of Switzerland] [56]
RUSSIA
[Introduction. The Intellectual Development of Russia.] By Dr. A. S.Rappoport [71]
CHAPTER I
[Land and People and Early History (To 1054 A.D.)] [79]
Extent, configuration, and climate, [79]. The similarity of European and Asiatic Russia, [80]. The dualism of north and south, [81]. The soil of the Black Lands and the Steppes, [82]. Diversity of races, [84]. The Finns, [85]. Ethnological distribution of religions, [87]. The Great Russians and the Little Russians, [91]. Social and political organisation, [92]. The treaty with Constantinople, [96]. The first written document of Russian history, [97]. The reign of Igor, [97]. The regency of Olga, [99]. Nestor tells of the baptism of Olga, [100]. Sviatoslav; the victory of north over south, [101]. Nestor’s account of Vladimir’s conversion, [103]. The death of Vladimir the Christian, [106]. Sviatopolk is succeeded by Iaroslav, [107]. Iaroslav’s code of laws, [110]. Iaroslav dies, [115].
CHAPTER II
[The Period of the Principalities (1054-1224 A.D.)] [117]
The character of the principalities, [117]. The unity of the principalities, [120]. The theory of succession, [121]. Civil wars, [122]. Vsevolod, [124]. Sviatopolk, [124]. Vladimir Monomakh, [126]. The “Instruction” of Vladimir Monomakh, [127]. The fall of Kiev and the rise of Suzdal, [129].
CHAPTER III
[The Time of Tatar Domination (1235-1462 A.D.)] [133]
Jenghiz Khan; the Tatar invasion, [134]. Influences of Tatar domination, [136]. Alexander Nevski, [139]. Death of Alexander Nevski; appreciation of his character, [142]. The grand princedom, [143]. The growing ascendency of Moscow, [144]. The principle of direct succession, [148]. The battle of the Don or Kulikovo, [151]. Significance of the battle of Kulikovo, [152]. The destruction of Moscow, [153]. The death of Dmitri Donskoi; his place in history, [154]. The reign of Vasili Dmitrievitch, [156]. Vasili Vasilievitch (afterwards called “The Blind” or “The Dark”), [158]. Jonas becomes metropolitan, [159]. A review of the internal development during the Tatar period, [160]. The influence of Tatar domination, [163]. Wallace’s view, [164].
CHAPTER IV
[From Ivan the Great to Ivan the Terrible (1462-1584 A.D.)] [166]
Accession of Ivan (III) Vasilievitch, [166]. Character and aims of Ivan, [168]. Ivan Vasilievitch marries the Greek princess Sophia, [170]. The growth of autocracy, [171]. Subjugation of the republics, [172]. The final overthrow of the Tatars, [176]. Affairs of Lithuania, [179]. Last years of Ivan; inheritance left to his sons, [181]. Appreciations of Ivan Vasilievitch, [181]. Accession of Vasili Ivanovitch, [184]. Wars with Lithuania, [184]. Wars with the Tatars, [188]. The growing power of Russia, [189]. Maxine the Greek, [190]. Private life of Vasili Ivanovitch; his death, [192]. A forecast of the reign of Ivan (IV) the Terrible, [192]. The minority of Ivan IV, [194]. Ivan assumes the reins of government, [196]. The discovery of Siberia, [197]. The restraining influences of Anastasia, [198]. Ivan’s atrocities, [199]. The Polish invasion, [200]. The reign of terror, [202]. The march against Novgorod, [203]. Carnage in Moscow, [205]. The struggle for Livonia, [207]. Projects of alliance with England, [208]. Death of Ivan the Terrible, [208]. Karamzin’s estimate of Ivan, [209]. Ivan the Terrible compared with Peter the Great, [212].
CHAPTER V
[The Century After Ivan the Terrible (1584-1682 A.D.)] [213]
Character of Boris Godunov, [214]. War with Sweden, [215]. Serfdom, [218]. Death of Dmitri, [219]. The reign of Boris, [222]. The false Dmitri appears, [224]. Career and murder of Demetrius, [227]. The false Dmitri; marriage and death, [228]. Vasili Ivanovitch Shuiski, [229]. Accession of the house of Romanov, [237]. The Cossacks, [239]. Last years of Michael, [242]. Alexis, [243]. Feodor, [247].
CHAPTER VI
[Peter the great (1684-1725 A.D.)] [249]
The childhood and youth of Peter, [251]. Peter asserts control, [253]. Military reforms, [255]. Azov taken from the Turks, [256]. Schemes of conquest, [258]. Conspiracy to murder Peter, [258]. Peter travels to acquire knowledge, [259]. Peter in Holland, England and Austria, [261]. The insurrection of the Strelitz, [265]. War with Sweden, [265]. Rallying from defeat, [267]. The antecedents of an empress, [268]. Military success: Foundation of St. Petersburg, [269]. Renewed hostilities, [272]. Polish affairs, [273]. Charles XII invades Russia, [275]. Revolt of the Cossacks of the Don; Mazeppa, [277]. Mazeppa joins Charles XII; Pultowa, [279]. Peter and the Powers, [281]. Catherine acknowledged as Peter’s wife, [281]. War with Turkey, [282]. Catherine’s heroism: the Peace of Pruth, [283]. War with Sweden, [285]. A naval victory; Peter’s triumph, [286]. Peter at the height of power, [287]. Peter’s second European tour, [289]. The czarevitch Alexis disinherited, [294]. Death of the czarevitch Alexis, [297]. Domestic affairs, [299]. Renewed hostilities with Sweden, [302]. Peter as administrator, [304]. The church and the aristocracy, [309]. Commerce with the East, [311]. War with Persia, [312]. Last years and death of Peter, [314]. Soloviev’s estimate of Peter’s work, [318]. Kostomarov’s estimate of Peter, [323]. Haxthausen’s estimate of Peter’s influence, [326].
CHAPTER VII
[Catherine I to Peter III (1725-1762 A.D.)] [327]
Catherine I (1725-1727 A.D.), [327]. Peter II (1727-1730 A.D.), [328]. Anna Ivanovna, [331]. War with Turkey, [335]. Internal administration, [337]. Biron the favourite, [338]. Death of Anna, (1740 A.D.); the succession, [339]. A Russian estimate of Anna and of Biron, [340]. The nominal reign of Ivan VI, [341]. Anna of Brunswick assumes the regency, [342]. Sweden renews the war, [342]. Successful conspiracy against the regent, [345]. Elizabeth Petrovna, [350]. Foreign affairs, [352]. Antecedents of the future Peter III, [353]. The future Catherine II appears, [354]. Court intrigues: the death of Elizabeth, [355]. Spread of art, literature, and education under Elizabeth, [356]. Bain’s estimate of Elizabeth, [359]. Peter III, [360]. Impolitic acts of Peter III, [362]. Catherine plots against the Czar, [364]. Catherine usurps the crown, [367]. Death of Peter III, [368].
CHAPTER VIII
[The Age of Catherine II (1762-1796 A.D.)] [372]
Catherine’s own views on Russia, [373]. The Polish succession; the policy of the nations, [376]. Poland is dismembered, [378]. War with Turkey, [380]. The Treaty of Kutchuk-Kainardji, [383]. The migration of the Kalmucks, [383]. The Kalmucks reach China, [385]. Insurrections and pretenders, [386]. Favouritism under Catherine II, [387]. The rise of Potemkin, [389]. The official status of the favourite, [392]. Potemkin’s schemes of conquest, [392]. General Suvarov, [396]. The favourites Lanskoi and Iermolov, [396]. Joseph II visits Catherine; A spectacular tour, [397]. Outbreak of the Austro-Russian war with Turkey, [399]. The Swedish war, [400]. The campaign of 1790; the Treaty of Varela, [403]. Progress of the Austro-Russian war with Turkey, [405]. Successes of Laudon, [405]. Victories of Suvarov, [406]. Austrian and Russian valour; Austria’s withdrawal, [408]. Russia prosecutes the war; the storm of Ismail, [409]. European intervention; the Treaty of Jassy, [410]. The death of Potemkin (1792 A.D.); Ségur’s characterisation, [411]. The question of the imperial succession, [413]. The last of the favourites, [415]. Debaucheries at Catherine’s court, [416]. The subjugation and final partition of Poland, [417]. The annexation of Courland, [420]. Last years and death of Catherine, [421]. A Russian estimate of Catherine, [422].
CHAPTER IX
[Russia in the Napoleonic Epoch (1796-1815 A.D.)] [426]
Early measures of the reign of Paul I, [426]. Imperial eccentricities, [427]. Paul’s foreign policy, [432]. The campaigns of Korsakov and Suvarov, [433]. Paul reconciled with France, [436]. The armed neutrality, [438]. Assassination of Paul, [440]. The accession of Alexander I (1801 A.D.): His early reforms, [443]. The incorporation of Georgia, [444]. Russia joins the third coalition, [445]. The campaign of Austerlitz, [446]. The campaign of Eylau and Friedland, [451]. Meeting of Alexander and Napoleon at Tilsit, [455]. Russia declares war against England, [456]. The conquest of Finland, [457]. War with Persia and with Turkey, [459]. Congress of Erfurt, [463]. Renewed war with Turkey, [466]. War with Napoleon, [468]. Napoleon invades Russia, [471]. The abandonment of Moscow, [473]. The retreat of the grand army, [476]. Napoleon on the road to Smolensk, [477]. The battle of Viazma; Smolensk is found evacuated, [480]. Kutusov’s policy, [481]. Campaigns of the Grand Alliance, [484]. Alexander I at the capitulation of Paris, [487]. The Russian occupation of Paris, [488]. Alexander I and the congress of Vienna, [490]. Alexander’s religious mysticism; Baroness Krüdener, [493]. Alexander’s holy alliance, [496].
CHAPTER X
[Alexander I, Mystic and Humanitarian (1801-1825 A.D.)] [499]
The complex character of Alexander I, [499]. Ministerial influences; Speranski and Araktcheiev, [501]. Educational advances; the Lycée and the library, [502]. Expulsion of the Jesuits from St. Petersburg, [504]. Liberation of the peasants of the Baltic provinces, [505]. The emperor and the quakers, [506]. Secret societies under Alexander I, [510]. Closing of the masonic lodges, [513]. Turgeniev’s comment on the secret societies, [514]. Literary activity of the period, [516]. Alexander I as a patron of literature, [517]. Failure of the Polish experiments, [518]. Constitutional projects, [520]. The military colonies, [521]. Alexander and the great uprising, [523]. The great inundation of 1824, [525]. The close of Alexander’s reign, [527]. Death of Alexander I, [530]. Alison’s estimate of Alexander I, [531]. Skrine’s estimate of Alexander I, [532].
CHAPTER XI
[The Reign of Nicholas I (1825-1855 A.D.)] [533]
The interregnum, [533]. The accession of Nicholas, [537]. Trial of the conspirators, [539]. The coronation of Nicholas, [539]. Changes in internal administration, [540]. Reforms in the administration of justice, [541]. War with Persia, [543]. War with Turkey, [544]. The Polish insurrection, [545]. The outbreak of cholera and the riots occasioned by it, [548]. The war in the Caucasus, [550]. The emperor’s conservative patriotism, [555]. Unveiling of the monument at Borodino, [556]. Death or retirement of the old ministers, [557]. Great fire in the winter palace, [558]. The emperor Nicholas’ views of Louis Napoleon, [559]. Events leading up to the Crimean War, [560]. Outbreak of the Crimean War, [562]. France, England, and Turkey in alliance, [562]. The taking of Bomarsund, [563]. The seat of war transferred to the Crimea, [564]. The battle of the Alma, [565]. The seizure of Balaklava, [570]. The advance on Sebastopol, [571]. The Battle of Balaklava, [572]. The Battle of Inkerman (November 5th, 1854), [573]. Death of the emperor Nicholas I, [576]. Skrine’s estimate of Nicholas, [576].
CHAPTER XII
[Alexander II, the Czar Liberator (1855-1881 A.D.)] [578]
The fall of Sebastopol, [579]. Amelioration in the condition of the soldier, [585]. The emancipation of the serfs, [586]. Laws and social rights granted to the peasants, [588]. Text of the imperial proclamation, [589]. Effects of the new conditions, [593]. Abolition of corporal punishment, [595]. Reforms in the courts of justice, [596]. The Polish insurrection of 1863, [597]. The subjection of the Caucasus, [598]. The taking of Schamyl, [599]. Wars with Khokand and Bokhara, [600]. A glance at the past history of Bokhara, [600]. The conquest of Khiva, [601]. The Russo-Turkish War, [602]. Spread of education and civilisation, [606]. The death of Alexander II, [607].
CHAPTER XIII
[Reaction, Expansion, and the War with Japan (1881-1904 A.D.)] [610]
The reactionary policy under Alexander III, [611]. The Russification of the provinces, [613]. Foreign policy; the French alliance, [614]. The conquest of the Tekke-Turcomans, [615]. Accession of Nicholas II, [617]. Kuropatkin on the Russian policy of expansion, [619]. Russia in Manchuria, [621]. The war with Japan, [622].
APPENDIX
DOCUMENTS RELATING TO RUSSIAN HISTORY
[I—The Treaty of Paris] [626]
[II—The Treaty of Berlin, 1878] [631]
[III—The Hague Peace Conference] [634]
[Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters] [641]
[A General Bibliography of Russian History] [643]
[A Chronological Summary of the History of Russia] [653]

SWITZERLAND (Concluded)