The Lay of Havelok the Dane

by Unknown

ABBREVIATIONS.

Barb. Barbour’s Bruce. —Chauc. Chaucer. —Doug. Gawin Douglas’s Transl. of the Æneid. —Ellis, M. R. Ellis’s Specimens of Metrical Romances. —Gl. Glossary. —Jam. Jamieson’s Dictionary. —Laȝam. Laȝamon’s Transl. of Wace (ed. Madden). —Lynds. Sir D. Lyndsay’s Works. —N.E. Northern English. —Percy, A. R. Percy’s Reliques of Ancient English Poetry. —P. Plowm. Piers Plowman. —R. Br. Robert of Brunne. —R. Gl. Robert of Gloucester, ed. Hearne (2nd ed. 1810). —Rits. A. S. Ritson’s Ancient Songs. —Rits. M. R. Ritson’s Metrical Romances. —Sc. Scotch, Scotland. —Sir Tr. Sir Tristrem. —Wall. Wallace. —Web. Weber’s Metrical Romances. —Wilb. Wilbraham’s Cheshire Glossary. —Wynt. Wyntoun’s Chronicle. —B. Lat. Barbarous Latin. —Belg. Belgic. —Fr. French. —Isl. Islandic. —Lat. Latin. —S. Saxon. —Sibb. Sibbald’s Chronicle of Scottish Poetry. —Su. G. Suio-Gothic. —Teut. Teutonic. —q.v. Quod vide. —The Romances separately cited are sufficiently indicated by the Titles. The numbers refer to the line of the Poem.

It may be useful to add that the names of the Romances edited by Ritson are— vol. i. Ywaine and Gawin; Launfal. —vol. ii. Lybeaus Disconus; King Horn; King of Tars; Emare; Sir Orpheo; Chronicle of England. —vol. iii. Le bone Florence; Erle of Tolous; Squyr of Lowe Degre; Knight of Curtesy. Those edited by Weber are— vol. i. Kyng Alisaunder; Sir Cleges; Lai-le-freine. —vol. ii. Richard Cœur de Lion; Ipomydon; Amis and Amiloun. —vol. iii. Seuyn Sages; Octouian; Sir Amadas; Hunting of the Hare. Beowulf and the Codex Exoniensis are quoted from Thorpe’s editions.

U and V are combined; J is not used. Þ (Thorn) is alphabetized as Th.

[ A ] [ B ] [ C ] [ D ] [ E ] [ F ] [ G ] [ H ] [ I ] [ K ] [ L ] [ M ]
[ N ] [ O ] [ P ] [ Q ] [ R ] [ S ] [ TÞ ] [ UV ] [ W ] [ Y ]

A, 610, 936. Apparently an error of the scribe for Al, but perhaps written as pronounced. N.E. and Sc. aw. V. Jam.

A before a noun is commonly a corruption of the S. on, as proved clearly by the examples in Tyrwhitt’s Gl., Jam., and Gl. Lynds. Adoun, q.v. is an exception. A-two, 1413, 2643. See [On].

Aboven, prep. S. above, 1700.

Abouten, prep. S. [on-bútan] about, 521, 670, 1010, &c. Abuten, 2429.

[Adoun], adv. S. down, 567. Adune, 2735. Doun, 901, 925, &c. Dun, 888, 927. Dune, 1815, 2656. A.S. of-dúne.

[Adrad], part. pa. S. afraid, 278, 1048, 1163, 1682, 2304. Adradde, 1787. Adred, 1258. Odrat, 1153. Sir Tr. p. 174; K. Horn, 124. See [Dred].

[Agen], prep. S. [on-gean] against, 1792. Ageyn, 493, 569, 2024, &c. Ageynes, 2153, 2270, &c. Ayen, 489, 1210, 2799. Yen, 2271. Ageyn, toward, 451, 1696, 1947; opposite to, 1809; upon, on, 1828. Ayen, towards, 1207. Ageyn him go, 934, opposite him, so as to bear an equal weight. Ageyn hire, 1106, at her approach. Ageyn þe lith, 2141, opposed to the light, on which the light shines. V. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. &c.

Ageyn, adv. S. again, 2426.

Al, adv. S. wholly, entirely, 34, 70, 139, 203, &c.

Al, adj. S. all, 203, 264, &c.; every one, 104; every part, 224; plu. alle, 2, 150, &c.

Albidene, adv. See [Bidene].

Als, Also, Also, conj. S. [eal-swá] as, like, so, 306, 319, &c. Als, 1912, as if. Al so foles, like fools, 2100. Als is merely the abbreviation of Al so; and the modern as is again shortened from als. In Laȝamon it is often written alse, as in l. 4953.

And he hæfde a swithe god wif

& he heo leouede alse his lif.

Cf. Havelok, l. 1663. Als and Also are used indifferently, and universally by the old English and Scotch poets.

Alþer-beste, adj. S. best of all, 182, 720, 1040, 1197, 2415. Alþer-lest, Alþer-leste, 1978, 2666, least of all. It is the gen. c. pl. of Alle, joined to an adj. in the superl. degree, and is extensively employed. Alre-leofust, Alre-heudest, Alre-kenest, Laȝamon, Althe-werste, K. Horn, MS. Alder-best, Alder-most, R. Br. Alther-best, Alther-formest, &c. Web. Alther-furste, Alther-next, Alther-last, Rits. M. R. Alder-first, Alder-last, Alder-levest, Chauc. Alder-liefest, Shakesp.

Amideward, prep. S. in the midst, 872. Amiddewart, K. Horn, 556. Amydward, K. Alisaund. 690. A mydward, Ly Beaus Desc. 852. Amydwart, Doug. Virg. 137, 35.

An. conj. S. and, 29, 359, &c. So used by Laȝamon, and still in Somersetsh. V. Jennings. Ant, 36, 557, K. Horn, 9, &c.

And, conj. if, 2862.

Andelong, adv. S. lengthways, i.e. from the head to the tail, 2822.

Ovyrtwart and endelang

With strenges of wyr the stones hang.

R. Cœur de Lion, 2649.

Chauc. endelong, C. T. 1993.

[Anilepi], adj. S. [ánlepig] one, a single, 2107. Onlepi, 1094. In the very curious collection of poems in MS. Digb. 86 (written in the Lincolnshire dialect, temp. Edw. I.) we meet with this somewhat rare word:

A! quod the vox, ich wille the telle,

On alpi word ich lie nelle.

Of the vox and of the wolf (Rel. Ant. ii. 275).

It occurs also in the Ormulum.

Anoþer, adj. S. Al another, 1395, in a different way, on another project.

Ah al hit iwruth on other

Sone ther after.

Laȝamon, l. 21005.

Ac Florice thought al another.

Flor. and Blaunchefl. ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 3, p. 125, ed. 1803. (Cf. Horn, ed. Lumby, p. 52, l. 32.)

Anuye, v. Fr. to trouble, weary, 1735; R. Gl., K. Alisaund. 876; Chauc. Melibeus. Noye, Lynds. Gl. q.v.

[Are], adj. S. former, 27. Cf. are, adv., Sir Tr. p. 32; Rits. M. R., Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot. p. 31. Air, Ayr, Sc. V. Jam. See [Er], [Or].

Aren, 1 and 3 p. pl. S. are, 619, 1321, &c. Arn, Chauc.

Arke, n. S. Lat. a chest or coffer, 2018. R. Br., Jam.

Armes, n. pl. Lat. arms, armor, 2605, 2613, 2925.

Arum for Arm, 1982, 2408.

Arwe, S. [earg] timid, 2115. Alter the punctuation, and read—

He calde boþe arwe men and kene,

Knithes and serganz swiþe sleie.

“Arwe or ferefulle. Timidus.”

Prompt. Parv.

Cf. Stille, q.v.

As for Has, 1174.

Asayleden, pa. t. pl. Fr. assailed, 1862.

Asken, n. pl. S. ashes, 2841. Aske, R. Gl. Askes, R. Br. Ashen, Chauc. Assis, Doug.

[Astirte], pa. t. leaped, 893. Astert, King’s Quair, ap. Jam. See [Stirt].

At, prep. S. of or to, 1387. Yw. and Gaw. (Rits.) 963. Still existing in Scotland.

[At-sitte], v. S. contradict, oppose, 2200. It corresponds with the term with-sitten, 1683. In R. Gl. it is used synonymously with at-stonde.

For ther nas so god knygt non no-wer a-boute France,

That in joustes scholde at-sitte the dynt of ys lance.

—p. 137.

See [Sat].

Aucte, Auchte, Auhte, Authe, n. S. possessions, 531, 1223, 1410, 2215.

And alle the æhten of mine londe.

Laȝamon, l. 25173.

Aughtte, K. Alisaund. 6884. Aucht, Doug. Virg. 72, 4; Lynds. Gl.

Aucte, Auht, Auhte, v. imp. (originally pa. t. of Aw, or Owe) S. [ágan, áhte] ought, 2173, 2787, 2800. Aught, Sir Tr. p. 44. Ohte, K. Horn, 418. Aght, Yw. and Gaw. 3229. Aute, R. Gl. Aught, Chauc. Troil. 3, 1801. Aucht, Doug. Virg. 110, 33.

Aute, Awcte, (pa. t. of the same verb), possessed, 207, 743. Aught, Sir Tr. p. 182. Ly Beaus Desc. 1027. Oght, Le bone Flor. 650. Auht, R. Br. p. 126; Wynt., Lynds. Gl.

Aueden. See [Haueden].

Aunlaz, n. Anelace, 2554. “A kind of knife or dagger, usually worn at the girdle.” Tyrw. note on Chauc. l. 359. So in Matth. Paris, “Genus cultelli, quod vulgariter Anelacius dicitur.” V. Gl. in voc. and Todd’s Gl. to Illustr. of Chauc. In Sir Gawan and Sir Galoran, ii. 4, an anlas signifies a sharp spike fixed in the chanfron of a horse. Probably from the Francic Anelaz, Analeze. V. Jam.

Auter, n. Fr. Lat. altar, 389, 1386, 2373. Sir Tr. p. 61, Octovian, 1312, R. Br., Chauc. Awter, Barb.

Ax, n. S. axe, 1776, 1894.

Ay, adv. S. ever, aye, always, 159, 946, 1201, &c. Ae, Sc. V. Jam.

Ayen. See [Agen].

[Ayþer], pron. S. [Ægþer] either, each, 2665. Eþer, 1882. Athir, Sc. V. Jam. See [Other].

Awe, v. S. to owe, own, possess, 1292. It may also very possibly be a corruption of Have. Cf. ll. 1188, 1298.

Bac, n. S. back, 1844, 1950, &c; backes, pl. 2611.

Baldelike, adv. S. boldly, 53. Baldeliche, R. Glouc. Baldely, R. Br., Minot, p. 20.

Bale, n. S. sorrow, misery, 327.

Bar. See [Beren].

Baret, n. (O.Fr. barat, Isl. baratta) contest, hostile contention, 1932.

Ther nis baret, nothir strif,

Nis ther no deth, ac euer lif.

Land of Cokaygne, ap. Hickes, Thes. 1, p. 231.

In alle this barette the kynge and Sir Symon Tille a lokyng tham sette, of the prince suld it be don.

R. Brunne, p. 216. Cf. p. 274.

That mekill bale and barete till Ynglande sall brynge.

Awntyrs of Arthure, st. 23.

Barfot, adj. S. barefoot, 862.

Barnage, n. Fr. barons or noblemen collectively, baronage, 2947. Yw. and Gaw. 1258. Web. Doug. Virg. 314, 48.

Barre, n. Fr. bar of a door, 1794, 1811, 1827. Synonymous with Dore-tre, q.v. Chauc. C. T. 552.

Barw. See [Berwen].

Baþe, adj. S. both, 1336, 2543. Bethe, 694, 1680.

Be. See [Ben].

Be-bedde, v. S. to provide with a bed, 421.

[Bede], n. S. prayer, 1385.

Bede, v. S. to order, to bid, 668, 2193, 2396; to offer, 1665, 2084, 2172. Beden, pa. t. pl. offered, 2774, 2780. Bedes, bids, 2392. Of common occurrence in both senses. See [Bidd].

Bedden, v. S. to bed, put to bed, 1235. Bedded, Beddeth, part. pa. put to bed, 1128, 2771.

Bedels, n. pl. S. beadles, 266. V. Spelm. in v. Bedellus, and Blount, Joc. Ten. p. 120, ed. 1784.

Beite, Beyte, v. to bait, to set dogs on, 1840, 2330, 2440. Bayte, R. Br. From the Isl. Beita, incitare; Su. Goth. Beita biorn, to bait the bear. V. Jam. and Thomson’s Etymons.

Bem. See [Sunne-bem].

[Ben], v. S. to be, 19, 905, 1006, &c. Ben, pr. t. pl. are, 1787, 2559. Be, Ben, part. pa. been, 1428, 2799. Bes, Beth, imp. and fut. be, shall be, 1261, 1744, 2007, 2246. Lat be, 1265, 1657, leave, relinquish, a common phrase in the Old Romances. Lat abee, Sc. V. Jam.

Benes, n. pl. S. beans, 769.

Beneysun, n. Fr. blessing, benediction. 1723. R. Br., Web., Chauc. C. T. 9239. Lynds. Gl.

[Bere], n. S. bear, 573, 1838, 1840, 2448.

Bere, Beren, v. S. to bear, to carry, 581, 762, 805. Ber, 2557; Bar, pa. t. bore, 557, 815, 877. Bere, 974. Beres, pr. t. pl. bear. 2323.

Bermen, n. pl. S. bar-men, porters to a kitchen, 868, 876, 885. The only author in which this term has been found is Laȝamon, in the following passages:

Vs selve we habbet cokes,

to quecchen to cuchene,

Vs sulue we habbet bermen,

& birles inowe. —l. 3315.

Weoren in þeos kinges cuchene

twa hundred cokes,

& ne mæi na man tellen

for alle þa bermannen.

—l. 8101.

Bern, n. S. child, 571. Barn, bearne, R. Br. Bairn, Sc.

[Berwen], v. S. [beorgan] to defend, preserve, guard, 697, 1426; burwe, 2870. Barw, pa. t. 2022, 2679. The original word is found in Beowulf:

Scyld-weall gebearg

Líf and líce.

(The shield-wall defended

Life and body.)

—l. 5134.

So in K. Horn, MS. Laud. 108.

At more ich wile the serue,

And fro sorwe the berwe.

—f. 224b, c. 2.

Bes. See [Ben].

Bes for Best, 354.

Best, Beste, n. Fr. beast, 279, 574, 944, 2691.

Bete, v. S. [beátan] to beat, fight, 1899, 2664, 2763. Beten, pa. t. pl. beat, struck, 1876. Chauc. C. T. 4206, to which Tyrwh. gives a Fr. derivation.

Betere, adv. comp. S. better, 1758.

[Beye], v. S. to buy, 53, 1654. Byen, 1625.

Beyes, pr. t. for Abeyes, S. suffers, or atones for, 2460.

His deth thou bist to night,

Mi fo.

Sir Tristr. p. 146.

We shulden alle deye

Thy fader deth to beye.

K. Horn, 113.

An of yow schall bye thys blunder.

Le bone Flor. 1330.

See Jam. in v. Aby. Web. Gl. and Lynds. Gl.; also Nares, v. Bye.

Bicomen, pa. t. pl. became, 2257; part. pa. become, 2264. Bicomes, imp. pl. become (ye), 2303.

[Bidd], Bidde, v. S. offer, 484, 2530; order, bid, 529, 1733. Ut bidde, 2548, order out. Biddes, pr. t. bids, orders, 1232. Bidde, to ask, 910. R. Glouc., Lynds. Gl. See [Bede].

[Bidene], adv. forthwith, 730, 2841.

“Rohand told anon

His aventours al bidene.”

Sir Tr. p. 45.

From Du. bij dien, by that.

[Bifalle], v. S. to happen, befall, 2981. Bifel, pa. t. 824. Fel, 1009; appertained, 2359.

Biforn, prep. S. (1) before, 1022, 1034, 1364, &c.; bifor, 1357; biforen, 1695; (2) in front of, 2406; bifor, 1812.

Bigan, pa. t. began, 1357. Bigunnen, pl. 1011, 1302. Biginnen, pr. t. pl. begin, 1779.

[Bihalue], v. S. to divide into two parts, or companies, 1834. Halue occurs as a noun in Chauc. Troil. 4, 945.

Bihel for Beheld, 1645. Bihelden, pa. t. pl. beheld, 2148.

Bihetet, pa. t. S. promised, 677. Bihight, Sir Tr. p. 105. Behet, Bihet, R. Gl. Be-hette, R. Br. Be-hete, Web., Rits. M. R. Behighte, Chauc.

Bihoten, part. pa. promised, 564. Behighte, Chauc.

Bihoue, n. S. behoof, advantage, 1764. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc.

Bikenneth, pa. t. S. betokens, 1268. Bikenne, R. Br.

Bileue, imp. tarry, remain, 1228. Bilefte, pa. t. remained, 2963. From v. S. belifan, to be left behind.

Winde thai hadde as thai wolde,

A lond bilaft he.

Sir Tristr. p. 29. Cf. pp. 38, 60.

He schal wiþ me bileue,

Til hit beo nir eue.

K. Horn, ed. Lumby, 363.

Horn than, withouten lesing,

Bilaft at hom for blode-leteing.

Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 298.

Sojourn with us evermo,

I rede thee, son, that it be so.

Another year thou might over-fare,

But thou bileve, I die with care.

Guy of Warw. ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 23.

See also the Gl. to R. Gl., R. Br. and Web., to which add Emare, 496, and Gower, Conf. Am. This is sufficient authority for the reading adopted in the text, and it may hence be reasonably questioned, whether bilened in Lye, and belenes in Sir Gawan and Sir Galoran, i. 6, quoted by Jamieson in v. Belene, be not the fault of the scribe, or of the Editors.

Bimene, v. S. mean, 1259.

[Binden], v. S. to bind, 1961. Used passively, 2820, as Bynde, 42. Bounden, pa. t. pl. 2442. Bunden, 2506. Bounden, part. pa. 545. Bunden, 1428.

Binne, adv. S. within, 584. Byn, Rits. M. R. But and ben, Doug., Virg., 123, 40; without and within. V. Jam., in v. Ben.

Birde. See Birþe.

Birþe (should rather be birþ), 3 p. s. pres. it behoves, 2101. Hence birde, 3 p. s. pt. t. behoved, 2761. A.S. býrian, gebýrian, to fit, suit, be to one’s taste. See Buren in Stratmann.

Birþene, n. S. burden, 900, 902.

Bise, n. Fr. a north wind, 724. Bise traverse, a north-west or north-east wind. Cotgr.

Après grant joie vient grant ire,

Et après Noel vent bise.

Rom. de Renart, 13648.

The term is still in common use.

Biseken, v. S. to beseech, 2994.

Biswike, part. pa. S. cheated, deceived, 1249.

Hu þu biswikest

Monine mon.

Laȝam. l. 3412.

Byswuke, K. Horn, 296; Yw. and Gaw. 2335. Bisuike, R. Br. Beswyke, R. Cœur de L. 5918.

[Bitaken], v. S. [bitǽcan, tǽcan] to commit, deliver, give in charge, 1226. Bitechen, 203, 384, 395. Bi-teche, pr. sing. 384; imp. sing. 395. Laȝam. 5316. Bitake, Sir Tr. p. 87. Byteche, K. Horn, 577. Biteche, Web. Betake, Beteche, Chauc., Barb., Wall. Bitaucte, pa. t. delivered, 206, 558. Bitauhte, 2212, 2317, 2957. Bitawchte, 1224. Bitawte, 1408. Tauhte, 2214. Bitæht, Bitachet, Laȝam. Bitaught, Sir Tr. p. 85. Bitoke, K. Horn, 1103. Betok, Ly Beaus Desc. 82. Betauht, bitauht, tauht, biteched, R. Br. Bitake, R. Gl. Betake, Sir Guy. Betaught, Chauc. Betaucht, Doug., Lynds.

Bite, v. S. to taste, drink, 1731.

Horn toc hit hise yfere,

Ant seide, Quene, so dere,

No beer nullich bite,

Bote of coppe white.

K. Horn (Ritson), 1129.

Biþ for By the, 474. Cf. l. 2470.

Bituene, Bitwenen, Bitwene, prep. S. between, 748, 2668, 2967.

Blac, adj. S. black, 555, 1008. Pl. Blake, 1909, 2181, &c.

Blakne, v. S. to blacken in the face, grow angry, 2165.

And Arthur sæt ful stille,

ænne stunde he wes blac,

and on heuwe swithe wak,

ane while he wes reod.

Laȝam. l. 19887.

Tho Normans were sorie, of contenance gan blaken.

R. Brunne, p. 183.

Blawe. v. S. to blow, 587. Blou, imp. blow, 585.

Blede, v. S. to bleed, 2403.

Bleike, pl. adj. bleak, pale, wan, 470. A.S. blác, bleak, Su.-G. blek.

Blenkes, n. pl. blinks, winks of the eye, in derision, 307. R. Br. p. 270; Sc. V. Jam. Suppl. Derived from S. blican, Su.-G. blænka, Belg. blencken, to glance. See Gl. Lynds.

Blinne, v. n. S. to cease, 2367, 2374. Sir Tr. p. 26; Rits. M. R. Web., R. Gl., Chauc.; so in Sc. V. Jam. Gl. Lynds. Blinne, pa. t. pl. ceased, 2670. Blinneth, pr. t. ceases, 329.

Blissed, part pa. S. blessed, 2873.

Bliþe, adj. S. happy, 632, 651.

Blome, n. S. bloom, flower, 63.

Bloute, adj. soft, 1910. Sw. blöt, soft, pulpy.

Bode, n. S. command, 2200, 2567. Sir Tr. p. 121, Web.

Bok, n. S. book, 1173, 1418, &c. See [Messe-bok].

Bole, n. [Isl. bolli, W. bwla. Cf. A.S. bulluca] bull, 2438. Boles, pl. 2330.

Bon, Bone. See [O-bone].

Bondemen, n. pl. S. husbandmen, 1016, 1308. R. Gl.

Bone, n. S. [bén] boon, request, 1659. Sir Tr. p. 31, and all the Gloss.

Bor, n. S. boar, 1867, 1989. Bores, pl. 2331.

Bord, n. S. (1) table, 1722. K. Horn, 259; Rits. M. R., Web., Chauc.; (2) a board, 2106. See the note on l. 2076.

Boren, part. pa. S. born, 1878.

[Boru], n. S. borough, 773, 847, 1014, 1757, 2086, 2826. Borwes, pl. 1293, 1444, 1630. Burwes, 55, 2277. Sir Tr. pp. 12, 99. Chalmers is certainly mistaken when he says it does not signify boroughs, but castles. Introd. Gl. p. 200. In Laȝamon the word is always clearly distinguished from castle, as it is in many other writers. V. Spelm. in v. Burgus.

Bote, adv. S. but, only, 721. See [But].

Bote, n. S. remedy, help, 1200. Laȝm., Sir Tr. p. 93; Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc., Doug., Lynds. Gl.

Boþen, adj. pl. S. both, 173, 697, 958; g. c. of both, 2223.

Bounden, Bunden. See [Binden].

Bour, Boure, Bowr, n. S. [búr] chamber, 239, 2072, 2076, &c. In Beowulf the apartment of the women is called Bryd-bur; l. 1846.

Ygarne beh to bure

& lætte bed him makien.

Laȝam. l. 19042.

Honder hire boures wowe, K. Horn, 982, MS., where Rits. Ed. reads chambre wowe. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 114; Rits. M. R., Web., R. Br., Doug., V. Jam. See [note on l. 2076].

Bouthe, pa. t. S. bought, 875, 968. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 104.

Bouth, part. pa. bought, 883.

Boyes, n. pl. S. boys, men, 1899.

Brayd, pa. t. S. (1) started, 1282. Chauc., Gaw. and Gal. iii. 21; R. Hood, II. p. 83; (2) drew out, 1825, a word particularly applied to the action of drawing a sword from the scabbard.

Sone his sweord he ut abræid.

Laȝam. l. 26533.

Cf. Am. and Amil. 1163; Sir Ferumbras, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 387. Rauf Coilzear, ap. Laing, and Wall. i. 223.

Brede, n. S. bread, 98. Bred, 1879.

Breken, v. S. to break, 914. Broken, pa. t. pl. broke, 1238.

Brennen, Brenne, v. S. to burn, 916, 1162; Rits. M. R., Rob. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. Brenden, pa. t. pl. burnt, 594, 2125. Brend, part. pa. burnt, 2832, 2841, &c. Sir Tr. p. 93.

Brenne. See [On brenne].

Brigge, n. S. bridge, 875. Sir Tr. p. 148. Still used in Sc. and N.E.

Brihte. See [Brith].

Brim, adj. S. furious, raging, 2233; R. Br. p. 244; Chauc. Rom. Rose, 1836. Breme, Rits. M. R. It originally signified the sea itself, and was afterwards used for the raging of the sea, Beowulf, l. 56; Compl. of Scotland, p. 62. V. Jam.

Bringe, Bringen, v. S. to bring, 72, 185, &c.

[Brini], Brinie, n. S. [Mœso-Goth. brunjo] cuirass, 1775, 2358, 2551. Brinies, pl. 2610. Sir Tr. p. 20. Burne, Laȝam. Brenye, K. Horn, 719, MS. See Merrick’s Gl. to Ess. on Anc. Armor. The Brini then worn was of mail, as appears from l. 2740, Of his brinie ringes mo. Hence in Beowulf it is termed Breostnet, l. 3100; Here-net, 3110; Hringedbyrne, 2495. So in the French K. Horn, MS. Douce, Mes vnc de sun halberc maele ne falsa. See Rits. Gl. M. R.

[Brisen], v. S. to bruise, beat, 1835. See [To-Brised].

[Brith], adj. S. bright, 589, 605, &c. Brihte, 2610. Bryth, 1252. Brithter, comp. brighter, 2141.

Brittene, part. pa. S. destroyed, 2700; R. Br. p. 244. Pistill of Sussan, ap. Laing. In Doug., Virg. pp. 76, 5; 296, 1, the verb has the sense of to kill, which it may also bear here. See Bruten in Will. of Palerne.

Brod, adj. S. broad, 1647.

Broucte, pa. t. and pp. brought, 767. Brouht, 1979. Broute, 2868. Brouth, 336, 64. Browt, 2412. Browth, 2052. Brouct of liue, 513, 2412, dead. Brouthen, pl. brought, 2791.

Brouke, 1 p. pres. sing. S. brook, enjoy, use, 311, 1743, 2545 (cf. Ch. Non. Pr. Ta. 480).

So brouke thou thi croune!

K. Horn, 1041.

Cf. Rits. Gl. M. R., Rich. C. de Lion, 4578; Chauc. C. T. 10182, 15306, R. Hood, V. I. 48, II. 112; Lynds. Gl. Percy, A. R. In Sc. Bruike. With these numerous instances before him, it is inconceivable how Jamieson, except from a mere love of his own system, should write: ‘There is no evidence that the Engl. brook is used in this sense, signifying only to bear, to endure.’

Broys, n. S. broth, 924. Brouwys, R. Cœur de L. 3077; Sc. V. Jam. and Brockett’s North country words, v. Brewis; also Nares. Sc. brose.

Brune, adj. pl. S. brown, 2181, 2249.

Bulder, adj. or n. 1790. In the north a Boother or Boulder, is a hard flinty stone, rounded like a bowl. Brockett’s Gl. So also in Grose, Boulder, a large round stone. Bowlders, Marsh. Midl. Count. Gl. The word has a common origin with Isl. ballaðr, Fr. boulet, Sc. boule, in Doug. V. Jam.

Bunden. See [Binden].

Burgeys, n. S. burgess, 1328. Burgeis, 2466, pl. 2012. Burgmen, 2049. Burhmen, Borhmen, Laȝamon., V. Spelm. in v. Burgarii.

Burwe. See [Berwen].

Burwes. See [Boru].

But, Bute, conj. S. except, unless, 85, 690, 1149, 1159, 2022, 2031, 2727. But on, 535, 962, except. Butand, Sc. But yf, 2972, unless. [It should be noted that but on should properly be one word, being the A.S. búton or bútan, except. But it is written as two words in the MS.]

[But], n. 1040. Probably the same as Put, q.v. The word Bout is derived from the same source.

But, part. pa. contended, struggled with each other (or perhaps struck, thrust, pushed), 1916. Buttinge, part. pr. striking against with force, 2322. From the Fr. Bouter, Belg. Botten, to impel, or drive forward. V. Jam. Suppl. in v. Butte, and Butt in Wedgwood.

Butte, n. a flounder or plaice, 759. Du. bot. See Halliwell.

Byen. See [Beye].

Bynde. See [Binden].

Bynderes, n. pl. S. binders, robbers who bind, 2050.

Caliz, n. S. chalice, 187, 2711.

Lunet than riche relikes toke,

The chalis and the mes boke.

Yw. and Gaw. 3907.

Callen, v. S. to call, 747, 2899.

Cam. See [Komen].

[Canst], pr. t. S. knowest, 846. Cone, 622, canst. Kunne, pl. 435. V. Gl. Chauc. in v. Conne. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. See [Couthe].

[Carl], n. S. churl, slave, villain, 1789. Cherl, 682, 684, 2533. Cherles, g. c. churl’s, 1092. Cherles, pl. villains, bondsmen, 262, 620. Sir Tr. p. 39; V. Spelm. in v. Ceorlus, and Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Casten. See [Kesten].

Catel, n. Fr. chattels, goods, 225, 2023, 2515, 2906, 2939. Web. Gl., R. Br., P. Plowm., Chauc.

Nowe hath Beuis the treasure wone,

Through Arundell that wyll runne,

Wherefore with that and other catel,

He made the castle of Arundel.

Syr Bevys, O. iii.

Cauenard, n. Fr. [cagnard caignard] a term of reproach, originally derived from the Lat. canis, 2389. V. Roquef. Menage.

This crokede caynard sore he is adred.

Rits. A. S. p. 36.

Sire olde kaynard, is this thin aray?

Chauc. C. T. 5817.

[Cayser], Caysere, n. Lat. emperor, 977, 1317, 1725. Kaysere, 353.

[Cerges], n. pl. Fr. wax tapers, 594. Serges, 2125. Chauc. Rom. R. 6251; V. Le Grand. Vie privée des F.; V. 3, p. 175.

Chaffare, n. S. merchandise, 1657. R. Cœur de L. 2468, R. Gl., Sir Ferumbras, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 412, Chauc., R. Hood, I. 87. Chaffery, Sc. V. Lynds. Gl.

Cham for Came, 1873.

Chanbioun, n. Fr. champion, 1007. Sir Tr. p. 97. Chaunpiouns, pl. 1015, 1031, 1055; V. Spelm. in v. Campio. Cf. A.S. cempa.

Chapmen, n. pl. S. merchants, 51, 1639; R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. In Sc. pedlars. V. Jam., and Gl. Lynds.

Charbucle, n. Fr. Lat. a carbuncle, 2145. Charbocle, Syr Bevys. Charbokull, Le bone Flor. 390. Charboucle, Chauc. C. T. 13800. Charbukill, Doug. Virg. 3, 10.

Cherl. See [Carl].

Chesen, v. S. to choose, select, 2147. Sir Tr. p. 27; K. Horn, 666; Rits. M. R., Web., R. Br., Chauc., V. Jam. in v. Cheis.

Chinche, adj. Fr. niggardly, penurious, 1763, 2941.

Bothe he was scars, and chinche.

The Sevyn Sages, 1244.

So in Chauc. Rom. Rose, 5998, and Gower, Conf. Am. 109 b.

[Chiste], n. S. Lat. chest, 222. Kiste, 2018. Kist, Yorksh. and Sc.; V. Jam. and Lynds. Gl.

Citte, pa. t. S. cut, 942. Kit, Web. M. R. Kyt, Syr Eglam. B. iv. Kette, Syr Bevys, C. iii. So Chauc. C. T. 6304.

Claddes, pa. t. 2 p. S. claddest, 2907.

Clapte, pa. t. S. struck, 1814, 1821.

Clare, n. Fr. spiced wine, 1728. See Claret in Prompt. Parv.

Clef, pa. t. S. cleft, 2643, 2730.

Cleue, n. S. dwelling, 557, 596. A.S. cleofa.

Cleuen, v. S. to cleave, cut, 917.

Clothe, Clothen, v. S. to clothe, 1138, 1233. In l. 1233, Garnett suggests that cloþen may be a nom. pl. = clothes. If so, dele the comma after it.

Clutes, n. pl. S. clouts, shreds of cloth, 547. Clottys, Huntyng of the hare, 92. Cf. Chauc. C. T. 9827, and Clut in Bosworth.

Clyueden, pa. t. pl. S. cleaved, fastened, 1300.

[Cok], n. Lat. cook, 967. Kok, 903, 921, 2898. Cokes, Kokes, g. c. cook’s, 1123, 1146.

Comen, Comes, Cometh. See [Komen].

Cone. See [Canst].

Conestable, n. Fr. constable, 2286. Conestables, pl. 2366.

Conseyl, n. Fr. counsel, 2862.

Copes. See [Kope].

Corporaus, n. Fr. Lat. the fine linen wherein the sacrament is put, 188; Cotgr. V. Du Cange, and Jam. in v. Corperale.

After the relics they send;

The corporas, and the mass-gear,

On the handom [halidom?] they gun swear,

With wordes free and hend.

Guy of Warw. ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 77.

Corune, n. Lat. crown, 1319, 2944.

Coruning, n. Lat. coronation, 2948.

Cote, n. S. cot, cottage, 737, 1141.

[Couel], n. coat, garment, 768, 858, 1144. Cuuel, 2904. Kouel, 964. The word is connected with A.S. cufle, cugele, a cowl.

Couere, v. Fr. to recover, 2040.

And prayde to Marie bryght,

Kevere hym of hys care.

Ly Beaus Desc. 1983.

Hyt wolde covyr me of my care.

Erl of Tol. 381.

[Coupe], v. buy, buy dearly, get in exchange, 1800. Icel. kaupa.

Couth. See [Quath].

[Couþe], pa. t. of Conne, v. aux. S. knew, was able, could, 93, 112, 194, 750, 772. Kouþen, pl. 369.

More he couthe of veneri,

Than couthe Manerious.

Sir Tristr. p. 24.

See [Canst].

Crake, Crakede. See [Kraken].

Crauede, pa. t. S. craved, asked, 633.

Crice, n. explained to mean rima podicis in Coleridge’s Glossarial Index, 2450. Cf. A.S. crecca. Icel. kryki, a corner. In Barb. x. 602, crykes is used for angles, corners. See [Krike].

Crist, n. Lat. Gr. Christ, 16, &c. Cristes, g. c. 153. Kristes, 2797.

Croiz, n. Fr. Lat. cross, 1263, 1268, 1358, &c. Croice, Sir Tr. p. 115.

Croud, part. pa. crowded, oppressed (?) 2338. K. Alisaund, 609. Cf. A.S. crydan, p. p. gecróden.

Croun, Croune, n. Fr. crown, head, 568, 902, 2657. Crune, 1814, 2734.

Fykenildes crowne

He fel ther doune.

K. Horn, 1509.

Cf. K. of Tars, 631; Le bone Flor. 92, and Erle of Tol. 72.

Cruhsse. See [To-cruhsse].

Crus, brisk, nimble, 1966. It is the Sw. krus, excitable, Sc. crouse. See Crouse in Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary.

[Cunnriche], n. S. kingdom, 2318. Kinneriche, 976. Kuneriche, 2400. Kunerike, 2804. Kunrik, 2143. In the last instance it means a mark of royalty, or monarchy. Web. Kyngriche, Kynryche.

Curt, n. Fr. court, 1685.

Curteys, Curteyse, adj. Fr. courteous, 2875, 2916.

Cuuel. See [Couel].

Dam, n. 2468, here used in a reproachful sense, but apparently from the same root as the Fr. Dam, Damp, Dan, and Don, i.e. from Dominus.

Dame, n. Fr. Lat. mistress, lady, 558, 1717. V. Gl. Chauc.

[Danshe], n. pl. Danish men, 2689, 2945, &c. See [Denshe].

Datheit, interj. 296, 300, 926, 1125, 1887, 1914, 2047, 2447, 2511. Datheyt, 1799, 1995, 2604, 2757. An interjection or imprecation, derived from the Fr. Deshait, dehait, dehet, explained by Barbazan and Roquefort, affliction, malheur; [from the O.F. hait, pleasure]. It may be considered equivalent to Cursed! Ill betide! In the old Fabliaux it is used often in this sense:

Fils à putain, fet-il, lechiere,

Vo jouglerie m’est trop chiere,

Dehait qui vous i aporta,

Par mon chief il le comparra.

De S. Pierre et du Jougleor, 381.

The term was very early engrafted on the Saxon phraseology. Thus in the Disputation of Ane Hule and a Niȝtingale, l. 99.

Dahet habbe that ilke best,

That fuleth his owe nest!

It occurs also frequently in the Old English Romances. See Sir Tristr. pp. 111, 191; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V. 3, p. 290; Amis and Amil. 1569; Sevyn Sages, 2395; R. Brunne, where it is printed by Hearne Dayet. To this word, in all probability, we are indebted for the modern imprecation of Dase you! Dise you! Dash you! still preserved in many counties, and in Scotland. V. Jam. Suppl. v. Dash you.

Dawes, n. pl. S. days, 27, 2344, 2950. Dayes, 2353.

Ded, Dede, n. S. death, 149, 167, 332, 1687, 2719, &c.

Ded, part. pa. S. dead, 2007.

Dede, n. S. deed, action, 1356.

Dede, Deden, Dedes. See [Do].

Deide. See [Deye].

Del, n. S. deal, part, 218, 818, 1070, &c. Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. Deil, Sc. V. Jam.

[Deled], part. pa. S. distributed, 1736. See [To-deyle].

Demen, v. S. to judge, pass judgment, 2467. Deme, Demen, pr. t. pl. judge, 2476, 2812. Demden, pa. t. pl. judged, 2820, 2833. Demd, part. pa. judged, 2488, 2765, 2838.

[Denshe], adj. Danish, 1403, 2575, 2693. See [Danshe].

Deplike, adj. S. deeply, 1417. Synonymous with Grundlike, q.v.

Dere, n. S. dearth, scarcity, 824, 841. R. GL. p. 416.

Dere, adv. S. dearly, 1637, 1638.

Dere, v. S. to harm, injure, 490, 574, 806, 2310. Dereth, pr. t. injures, 648. K. Horn, 148; R. Br. p. 107; K. of Tars, 192; Chauc. Deir, Sc. Doug. Virg. 413, 52; Lynds. Gl.

Dere, adj. S. dear, 1637, 2170, &c.

Deuel, n. S. devil, 446, 496, 1188. Deueles, g. c. devil’s, 1409.

Deus. This is undoubtedly the vocative case of the Lat. Deus, used as an interjection, 1312, 1650, 1930, 2096, 2114. “Its use was the same in French as in English. Thus in King Horn:

Euuers Deu en sun quer a fait grant clamur,

Ohi, Deus! fait il, ki es uerrai creatur,

Par ki deuise, &c.

Harl. MS. 527, f. 66 b. c. 2.

It was probably introduced into the English language by the Normans, and its pronunciation remained the same as in the French.

And gradde ‘as armes,’ for Douce Mahons!

K. Alisaunder, 3674.

It is curious to remark, that we have here the evident and simple etymology of the modern exclamation Deuce! for the derivation of which even the best and latest Lexicographers have sent us to the Dusii of St Augustine, the Dues of the Gothic nations, Diis of the Persians, Teus of the Armoricans, &c. Thomson very justly adds, that all these words, ‘seem, like dæmon, to have been once used in a good sense,’ and in fact are probably all corruptions of the same root. Cf. R. Brunne, p. 254, and Gl. in v. Deus. For the first suggestion of this derivation the Editor is indebted to Mr Will. Nicol.” —M.

[Deye], v. S. to die, 840. Deide, pa. t. pl. died, 402.

Dide, Diden, Dides. See [Do].

Dike, n. S. ditch, 2435. Dikes, pl. 1923. N.E. and Sc., V. Jam. and Brockett.

Dine, n. S. din, noise, 1860, 1868.

[Dinge], v. S. to strike, scourge, beat, 215, 2329. Dong, pa. t. struck, 1147. Dungen, part. pa. beaten, or scourged, 227. Sc. and N.E. See Jam. Gl., Lynds., and Ray.

Dint, n. S. blow, stroke, 1807, 1817, 1969, &c. Dent, Sir Tr. p. 92; Chauc. Dynt, R. Br. Dintes, pl. 1437, 1862, 2665. Duntes, K. Horn, 865. Dentys, Rits. M. R. Dyntes, R. Gl. Dintes, Minot, p. 23; V. Gl. Lynds.

[Do], Don, v. S. The various uses of this verb in English and Scotch, in an auxiliary, active, and passive sense, have been pointed out by Tyrwhitt, Essay on Vers. of Chauc. Note (37), Chalmers, Gl. Lynds. and Jamieson. It signifies: to do, facere, 117, 528, 1191; to cause, efficere, 611; do casten, 519; do hem fle, 2600, to put or place (used with in or on), 535, 577, &c. Dones on = don es on = do them on, put them on (see [Es]), 970. Dos, pr. t. 2 p. dost, 2390. Dos, pr. t. 3 p. does, 1994, 2434, 2698. Doth, Don, pr. t. pl. do, 1838, 1840. Doth, imp. do, cause (ye), 2037. Dos, imp. pl. do ye, 2592. Dede, Dide, pa. t. caused, 658, 970, &c. Dede, Dide, pa. t. put, placed, 659, 709, 859. Dedes, Dides, pa. t. 2 p. didest, 2393, 2903. Deden, Diden, pa. t. pl. caused, 242; did, performed, 953, 1176, 2306. Don, part. pa. caused, 1169. Don, part. pa. done, 667. Of liue haue do, 1805, have slain.

Dom, n. S. doom, judgment, 2473, 2487, 2813, &c. Sir Tr. p. 127.

Dore, n. S. door, 1788.

Dore-tre, n. S. bar of the door, 1806. See [Tre].

Douhter, n. S. daughter, 120, 2712. Douthe, 1079. Douther, 2867, 2914. Douhtres, pl. 350, 2982. Douthres, 2979. Doutres, 717.

Doun. See [Adoun].

Doutede, pa. t. Fr. feared, 708.

Douthe, n. Fr. fear, 1331, 1377.

Douthe, pa. t. of Dow, v. imp. S. [dugan, valere, prodesse] was worth, was sufficient, availed, 703, 833, 1184. It is formed in the same manner as Mouthe, Might. See Sir Tr. p. 77; Jam. and Gl. Lynds. in v. Dow.

Drad. See [Dred].

Drawe, Drawen. See [Drou].

[Dred], imp. dread, fear (thou), 2168. Dredden, Dredde, pa. t. pl. dreaded, feared, 2289, 2568. Drad, part. pa. afraid, 1669. See [Adrad].

Drede, n. S. dread, 1169; doubt, anxiety, care, 828, 1664. Chauc.

Dremede, pa. t. S. (used with me), dreamed, 1284, 1304.

[Dreinchen], Drenchen, Drinchen, v. S. to drown, 553, 561, 583, 1416, 1424, &c. Drenched, part. pa. drowned, 520, 669, 1368, 1379. V. Gl. Web., R. Gl., Chauc.

Dreng, n. See [note on l. 31].

Drepen, v. S. to kill, slay, 1783, 1865, &c. Drepe, would slay, 506. Drop, pa. t. killed, slew, 2229. Bosworth gives drepan, to slay. Cf. Sw. dräpa.

Dreping, n. slaughter, 2684. Cf. A.S. drepe.

Drinchen. See [Dreinchen].

Drinken, v. S. to drink, 459, 800.

Drinkes, n. pl. S. drinks, liquors, 1738.

Drit, n. [Icel. drítr, Du. dreet] dirt, 682. A term expressing the highest contempt. K. Alisaund. 4718; Wickliffe. So, in an ancient metrical invective against Grooms and Pages, written about 1310,

Thah he ȝeue hem cattes dryt to huere companage,

Ȝet hym shulde arewen of the arrerage.

MS. Harl. 2253, f. 125.

Cf. Jam. Suppl. in v. Dryte, and Gl. Lynds.

Driuende. See [Drof].

[Drou], pa. t. S. drew, 705, 719, &c. Vt-drow, pa. t. out-drew, 2632. With-drow, withdrew, 498; (spelt wit-drow), 502. Drawe, Drawen, part. pa. drawn, 1925, 2225, 2477, 2603, &c. Ut-drawe, Ut-drawen, out-drawn, 1802, 2631. See [To-Drawe].

[Drof], pa. t. S. drove, 725; hastened, 1793, 1872. Driuende, part. pr. driving, riding quickly, 2702.

[Drurye], n. Fr. courtship, gallantry, 195. Web., Rits. M. R., P. Plowm., Chauc., Lynds.

Dubbe, v. Fr. S. to dub, create a knight, 2042. Dubbede, pa. t. dubbed, 2314. Dubban to ridere, Chron. Sax. An. 1085, [11086]. To cnihte hine dubben, Laȝam. l. 22497. “Hickes, Hearne, Gl. R. Gl., and Tyrwhitt, Gl. Chauc., all refer the word to the Saxon root, which primarily signified to strike, the same as the Isl. at dubba. Todd on the contrary, Gl. Illustr. Chauc., thinks this questionable, and refers to Barbazan’s Gl. in v. Adouber, which is there derived from the Lat. adaptare. Du Cange and Dr Merrick give it also a Latin origin, from Adoptare, and by corruption Adobare.” —M. The etymology is discussed in Wedgwood, s.v. Dub. See [Note on l. 2314].

Duelle, v. S. to dwell, give attention, 4.

A tale told Ysoude fre,

Thai duelle:

Tristrem that herd he.

Sir Tristr. p. 181.

Cf. Sir Otuel, l. 3, and Sevyn Sages, 1. Dwellen, to dwell, remain, 1185; to delay, 1351. Dwellen, pr. t. pl. dwell, tarry, 1058. Dwelleden, pa. t. pl. dwelt, tarried, 1189.

Dunten, pa. t. pl. S. struck, beat, 2448.

Dwelling, n. delay, 1352

Dun. See [Adoun].

Dungen. See [Dinge].

Dursten, pa. t. pl. S. durst, 1866.

[Eie], n. S. eye, 2545. Heie, 1152. Eyne, pl. eyes, 680, 1273, 1364; eyen, 1340; eyn, 2171.

[Eir], n. Fr. Lat. heir, 410, 2539. Eyr, 110, 289, &c. Jam. gives it a Northern etymology, in v. Ayr.

[Ek], conj. S. [eac] eke, also, 1025, 1038, 1066, &c. Ok [Su.-G. och, Du. ook] 187, 200, 879, 1081, &c. V. Jam. in v. Ac.

[Eld], adj. S. old, 546. Helde, 2472. Heldeste, sup. 1396.

Elde, n. S. age, 2713. Helde, 128, 174, 387, 1435.

Ælde hæfde heo na mare

Buten fihtene ȝere.

Laȝam. l. 25913.

R. Br. In Sc. Eild. It was subsequently restricted to the sense of old age, as in Chauc.

Elles, adv. S. else, 1192, 2590.

Em, S. uncle, 1326. Sir Tr. p. 53. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, an uncle by the father’s side. It appears however to have been used indifferently either on the father’s or mother’s side. See Hearne’s Gl. on R. Gl. and R. Br., Web., Erle of Tol. 988; Chauc. Troil. 2, 162, and Nares. Prov. Eng. Eam.

[Er], adv. S. before, 684. Her, 541. Are, Sir Tr. p. 152. Er, K. Horn, 130. See [Are], [Or].

Er, conj. S. before, 317, 1261, 2680. Her, 229.

[Erl], n. S. earl, 189, &c. Erles, g. c. 2898, earl’s. Herles, 883. Erldom, earldom, 2909.

Ern, n. S. eagle, 572. Rits. M. R. Octovian, 196; R. Gl. p. 177; Will. of Palerne.

Erþe, n. S. earth, 740; ground, 2657.

Erþe, v. S. to dwell, 739. A.S. eardian.

[Es], a plural pronoun signifying them, as in don es on = put them on, 970. See Gen. and Exod. ed. Morris, pref. p. xix.

Et, a singular pronoun, equivalent to it, used in hauenet = hauen et, 2005; hauedet = haued et, 714.

[Ete], Eten, v. S. to eat, 791, 800, 911, &c. Hete, Heten, 146, 317, 457, 641. Et, imp. eat (thou), 925. Et, Het, pa. t. ate, 653, 656. Etes, fut. 2 p. thou shalt eat, 907. Eteth, fut. 3 p. shall eat, 672. Eten, part. pa. eaten, 657.

[Eþen], adv. S. hence, 690. Heþen, 683, 845, 1085, 2727.

Eþer. See [Ayþer].

[Euere], Eure, adv. S. ever. 207, 424, 704, &c. Heuere, 17, 327, 830.

Euereich, adj. S. every, 137. Euere il, 218, 1334, 1644. Euere ilc, 1330. Eueri, 1070, 1176, 1383. Eueril, 1764, 2318, &c. Euerilk, 2258, 2432. Euerilkon, every one, 1062, 1996, 2197. See [Il].

Euere-mar, adv. S. evermore, 1971.

Eyen, Eyn, Eyne. See [Eie].

Eyr. See [Eir].

Fader, n. S. Lat. father, 1224, 1403, 1416. Sir Tr. p. 35; K. Horn, 114. The cognate words may be found in Jam.

Faderles, adj. fatherless, 75.

Fadmede, pa. t. S. fathomed, embraced, 1295. From fæthmian, Utraque manu extensa complecti, Cod. Exon., ed. Thorpe, p. 334. It has the same meaning in Sc. V. Jam.

[Falle], v. S. to fall, 39, &c. Falles, imp. pl. fall ye, 2302. Fel, pa. t. fell, appertained. 1815, 2359. Fellen, pa. t. pl. fell, 1303.

Fals, adj. S. false, 2511.

Falwes, n. pl. S. fallows, fields, 2509. Chauc. C. T. 6238, where Tyrwh. explains it harrowed lands.

[Fare], n. S. journey, 1337, 2621. R. Gl. p. 211; R. Br., Minot, p. 2 (left unexplained by Rits.); Barb. iv. 627. Schip-fare, a voyage, Sir Tr. p. 53.

[Faren], v. S. to go, 264. Fare, 1378, 1392, &c. Fare, pr. t. 2 p. farest, behavest, 2705. Fares, pr. t. 3 p. goes, flies, 2690. Ferde, pa. t. went, 447, 1678, &c.; behaved, 2411. For (went), 2382, 2943. Foren, pa. t. pl. went, 2380, 2618.

Faste, adv. S. attentively, earnestly, 2148.

Tristrem as a man

Fast he gan to fight.

Sir Tristr. p. 167.

Bidde we ȝeorne Ihū Crist, and seint Albon wel faste,

That we moten to the Ioye come, that euere schal i-laste.

Vita S. Albani, MS. Laud. 108. f. 47 b.

Fastinde, part. pr. S. fasting, 865.

Fauth. See [Fyht].

Fawen, adj. S. fain, glad, 2160. Fawe, K. of Tars, 1058; Octovian, 307; R. Gl. p. 150; Chauc. C. T. 5802.

Fe, n. S. fee, possessions, or money, 386, 563, 1225, &c. See Jam. and Lynds. Gl.

Feble, adj. Fr. feeble, poor, scanty, 323.

Feblelike, adv. feebly, scantily, 418. Febli, Sir Tr. p. 179, for meanly.

Feden, v. S. to feed, 906. Feddes, pa. t. 2 p. feddest, 2907.

Fel. See [Bifalle], [Falle].

Felawes, n. pl. S. fellows, companions, 1338.

Feld, n. S. field, 2634, 2685, 1291.

Felde, Felede. pa. t. S. felled, 67, 1859, 2694. Felden (? read he ne fellen, they did not fall), 2698. Feld, part. pa. felled, 1824. Sir F. Madden writes— “in l. 2698, I prefer reading ne felden, did not fell, governed by that. In l. 67, Garnett suggested felede, pursued, from Swed. följade.”

Fele, adj. S. many, often, 778, 1277, 1737, &c. Sir Tr. p. 19.

Fele, adv. S. very, 2442.

Fend, n. S. fiend, 506, 1411, 2229.

Fer, adv. S. far. 359, 1863, 2275, &c. Ferne, far, 1864; pl. adj. foreign, 2031.

Þa kingges buh stronge,

And of ferrene lond.

Laȝam. l. 5528.

Cf. Chauc. Prol. l. 14.

Ferd, n. S. army, 2384, 2548, &c. Ferde, 2535. Laȝam., R. Gl., R. Br., Web. Ferdes, pl. 2683.

Ferde. See [Fare].

Fere, n. S. companion, wife, 1214. Sir Tr. p. 157. K. Horn, Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc. Feir, Sc. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Ferlike, n. S. wonder, 1258. Ferlik, 1849. Sir Tr. p. 21. Originally in all probability an adj.

Ferþe, adj. S. fourth, 1810.

Feste, n. Fr. feast, 2344, &c.

Feste, v. Fr. to feast, 2938.

Festen, v. S. to fasten, 1785; (used passively) 82. Fest, pa. t. fastened, 144.

Fet. See [Fot].

Fete, v. S. to fetch, bring, 642, 912, 937, &c. Used passively, 316, 2037. Fetes, pr. t. s. fetch, 2341. V. Pegge’s Anecd. of Engl. Lang. p. 135.

Fetere, v. S. to fetter, chain, 2758. Used passively.

Feteres, n. pl. S. fetters, 82, 2759.

Fey, n. Fr. faith, 255, 1666. Feyth, 2853.

Fiht, n. S. fight, 2668, 2716.

Fikel, adj. S. fickle, inconstant, 1210, 2799.

File, n. vile, worthless person, 2499.

Men seth ofte a muche file,

They he serue boten a wile,

Bicomen swithe riche.

Hending the hende, MS. Digb. 86.

So in R. Br. p. 237.

David at that while was with Edward the kyng,

Ȝit auanced he that file vntille a faire thing.

It is used for coward by Minot, pp. 31, 36. Cf. Du. vuil, foul, malicious.

[Finden], v. S. to find, 1083. Finde, 220. Fynde, 42. Funden, pa. t. pl. found, 602. Funde, part. pa. found, 2376. Funden, 1427.

Fir, n. S. fire, 585, 1162, &c. Fyr, 915.

Firrene, adj. S. made of fir, 2078. Firron, Doug. Virg. 47. 34.

Flaunes, n. pl. Fr. custards, or pancakes, 644. See Way’s note in Prompt. Parv.

Fledden, pa. t. pl. S. fled, 2416.

Flemen, v. S. to drive away, banish, 1160. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc., Rits. A. S. So in Sc. V. Jam.

Flete, pres. subj. S. float, swim, 522. Sir Tr. p. 27; K. Horn, 159; Chauc. Fleit, Sc. V. Jam.

Fleye, v. S. to fly, 1791, 1813, 1827, 2751. Fley, pa. t. flew, 1305.

Flo, v. S. to flay, 612, 2495. K. Horn, 92. Flow, pa. t. flayed, 2502. Flowe, pa. t. pl. 2433.

Flok, n. S. flock, troop, 24. See [Trome].

Flote, n. S. boat, 738. A.S. flóta, a ship; Icel. floti, (1) a ship, (2) a fleet; cf. Laȝam. 4530.

Flour, n. Fr. flower, 2917.

Fnaste, v. S. to breathe, 548. Cf. A.S. Fnæstiað, the wind-pipe, Fnæstan, puffs of wind. Fnast = breath in Owl and Nightingale, l. 44.

Fo, n. S. foe, 1363, 2849; pl. foos, 67.

Fol, n. Fr. fool, 298. Foles, pl. 2100.

Folc, Folk, n. S. men collectively, people, 89, 438, &c.

Folwes, imp. S. follow ye, 1885, 2601.

Fonge, v. S. to take, receive, 763; 2 p. pres. subj. 856. In common use from Laȝam. to Chauc. and much later.

For, prep. S. For to is prefixed to the inf. of verbs in the same manner as the Fr. pour, or Sp. por. It is so used in all the old writers, and in the vulgar translation of the Scriptures, and is still preserved in the North of England. Cf. 17, &c. For = on account of, 1670. Sir Tr. p. 62.

For, Foren. See [Faren].

Forbere, v. S. spare, abstain from, 352. Chauc. Rom. R. 4751. Forbar, pa. t. spared, abstained from, 764, 2623.

Forfaren, v. S. to perish, 1380. R. Br. Forfard (p. p.) Ly Beaus Desc. 1484. The inf. is also used in Web., P. Plowm., Chauc. In Sc. Forfair. V. Compl. of Scotl. p. 100, and Gl. Lynds.

Forgat, pa. t. S. forgot, 2636, &c. Foryat, 249.

[For-henge], v. to kill by hanging, 2724. Cf. Du. verhangen zich, to hang one’s self.

Forlorn, part. pa. S. utterly lost, 770, 1424. Forloren, 580. R. Br., Rits. M. R., Chauc. Used actively, Sir Tr. p. 35.

[Forþi], adv. S. on this account, therefore, because, 1194, 1431, 2043, 2500, 2578. Sir Tr. p. 14, and in all the Gloss.

Forthwar, adv. S. forthward; i.e. as we go on, 731.

Forw, n. S. furrow, 1094.

Forward, n. S. promise, word, covenant, 486. Forwarde, 554. Laȝam. l. 4790. Sir Tr. p. 13. Rits. M. R., Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc.

Fostred, part. pa. S. nourished, 1434, 2239.

[Fot], n. S. Euerilk fot, 2432, every foot, or man. Fet, pl. 616, 1022, 1303, 2479. Fote, 1054, 1199.

Fouhten. See [Fyht].

Fourtenith, n. S. fortnight, 2284.

[Fremde], adj. (used as a n.) S. stranger, 2277.

Vor hine willeth sone uorgiete

Tho fremde and tho sibbe.

MS. Digb. 4.

Ther ne myhte libbe

The fremede ne the sibbe.

K. Horn, 67.

See also R. Gl. p. 346; Chron. of Eng. 92; P. Plowm., Chau., Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Freme, v. S. to perform, 441.

Fri, adj. S. free, liberal, 1072. Chauc.

Frie, v. to blame, 1998. Icel. fryja, to blame. Cf. freles, blameless. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, A. 431.

Fro, prep. S. from, 265, &c.

Frusshe. See [To-frusshe].

Ful, adv. S. very, much, completely, 6, 82, &c. Ful wo, 2589, much sorrow.

Ful, Fule, adj. S. foul, 506, 555, 626, 965, &c. Foule, 1158.

Fulike, adv. S. foully, shamefully, 2749.

Fulde, part. pa. S. filled, complete, 355.

Funde, Funden. See [Finde].

[Fyht], v. S. to fight, 2361. Fauth, pa. t. fought, 1990. Fouhten, pa. t. pl. fought, 2661.

Fyn, n. Fr. Lat. ending, 22. R. Br., Minot, Chauc., &c.

Ga, v. S. to go. See [Ouer-ga].

Gad, n. S. goad, 279. Gaddes, pl. 1016. In Gl. Ælfr. among the instruments of husbandry occur Gad, stimulus, and Gadiron, aculeus. So in The Fermeror and his Docter, printed by Laing:

Quhen Symkin standis quhisling with ane quhip and ane gaid,

Priking and ȝarkand ane auld ox hide.

V. Jam. in v. Gade, 4. and Nares.

Gadred, part. pa. S. gathered, 2577.

Gadeling, n. S. an idle vagabond, low man, 1121.

Þa wes æuer alc cheorl

Al swa bald alse an eorl,

& alle þa gadelinges

Alse heo weoren sunen kinges.

Laȝam. l. 12333.

Cf. K. Alisaund. 1733, 4063. Gadlyng, Rob. of Cicyle, MS. Harl. 1701. R. Gl. p. 277, 310. Chauc. Rom. Rose, 938. The word originally meant Vir generosus. See Beowulf, l. 5227.

Gaf. See [Yeue].

Galwe-tre, n. S. the gallows, 43, 335, 695. Le Bone Fl. 1726. Erle of Tol. 657. Galues, Galwes, Galewes, 687, 1161, 2477, 2508. R. Br., Chauc. Cf. Ihre Gl. Suiog. in v. galge, ab Isl. gayl, ramus arboris.

Gamen, n. S. game, sport, 980, 1716, 2135, 2250, 2577; joy, 2935, 2963. Gamyn, Barb. iii. 465. V. Jam.

Gan, pa. t. S. began, 2443. V. Jam.

[Gangen], v. S. to go, walk, 370, 845, &c. Gange, 796. Gongen, 855. Gonge, 1185, 1739, &c. Gonge, pr. t. 2 p. goest, 690, 843. Gangande, part. pr. on foot, walking, 2283. Wynt. V. Jam.

Garte, pa. t. S. made, 189, 1857, &c. Gart, 1001, 1082. Gert, Sir Tr. p. 147. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Gat, Gaten. See [Geten].

Gate, n. S. (1) way, road, 846, 889. Sir Tr. p. 27; (2) manner, fashion (see [þus-gate]), 783, 2419, 2586.

Genge, n. S. family, company, 786, 1735; retinue, 2353, 2362, 2383.

þe king of þan londe

Mid muchelere genge.

Laȝam. l. 6156.

Hence Gang. V. Todd’s Johns.

Gent, adj. Fr. neat, pretty, 2139. Sir Tr. p. 87, R. Br., Chauc.

Gere. See [Messe-gere].

Gest, n. Fr. tale, adventure, 2984. See Note in Warton’s Hist. E. P., V. I. p. 69. Ed. 1840.

Gete, v. to guard, watch, keep, 2762, 2960. Icel. gæta, to guard. Cf. Ormulum, 2079. [Suggested by Garnett.]

[Geten], v. S. to get, take, 792. Gete, 1393. Gat, pa. t. begot, got, 495, 730. Gaten, Geten, pa. t. pl. begot, 2893, 2934, 2978. Getes, f. t. 2 p. shalt get, 908.

Ghod for Good, 255.

Gisarm, n. Fr. a bill, 2553. See Gl. Rits. M. R., Spelm. in v., Jam. Dict., and Merrick’s Gl. in v. Gesa, Gesum. [“Distinguished from other weapons of the axe kind by a spike rising from the back. There were two kinds, viz. the glaive-gisarme, with a sabre-blade and spike; and the bill-gisarme, in shape of a hedging-bill with a spike.” Godwin’s Archæol. Handbook, p. 254.]

Giue. See [Yeue].

[Giue], n. S. gift, 2880. Gyue, 357. Yeft, 2336.

Giueled, piled up, 814. [The O.Fr. gavelé means piled up, heaped together. To gavel corn (see Halliwell) is to put it into heaps, and a gavel is a heap of corn. But this may very well be derived from gable, since a heap takes the shape of a peaked end of a house; and the O.Fr. term is probably originally Teutonic, and connected, as gable is, with Mœso-Goth. gibla, a pinnacle, with which compare German giebel, Du. gevel, and hence our word would be taken from a verb givelen, to pile up. The fish in Havelok’s basket would be what the Dutch call gevelvormig, or formed like a gable, or like the peaked end of a stack of hay or corn, whence the author’s expression—giueled als a stac, piled up in the shape of a stack. Other explanations are flayed, from Du. villen, to flay; or filed, ranged in rows upon a stick, where stick is represented by stac. But the latter supposition would require the reading on rather than als; not to mention the fact that if fish are carried in a pannier they would not resemble fish carried on a stick. Nor is it quite satisfactory to say that giueled is put for gefilled, filled; for this is not elucidated by the expression als a stac, any more than the explanation flayed is. Gable is Icel. gafl, Sw. gafvel, Dan. gavl, Du. gevel, Ger. giebel, gipfel, &c. Its forked shape seems to give rise to Ger. gabel, Sw. gaffel, a fork; respecting which set of words see Gaff in Wedgwood.]

Gladlike, adv. S. gladly, 805, 906, 1760.

Glede, n. S. a burning coal, 91, 869. Rits. M. R., Web., R. Br., Chauc. See [Note on l. 91].

Gleiue, Gleyue, Fr. a spear, lance, 1770, 1844, 1981. Gleiues, Gleyues, pl. 267, 1748, 1864. Dr Merrick explains it, “A weapon composed of a long cutting blade at the end of a staff.” See R. Gl. p. 203; Guy of Warw. R. iii.; Chauc. Court of Love, 544; Percy, A. R.

Glem, n. S. gleam, ray, 2122. See [Stem].

Gleu, n. S. game, skill, 2332. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, the joyous science of the minstrels. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 24, 35, 150.

Gleymen, n. pl. S. gleemen, 2329. Glewemen, Sir Tr. p. 110.

Whar bin thi glewmen that schuld thi glewe,

With harp and fithel, and tabour bete.

Disp. betw. the bodi & saul, ap. Leyd. Compl. of Scotl.

Glotuns, n. pl. Fr. gluttons, wicked men, 2104.

Va, Glutun, envers tei nostre lei se defent.

K. Horn, 1633, MS. Douce.

Cf. K. Horn, 1124, ap. Rits., Yw. and Gaw. 3247; R. Cœur de L. 5953, and Chauc.

Gnede, adj. S. niggardly, frugal, 97. Nearly equivalent to chinche, l. 1763. Printed guede in Sir Tr. p. 169. [Cf. Gnede in Halliwell, and A.S. gneadlícnes, frugality.]

God, n. S. gain, wealth, goods, 797, 2034; pl. gode, 1221. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc.

God, Gode, adj. S. good, excellent, 7, &c.

Goddot, Goddoth, interj. god wot! 606, 642, 796, 909, 1656, 2543; cf. 2527. It is formed probably in the same manner as Goddil, for God’s will, in Yorksh. and Lanc. V. Craven dialect, and View of Lanc. dialect, 1770, 8vo. The word before us appears to have been limited to Lincolnshire or Lancashire, and does not appear in the Glossaries. Other instances are in the Cursor Mundi, MS. Cott. Vesp. F. iii. fol. 87b, and in MS. Cott. Galba E. ix. fol. 61. It also occurs in a translation of a French Fabliau, written in the reign of Edw. I.

Goddot! so I wille,

And loke that thou hire tille,

And strek out hire thes.

La fablel & la cointise de dame Siriz, MS. Digb. 86.

Grundtvig told me (adds Sir F. Madden) that it is “undoubtedly the same interjection spelled Ioduth in the old Danish rime-chronicle.”

Gome, n. S. man, 7.

Gon, v. S. to go, walk, 113, 1045. Goth, imp. go ye, 1780. Gon, part. pa. gone, 2692.

Gonge, Gongen. See [Gange].

Gore, 2497. See [Grim].

Gos, n. S. goose, 1240. Gees, pl. 702.

Gouen. See [Yeue].

Goulen, pr. t. pl. 2 p. S. howl, cry, 454. Gouleden, pa. t. pl. howled, cried, 164.

An yollen mote thu so heye,

That ut berste bo thin ey.

Hule and Nihtingale, l. 970.

Used also by Wickliffe. In Scotland and the North it is still preserved, but in the South Yell is used as an equivalent. See Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Gram, n. S. grief, 2469.

[Graten], v. S. [grǽtan] to weep, cry, cry out, 329. Grede, 96. Grete, pres. pl. 454, 2703. Gret, pa. t. cried out, wept, 615, 1129, 2159. Gredde, 2417. Greten, pa. t. pl. wept, 164, 415, 2796. Grotinde, part. pr. weeping, 1390. Graten, part. pa. wept, 241. Igroten, 285. See Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Graue, v. S. to bury, 613. Grauen, part. pa. buried, 2528. Web., Sir Guy, Ii. iv., Chauc.

Greme, v. S. to irritate, grieve, 442. In R. Br. Gram is used as a verb, in the same sense.

Grene, n. desire, lust, 996. It is simply the Mœso-Goth. gairuni, lust; Icel. girni, desire. V. Jam. in v. Grene. Halliwell suggests sport, play, to which it is opposed.

Gres, n. S. grass, 2698.

Gret, adj. S. great, heavy, loud, 807, 1860. Greth, 1025; pl. grete, 1437, 1862. Grettere, comp. greater, 1893.

Grete. See [Graten].

Greþede, 2003. Explained as greeted, accosted, by Sir F. Madden; but the use of þ (not th) renders this doubtful. May it not signify treated, handled (lit. arrayed), from the vb. greyþe?

Grethet. See [Greyþe].

Greting, n. S. weeping, 166.

[Grette], pa. t. S. accosted, greeted, 452, 1811, 2625. Gret, part. pa. accosted, greeted, 2290.

Greu, pa. t. S. grew, prospered, 2333; pl. grewe, 2975.

Greue, v. S. to grieve, 2953.

[Greyþe], v. S. [gerǽdian] to prepare, 1762. Greyþede, pa. t. prepared, 706. Greyþed, part. pa. prepared, made ready, 714. Grethet, 2615. Laȝam. l. 4414. Sir Tr. p. 33. Sc. Graith. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

[Greyue], n. S. [geréfa] greave, magistrate, 1771. Greyues, g. c. greave’s, 1749. Greyues, pl. 266. V. Spelm. in v. Grafio, and Hickes, Diss. Epist. p. 21, n. p. 151.

[Grim], adj. S. cruel, savage, fierce, 155, 680, 2398, 2655, 2761. R. Br., Rits. M. R. See Beowulf, l. 204.

Grim, n. [smut, dirt, 2497. The explanation is that Godard, on being flayed, did not bear his sentence as one of rank and blood would have done, but began to roar out as if he were mere dirt or mud, i.e. one of the dregs of the common herd. This curious expression is ascertained to have the meaning here assigned to it by observing (1) that grim and gore must be substantives, and (2) that they must be of like signification; but chiefly by comparing the line with others similar to it. Now the context, in the couplet following, repeats that “men might hear him roar, that foul vile wretch, a mile off;” and in l. 682, Godard calls Grim “a foul dirt, a thrall, and a churl.” The author clearly uses dirt and churl as synonyms. The word grim is the Danish grim, soot, lampblack, smut, dirt, answering to the English grime; see grime in Atkinson’s Glossary of the Cleveland dialect. Gore is the A.S. gór, wet mud, or clotted blood, in the latter of which senses it is still used. See “Gore. Limus” in Prompt. Parv., and Way’s note.]

Grip, n. griffin, 572. Web. Graip, Sc., V. Jam. The plural gripes is in Laȝam. l. 28062, and K. Alisaund. 4880. Swed. grip.

Grip, n. S. [græp] ditch, trench, 2102. Gripes, pl. 1924. V. Jam. in v. Grape; and Skinner, v. Groop. Cf. Swed. grop.

[Gripen], pr. t. pl. S. gripe, grasp, 1790. Gripeth, imp. gripe ye, 1882. Grop, pa. t. grasped, 1776, 1871, 1890, &c.

Grith, n. S. peace, 61, 511. Grith-sergeans, 267, legal officers to preserve the peace. These must not be confounded with the Justitiarii Pacis established in the beginning of Edw. III. reign, and called Gardiani Pacis. V. Spelm. in v. Cf. Icel. grið.

Grom, n. male child, youth, 790; young man, 2472. Belgic grom has the same sense of boy. Cf. Icel. gromr, homuncio. So in Sir Degore, A. iv.

He lyft up the shete anone

And loked upon the lytle grome.

It generally elsewhere signifies lad, page.

Gronge, n. Fr. grange, 764. [Halliwell says that, in Lincolnshire, a lone farm-house is still called a grange. In old English it is sometimes spelt graunge, which comes near the form here used. Cf. Fr. grange; Ital. grangia (Florio), a country-farm.]

Grop. See [Gripen].

Grotes, n. pl. S. [grót] small pieces, grit, dust, 472, 1414.

Grotinde. See [Graten].

Grund, adj. used as adv. 1027. See [Grundlike].

Grunde, n. S. dat. c. ground, 1979, 2675.

Grunden, part. pa. S. ground, 2503. Yw. and Gaw. 676. Grounden, Chauc.

[Grundlike], adv. heartily, 651, 2659; deeply, 2013, 2268, 2307, where it is equivalent to Deplike, q.v. The word is undoubtedly Saxon, but in the Lexicons we only find Grundlinga, funditus, from Ælf. Gl. It is used by Laȝamon, l. 9783.

Cnihtes heom gereden

Grundliche feire.

Gyue. See [Giue].

Hal, all, 2370.

[Hal, more probably, is shortened from half, like twel from twelue.]

[Halde], v. S. to hold, take part, 2308. Holden, to keep or observe, 29, 1171. Haldes, pr. t. 3 p. holds, 1382. Hel, pa. t. held, 109. Helden, pa. t. pl. held, 1201. Halden, part. pa. held, holden, 2806.

Hals, n. S. neck, 521, 670, 2510. Sir Tr. p. 109.

Halue, n. S. side, part; bi bothe halue, 2682. See [Bi-halue].

Haluendel, n. S. the half part, 460. R. Gl. p. 5; R. Br.; K. Alisaund. 7116; Emare, 444; Chron. of Engl. 515; R. Hood, i. 68.

Handlen, v. S. to handle, 347. Handel, 586.

[Hangen], v. S. to hang, 335, 695. Hengen, 43, &c. Honge, 2807. Henged, part. pa. hung, 1922, 2480. Cf. [For-henge].

Harum for Harm, 1983, 2408.

Hasard, n. Fr. game at dice, 2326. See [Note on l. 2320].

Hatede, pa. t. S. hated, 1188.

[Hauen], v. S. to have, 78, &c. Hawe, 1188. Haue, 1298. Haues, Hauest, pr. t. 2 p. hast, 688, 848. Haues, Haueth, pr. t. 3 p. haveth, hath, has, 1266, 1285, 1952, 1980, &c. Hauet, hath, 564. Hauen, pr. t. pl. have, 1227. Hauenet, have it, 2005. Hauede, pa. t. had, 649, 775, &c. Hauedet, 714, had it. Haueden, pa. t. pl. had, 238, &c. Aueden, 163. Haue, Hauede, Haueden, subj. would have, 1428, 1643, 1687, 2020, 2675.

Haui for Haue I, 2002.

He, pron. S. Is often understood, as in ll. 869, 1428, 1777, and hence might perhaps have been designedly omitted in ll. 135, 860, 1089, 2311, though the metre seems to require he in 135 and 1089. He, pl. they, 54, &c.

Heie, n. See [Eie].

[Heie], adj. S. tall, 987. Hey, 1071, 1083; high, 1289. Heye se, 719. Heye curt, 1685. Heye and lowe, 2431, 2471, &c.

Hel, Helden. See [Halde].

Helde, Heldeste. See [Eld].

[Helen], v. S. [hǽlan] to heal, 1836. Hele, 2058. Holed, part. pa. healed, 2039.

Helm, n. S. helmet, 379, 624, 1653, &c. Helmes, pl. 2612.

[Helpen], v. S. to help, 1712. Helpes, imp. pl. help ye, 2595. Holpen, part. pa. helped, 901.

Hem, pron. S. them, 367, &c.

Hend. See [Hond].

Hende for Ende, 247.

Hende, n. S. a duck, 1241. A.S. ened; Lat. anas (anat-is); Du. eend; Icel. önd. “Ende mete, for dookelyngys, Lenticula;” and again, “Ende, dooke byrde, Anas.” Prompt. Parv.

Hende, adj. courteous, gentle, 1104, 1421, 1704, 2793, 2877, 2914; skilful, 2628. It certainly is the same word with hendi, hendy. See Tyrwh. on C. T. 3199; Gl. R. Glouc.; Amis and Amil. 1393; Ly Beaus Desc. 333; Morte Arthur, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. I. p. 359, &c.; Dan. and Sw. händig, dexterous.

Hende, adv. S. near, handy, 359, 2275. Web.

Hendeleik, n. courtesy, 2793. Cf. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, B. 860.

Henged, Hengen. See [Hangen].

Henne, adv. S. hence, 843, 1780, 1799. In the same manner is formed Whenne, K. Horn, 169, which Ritson thought a mistake for whence.

Henne, n, S. hen, 1240. Hennes, pl. 702.

Her. See [Er].

[Her], adv. S. here, 689, 1058, &c. Her offe, 2585, hereof.

Her, n. S. hair, 1924. Hor, 235.

Herboru, n. S. habitation, harbour, lodging, 742. Herberowe, Web.; Herbegerie, R. Br.; Harbroughe, Sq. of Lowe Degre, 179; Herberwe, Chauc.; Herbry, Wynt.; Herberye, Lynds. Gl. q.v. and Jam.

Herborwed, pa. t. S. lodged, 742. Laȝam., Chauc., V. Jam. in v. Herbery.

[Here], pron. S. their, 52, 465, &c.

Here, n. S. army, 346, 379, 2153, 2942. R. Br., K. Alisaund, 2101.

Here, Heren, v. S. to hear, 4, 732, 1640, 2279, &c. Y-here, 11. Herd, Herde, pa. t. heard, 286, 465, &c. Herden, pa. t. pl. 150.

Herinne, adv. S. herein, 458.

Herkne, imp. s. S. hearken, 1285. Herknet, imp. pl. hearken ye, 1.

Herles. See [Erl].

Hernes, n. Fr. armour, harness, 1917. R. Br., &c.

Hernes, n. pl. S. brains, 1808.

Hern-panne, n. S. skull, 1991. Yw. and Gaw. 660; R. Cœur de L., 5293. Hardynpan, Compl. of Scotl. p. 241; V. Gl.

Hert, n. S. hart, deer, 1872.

Herte, n. S. heart, 479, 2054, &c. Herte blod, 1819. Laȝam. l. 15846; Sir Tr. p. 98; Chauc.

Hertelike, adv. S. heartily, 1347, 2748.

[Het], part. S. hight, named, 2348. Hoten, part. pa. called, named, 106, 284.

Het, Hete, Heten. See [Ete].

Hetelike, adv. S. hotly, furiously, 2655.

And Guy hent his sword in hand,

And hetelich smot to Colbrand.

Guy of Warw. ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 82.

In Sir Tr. p. 172, Hethelich is explained Haughtily by the Editor, and by Jam. reproachfully. Cf. Hetterly in Gloss. to Will. of Palerne.

Hethede, pa. t. commanded, 551. A.S. hetan. The th is here pronounced like t, as elsewhere.

Heþen. See [Eþen].

Heu, n. S. hue, colour, complexion, 2918. Very common. We may hence explain the “inexplicable phrase” complained of by Mr Ellis, Spec. E. E. P. V. I. p. 109. “On heu her hair is fair enough” —occasioned by Ritson having inadvertently copied it hen, from the MS.; see Anc. Songs, p. 25.

Heued, n. S. head, 624, 1653, 1701, 1759, &c. Heuedes, pl. 1907.

Heuere. See [Euere].

Heui, adj. S. heavy, 808; laborious, 2456.

Hew, pa. t. S. cut, 2729. Sir Tr. p. 20.

Hext, adj. sup. S. highest, tallest, 1080. Haxt, Laȝamon; Hext, K. Alisaund. 7961; R. Gl.; Chauc.

Hey, Heye. See [Heie].

Heye, adv. S. on high, 43, 335, 695, &c.

Heylike, adv. S. highly, honourably, 2319. Heyelike, 1329.

Heyman, n. S. nobleman, 1260. Sir Tr. p. 82. Heymen, Heyemen, pl. 231, 958.

Hi, Hic. See [Ich].

Hider, adv. S. hither, 868, 885, 1431.

Hides, n. pl. S. hides, skins, 918.

[Hijs], pron. S. his, 47, 468. Hise, 34, &c. Hyse, 355. [The final e is most used with plural nouns.]

Hile, v. S. [hélan] to cover, hide, 2082. Hele, Sir Tr. p. 19, Web., Rits. M. R., Chauc. Hilles, Yw. and Gaw. 741. V. Jam. in v. Heild. —Somersetsh.

Him, pron. S. them, 257, 1169.

Hine, n. pl. S. hinds, bondsmen, 620. Web. Hinen, R. Gl., V. Jam. in v.

Hinne. See [Þer-inne].

Hire, pron. S. her, 127, &c. Hire semes, it beseems her, 2916.

His for Is, 279, 1973, 2692.

Hise. See [Hijs].

Hof for Of, 1976.

Hof, pa. t. S. heaved, 2750.

Hok, n. S. hook, 1102.

Hol, adj. whole, well, 2075.

Holi, adj. S. holy, 1361. [Printed hoh in the former edition.]

Hold, adj. S. firm, faithful, 2781, 2816.

Ant suore othes holde,

That huere non ne sholde

Horn never bytreye.

K. Horn, 1259.

Cf. R. Glouc. p. 377, 383, 443; K. Alisaund. 2912; Chron. of Engl. 730.

Hold, Holde, adj. S. old, 30, 192, 417, 956, &c.; former, 2460.

Holden. See [Halde].

Hole, n. S. socket of the eye, 1813.

Holed. See [Helen].

Holpen. See [Helpen].

[Hond], n. S. hand, 2446. Hon, 1342. Dat. c. hend, 505, 2069; pl. hondes, 215, 636. Hond-dede, n. S. handiwork, 92.

Honge. See [Hangen].

Hor. See [Her], n.

Hore, n. mercy, 153. See [Ore].

Horn, n. S. 779. [This probably refers to the shape of the simnel. Halliwell says, a Simnel is “generally made in a three-cornered form.” Cracknels are still made with pointed and turned up ends, not unlike horns.]

Hors, n. S. horse, 2283. Horse-knaue, groom, 1019. So in a curious satirical poem, temp. Edw. II.

Of rybaudz y ryme,

Ant rede o my rolle,

Of gedelynges, gromes,

Of Colyn, & of Colle;

Harlotes, hors knaues,

Bi pate & by polle.

MS. Harl. 2253, f. 124 b.

Used also by Gower, Conf. Am. See Todd’s Illustr. p. 279.

Hosen, n. pl. S. hose, stockings, 860, 969. In Sir Tr. p. 94, trowsers seem to be indicated.

Hoslen, v. S. to administer or receive the sacrament, 212. Hoslon, 362. Hosled, part. pa. 364. Hoseled, 2598. Le Bone Flor. 776. Chauc.

Hoten. See [Het].

Houes, pr. t. S. behoves, 582. [Read bi-houes?]

Hul, n. S. hollow, i.e. vale, 2687. A.S. hole. Cf. l. 2439.

Hund, n. S. hound, 1994, 2435. Hundes, pl. 2331.

Hungred for Hunger, 2454.

Hungreth, pr. t. hunger, 455. Hungrede, pa. t. hungered, 654.

Hure, pron. S. our, 338, 842, 1231, &c.

Hus for Us, 1217, 1409.

[Hus], n. S. house, 740. Huse, 2913. Hws, 1141. Milne-hous, mill-house, 1967.

Hyl, n. S. heap, 892. Hil, hill, 1287.

[Hw], W, adv. S. how, 120, 288, 827, 960, 1646, &c. Hwou, 2411, 2946, 2987, &c.

[Hwan], adv. S. when, 408, 474, &c. See [Quan].

Hware, adv. S. where, 1881, 2240, 2579. Hwar-of, whereof, 2976. Hwere, 549, 1083.

[Hwat], pron. S. what, 596, 635, 1137, 2547. Wat, 117, 541, &c. Wat is yw, 453. Hwat or Wat is þe, 1951, 2704.

Hwat. See [Quath].

[Hwel], n. S. whale, or grampus, 755. Hwæl, balena, vel cete, vel cetus. Ælf. Gl. See [Qual].

Hweþer, adv. S. whether, 294, 2098.

[Hwi], adv. S. why, 454. See [Qui].

Hwil, adv. S. whilst, 301, 363, 538, 2437.

Hwile, n. S. time, 722, 1830.

Hwil-gat, adv. S. how, lit. which way, 838. Howgates, Skinner.

Hwit, adj. S. white, 1729.

[Hwo], pron. S. who, 296, 300, 368, 2604, &c. See [Wo].

Hwor, adv. S. whether, 1119. Hwore-so, wheresoever, 1349.

Hwou. See [Hw].

Hws. See [Hus].

Hyse. See [Hijs].

[Ich], pron. S. I, 167, &c. Ihc, 1377. Hic, 305. Hi, 487. I, 686. Y, 15, &c.

Id for It, 2424.

I-gret, 163. See [Grette].

I-groten. See [Graten].

[Il], adj. S. each, every, 818, 1740, 2112, 2483, 2514. Ilc, 1056, 1921. Ilke, 821, 1861, 2959, 2996; (= same), 1088, 1215, 2674, &c. Ilker, each (of them), 2352. Ilkan, each one, 1770, 2357. Ilkon, 1842, 2108. See [Eueri].

[Ille], adv. S. Likede hire swithe ille, 1165, it displeased her much. Sir Tr. p. 78. A common phrase. Ille maked, ill treated, 1952.

I-maked. See [Maken].

Inne, adv. S. in, 762, 807. See [Þerinne].

[Inow], adv. S. enough, 706, 911, 931, &c. Ynow, 563, 1795. Ynou, 904.

[Intil], prep. S. into, 128, 251, &c. See [Til].

Ioie, n. Fr. joy, 1209, 1237, 1278, &c. Ioye, 1315.

Ioyinge, n. gladness, 2087.

Ioupe, n. Fr. a doublet, 1767. Roquefort gives the form Jupe, but Jupon or Gipoun is more usual. See Jupon in Halliwell, and Gipe in Roquefort.

Is for His, 735, 2254, 2479.

[Iuele], n. S. evil, injury, 50, 1689. Yuel, 2221. Yuele, 994. Iuel, sickness, 114. Yuel, 144, 155.

þa þe he wes ald mon,

þa com him ufel on.

Laȝam. l. 19282.

Ful iuele o-bone, very lean, 2505; cf. 2525.

Iuele, adv. S. evilly, 2755. Me yuele like, displease me, 132. Cf. [Ille liken].

Kam. See [Komen].

Kaske, adj. strong, vigorous, 1841. Sw. karsk.

Kaym, n. p. Cain, 2045. See [note in loc].

[Kayn], n. 31, 1327. Evidently a provincial pronunciation of Thayn, which in the MS. may elsewhere be read either chayn or thayn. By the same mutation of letters make has been converted into mate, cake into cate, wayke into wayte, lake into late (R. Hood, I. 106), &c., or vice versâ. See [Thayn].

Kaysere. See [Cayser].

Keft, part. pa. purchased, 2005. Sure keft = sourly (bitterly) purchased it. See Sure and [Coupe].

Keling, n. 757, cod of a large size, Jam. q.v. The kelyng appears in the first, course of Archb. Nevil’s Feast, 6 Edw. IV. See Warner’s Antiq. Cul. Cotgrave explains Merlus, A Melwall or Keeling, a kind of small cod, whereof stockfish is made.

Keme. See [Komen].

Kempe, n. S. knight, champion, 1036. V. Jam. in v.

Kene, adj. S. keen, bold, eager, 1832, 2115. A term of very extensive use in old Engl. and Sc. poetry, and the usual epithet of a knight.

[Kesten], v. S. to cast in prison, or to overthrow, 81, 1785 (used passively). Casten, cast, throw, 2101. Keste, pa. t. cast, 2449. Keste, part. pa. cast, placed, 2611; [or it may be the infin. mood.]

[Keuel], n. S. a gag, 547. See Kevel in Hall., Kewl in. Jam. A.S. cæfli, a halter, headstall.

Kid, part. pa. S. made known, discovered, 1060. Sir Tr. p. 150; R. Br.; Yw. and Gaw. 530; Minot, p. 4; Chauc. From cýþan, notum facere.

Kin, Kyn, n. S. kindred, 393, 414, 2045.

Kines, n. S. gen. c. kind, 861, 1140, 2691. None kines = of no kind; neuere kines = of never a kind.

Kinneriche. See [Cunnriche].

Kippe, v. S. [cépan] to take up hastily, 894. Kipt, Kipte, pa. t. snatched up, 1050, 2407, 2638.

Horn in is armes hire kepte.

K. Horn, 1208.

Kypte heore longe knyues, and slowe faste to gronde.

Rob. Glouc. p. 125.

Kept up, snatcht up, Gl. R. Br. Jamieson derives the word from Su.-G. kippa, to take anything violently. V. in v. Kip. Ihre quotes the Icel. kipti up = snatched up.

Kirke, n. S. church, 1132, 1355. Kirkes, pl. 2583. V. Gl. Lynds. and Jam.

Kiste. See [Chiste].

Kiste, pa. t. s. kissed, 1279. Kisten, pa. t. pl. S. kissed, 2162.

Kiwing, n. 1736. [Respecting this word I can only record my conviction that it is not safe to quote it, as the MS. is indistinct. I read the word as kilþing, which I believe to be merely miswritten for ilk þing (which the scribe also spells il þing), and I suppose the sense of the line to be— “when they had there distributed everything.”]

Knaue, n. S. lad, 308, 409, 450, &c. Attendant, servant, 458. Cokes knaue, scullion, 1123.

Heore cokes & heore cnaues

Alle heo duden of lif dæȝen.

Laȝam. l. 13717.

V. Jam. in v. Gl. Lynds. and Gl. Todd’s Illustr. Chauc.

Knawe, v. S. to know, 2785. Knawe, pr. t. pl. know, 2207. Kneu, pa. t. knew, 2468. Knawed, part. pa. known, 2057.

Knicth, Knith, n. S. knight, 77, 343, &c. Knictes, pl. 239. Knithes, 1068. Knihtes, 2706.

Kok, n. a cook, 873, 180, 891, 903, 921, 2898. See [Cok].

[Komen], v. S. to come, 1001. Comes, Cometh, imp, pl. come ye, 1798, 1885, 2247. Kam, pa. t. came, 766, 863. Kom, 1309. Cam, 2622. Komen, pa. t, pl. came, 1012, 1202. Comen, 2790. Keme, 1208. Comen, part. pa. come, 1714.

[Kope], n. Lat. cope, 429. Copes, pl. 1957.

Koren, n. S. corn, 1879.

Kouel. See [Couel].

Kouþen. See [Couþe].

Kradel-barnes, n. pl. S. children in the cradle, 1912.

[Kraken], v. S. to crack, break, 914. Krake, 1857. Crake, 1908. Crakede, pa. t. cracked, broke, 568. Kraked, part. pa. 1238.

[Krike], n. S. creek, 708.

Kunne. See [Canst].

Kuneriche, Kunerike, Kunrik. See [Cunnriche].

Kyne-merk, n. S. mark or sign of royalty, 604. In the same manner are compounded cine-helm, cine-stol, &c.

& Cador þe kene

scal beren þas kinges marke;

hæbben haȝe þene drake,

biforen þissere duȝeðe.

Laȝam. l. 19098.

Thyll ther was of her body

A fayr chyld borne, and a godele,

Hadde a dowbyll kynges marke.

Emare, 502.

Lac, n. S. fault, reproach, 191, 2219. Yw. and Gaw. 264, 1133. Lak, R. Br., Rom. of Merlin, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. I. p. 252. Sir Orpheo, 421. Lakke, P. Plowm. Chauc. So in Sc. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. v. Lak, Lack.

Ladde, n. S. lad, 1786. Ladden, pl. 1038. Laddes, 1015, &c. A term subsequently applied to persons of low condition. “When laddes weddeth leuedis—” Prophecy of Tho. of Essedoune, MS. Harl. 2253, f. 127.

Large, adj. Fr. Lat. liberal, bountiful, 97, 2941. R. Gl. Yw. and Gaw. 865. Sir Orpheo, 27. Sevyn Sages, 1251. Chauc.

[Late], v. S. [lǽtan] pres. subj. let, suffer, 486. Late, pr. t. let, permit, 1741. Late, imp. let, suffer, 17, 1376, 2422. Leth, pa. t. let, suffered, 2651; caused, 252. Late, part. pa. or inf. put, 2611.

Laten, v. S. [lǽtan] to leave, 328. Late be, imp. leave, relinquish, 1265; inf. 1657. Let, pa. t. left, 2062. Laten, part. pa. left, abated, 240, 1925.

Lath, n. S. injury, 76. Lathe, 2718, 2976.

Lauhwinde, part. pr. S. laughing, 946.

Laute, pa. t. S. [læccan, læhte] received, took, 744. Lauthe, 1673. Lauth, part. pa. received, taken, 1988. I-lahte, Laȝam. l. 29260.

Horn in herte laȝte

Al þat he him taȝte.

K. Horn (ed. Lumby), 243.

Laght, Yw. and Gaw. 2025. Laught, K. Alisaund. 685, 1109. Lauht, R. Br. (See Hearne’s blundering Gl. in voc.) Rits. A. S. p. 46. Laucht, Wall. ix. 1964.

Laumprei, n. S. lamprey, 771. Laumprees, pl. 897.

Lawe, Lowe, adj. S. low, 2431, 2471, 2767, &c.

Lax, n. S. [læx] salmon, 754, 1727. Laxes, pl. 896. V. Spelm. and Somn. in v. Jamieson says, it was “formerly the only name by which this fish was known.” Cf. Dan. Sw. Icel. lax.

[Layke], v. S. [lácan] to play, 1011. Leyke, Leyken, 469, 950, 997. Leykeden, pa. t. pl. played, 954. In the same sense the verb is found in P. Plowman, and Sevyn Sages, 1212. So in Sc. and N.E. V. Jam. v. Laik, Ray, Brockett, and Crav. Dial. v. Lake.

Leche, n. S. physician, 1836, 2057.

Led, a caldron, kettle, 924. Chauc. Prol. 202.

[Lede], Leden, v. S. to lead, 245, &c; utlede, 89. Cf. 346, 379. Ledes, pr. t. 3 p. uses, carries, 2573. Ledde, pa. t. led, 1686. Ledden, pa. t. pl. led, 2451.

[Lef], adj. S. agreeable, willing, lef and loth, 261, 440, 2273, 2313, 2379, 2775. A very usual phrase. See Beowulf, l. 1026. Chauc. C. T. 1839. R. Hood, I. 41. Leue, 431, 909. Sir Tr. p. 187. K. Horn, 949, &c. Leuere, comp. more agreeable, rather, 1193, 1423, 1671, &c. Lef, used as adv. willingly, in the phrase “Ye! lef, ye!” = yes, willingly, yes, 2606; cf. l. 1888.

Leidest. See [Leyn].

Leite, adj. S. light, 2441.

[Leme], n. S. limb, 2555. Lime, 1409. Limes, pl. 86.

Leman, n. S. mistress, lover, 1191. Lemman, 1283, 1312, 1322. Used by all the old writers, and applied equally to either sex.

Lende, v. S. to land, 733. Sir Tr. p. 13. R. Br. See Jam. in v. Leind.

Lene, v. S. [leanian] to lend, grant, 2072.

I sal lene the her mi ring.

Yw. and Gaw. 737.

Lenge, n. the fish called ling, 832. [Asellus longus, or Islandicus, Ray.] It was a common dish formerly. Thus we have Lynge in jelly, in Archb. Nevil’s Feast, 6 Edw. IV., and Lyng in foyle, in Warham’s Feast, 1504. See Pegge’s Form of Cury, p. 177, 184, and MS. Sloane, 1986.

Lenge, v. S. to prolong, 1734, 2363. P. Plowm.

Leoun, n. Lat. lion, 573. Leun, 1867.

[Lepe], v. S. escape from (?) 2009. Loupe, to leap, 1801. Lep, pa. t. leapt, 891, 1777, 1942. Lopen, pa. t. pl. 1896, 2616.

[Lere], Leren, v. S. to learn, 797, 823; to teach, 2592. Y-lere, 12.

Lese, v. S. imp. s. 3 p. loose, 333. Sir Tr. p. 110.

Leth. See [Late].

Lette, v. S. [lǽtan, lettan] to hinder, retard, 1164, 2253, 2819; to stop, cease, 2445, 2627. Let, pa. t. stopped, stayed, 2447, 2500. Leten, pa. t. pl. stopped, delayed, 2379.

Leue, n. S. leave, 1387, 1626, 2952, &c.

Leue, adj. See [Lef].

Leue, v. S. [lýfan] imp. s. grant, 334, 406, 2807. K. Horn, 465, MS.; R. Gl., Erle of Tol. 365. Guy of Warw. ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 77, where it is misprinted lene. It is very frequently used in the old Engl. Metrical Lives of the Saints, MS. Laud, 108. [The true distinction between leue and lene is, that the former is the A.S. lýfan, G. erlauben = grant in the sense of allow, permit, and is invariably intransitive; whilst lene is the A.S. lænan, G. leihen = grant in the sense of give. The confusion between the senses of grant has led to confusion between lene and leue, and in at least five passages of Chaucer (C. T. 7226, 13613; Tro. ii. 1212, iii. 56, v. 1749, ed. Tyrwhitt) many editions wrongly have lene. In the last three instances Tyrwhitt rightly prints leve, but unnecessarily corrects himself in his Glossary. I regret to add that I have thrice made a similar mistake. In Piers Plowman, A. v. 263, and in Pierce the Ploughman’s Crede, ll. 366 and 573, for lene read leue. Halliwell’s remark, that “the [former] editor of Havelok absurdly prints leue” is founded upon the same misconception, and he is wrong in his censure. See the use of lefe in the Ormulum, ed. White.]

Leued, pa. t. S. left, 225.

Leuedi, n. S. lady, 171, &c. Leuedyes, pl. 239. V. Hickes, Diss. Ep. p. 52, n.

Leuere. See [Lef].

Leues, pr. t. 3 p. S. believes, 1781, 2105. From lefan.

Leuin, n. S. lightning, 2690. R. Br. p. 174. Yw. and Gaw. Chauc. C. T. 5858. Doug. Virg. 200, 53.

Lewe, adj. S. warm, 498, 2921.

A opened wes his breoste,

þa blod com forð luke.

Laȝam. l. 27556.

Leyd, Leyde. See [Leyn].

Leye, n. S. lie, falsehood, 2117.

Leve, v. S. to lie, speak false, 2010.

Leyke, Leyken. See [Layke].

Leyk, n. S. game, 1021, 2326. So in Beowulf, l. 2084, sweorda-gelác, and Sir Tr. p. 118, love-laike. In the pl. laykes, Minot, p. 10. In Lanc. a player is still called a laker.

[Leyn], v. S. to lay, 718. Leyde, pa. t. laid, 50, 994, &c.; stopped, 229. Leidest, pa. t. 2 p. laidest, 636. Leyden, pa. t. pl. laid, 1907. Leyd, part. pa. laid, 1689, 1722, 2839.

Lich, adj. like, 2155.

[Lict], Lith, n. S. light, 534, 576, 588, &c.

Lift, adj. S. left (lævus), 2130.

Ligge, Liggen, v. S. to lie down, 802, 876, 882, 1374. See [Lyen].

Lime, Limes. See [Leme].

Lite, adj. S. little, 276, 1730. Litel, 1858, &c. Litle, 2014.

Lith. See [Lict].

[Lith], imp. S. light (thou), 585.

Lith, adv. S. lightly, 1942.

Lith, n. S. alleviation, comfort, peace, 1338. Lyþe, 147. It also occurs as a sb. in Laȝam. l. 5213. As an adj. it occurs in Laȝam. l. 7242. Sir Tr. p. 43, 82. R. Cœur de L. 2480, and Emare, 348, from the v. líðian, alleviare. Cf. Icel. lið, sometimes used to mean help. See Leathe in Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary.

Lith, n. S. 2515. This word is explained by Ritson plains, by Hearne tenements, and by Jamieson a ridge or ascent. Its real signification seems unknown, but may be conjectured from the following passages.

No asked he lond no lithe.

Sir Tristr. p. 101.

Ther wille not be went, ne lete ther lond ne lith.

R. Brunne, p. 194.

where it answers to the Fr. Ne volent lesser tere ne tenement.

Who schall us now geve londes or lythe.

Le Bone Flor. 841.

Here I gif Schir Galeron, quod Gaynour, withouten ony gile,

Al the londis and the lithis fro laver to layre.

Sir Gaw. and Sir Gal. ii. 27.

[See Glossary to William of Palerne, s.v. Lud.]

Lithes, n. pl. S. the extreme points of the toes, or articulations, 2163. Fingres lith, extremum digiti, Luc. 16, 24.

Liþes, imp. pl. S. listen, 1400, 2204. Lyþes, 2576. The verb in the Sax. is hlystan, but in Su.-G. lyda, and Isl. hlyda, which approaches nearer to the form in the poem. So also in K. Horn, 2, wilen lithe, MS.; R. Br. p. 93; R. Hood, I. p. 2; Minot, p. 1. Still used in Sc. and N.E. V. Jam. and Brockett.

Littene, part. pa. [or inf.?] 2701. “Qu. cut in pieces, from the same root as to lith, divide the joints. V. Jam. Suppl.” —M. [Or it may mean disgraced, wounded, defeated. Cf. Su.-Goth. lyta, to wound; Icel. lyta, to disgrace; Sw. lyte, a defect, litt, deformed; Dan. lyde, a blemish.]

Liue, n. S. dat. c. life, 232; brouth of liue, dead, 513, 2129. K. Horn, 188. Of liue do, kill, 1805. Liues, gen. c. as adv. alive, 509, 1003, 1307, 1919, 2854. See [On-liue].

Liuen, v. S. to live, 355. Liuede, Liueden, pa. t. pl. lived, 1299, 2044.

Lof, n. S. loaf, 653.

Loke, Loken, v. S. to look after, take care of, to behold, 376, 2136. Lokes, pr. t. 2 p. lookest, 2726. Loke, imp. look, 1680, 1712. Lokes, imp. pl. look ye, 2240, 2292, 2300, 2579, 2812. Lokede, pa. t. looked, 679, 1041.

Loken, Lokene, part. pa. S. fastened, locked, closed, 429, 1957. So in the Const. Othonis, Tit. de habitu Clericorum; “In mensura decenti habeant vestes, et cappis clausis utuntur in sacris ordinibus constituti.” V. Spelm. in v. Cappa clausa. So also in the Ancren Riwle, fol. 17— “gif he haues a wid hod and a lokin cape, &c.”

The reference to the Ancren Riwle is to MS. Titus D 18, fol. 17; cf. the edition by Morton (Camd. Soc. 1853), p. 56.

Lond, Londe, n. S. land, 64, 721, &c. Lon, 340.

Long, adj. S. tall, 987, 1063. So K. Horn, 100.

Longes, pr. t. 3 p. S. belongs, 396. R. Br., Chauc., &c.

Lopen. See [Lepe].

Loth, adj. S. loath, unwilling, 261, 440, &c. See [Lef].

Louede, pa. t. S. loved, 71. Loueden, pa. t. pl. 955.

Louerd, n. S. lord, master, 96, 483, &c. Lowerd, 621.

Louerdinges, n. pl. S. lordings, masters, 515, 1401. See Note in Warton’s Hist. Engl. Poet. V. I. p. 19. Ed. 1840.

Loupe. See [Lepe].

Low, pa. t. S. laughed, 903. K. Horn, 1502. Lowen, pa. t. pl. 1056.

Lowe, n. S. [hlæw] hill, 1291, 1699. Rits. M. R., Web., &c. V. Jam. and Brockett’s Gl. v. Lawe.

Luue, n. S. love, 195. [Luue-drurye seems here to be a compound word, meaning love-courtship. Lufe-drowrie also = love-token, Lyndesay’s Sq. Meldrum, 1003. See [Drurye].]

[Lyen], v. S. to lie (in bed), 2134. Leyen, pt. pl. lay, 475.

Lyþe. See [Lith].

Maght, Mait. See [Mowe].

Make, n. S. mate, companion, wife, 1150. K. Horn, 1427. K. Alisaund. 3314. Le Bone Flor. 881. Chauc. Sc. Maik. V. Jam.

[Maken], v. S. to make, 29, &c. Make, 676. Makeden, pa. t. pl. made, 554. I-maked, part. pa. made, 5.

Male, n. Fr. a budget, bag, wallet, 48. Laȝamon, l. 3543. Web., Chauc., R. Hood.

Malisun, n. Fr. malediction, curse, 426. Sir Tr. p. 179.

Manred, Manrede, n. S. homage, fealty, 484, 2172, 2180, 2248, 2265, 2312, 2774, 2816, 2847, 2850. Leg. of S. Gregori, ap. Leyd. Compl. of Scotl. See Jam. for further examples.

Marz, n. Lat. March, 2559.

Maugre, Fr. in spite of, 1128, 1789. See Tyrwh. Gl. to Chauc. and Jam. in v.

Maydnes, n. pl. S. maidens, 467, 2222.

Mayster, n. Fr. master, 1135; chief, 2028, 2385.

Mayt, Mayth. See [Mowe].

Mede, n. S. reward, 102, 685, 1635, 2402.

Mele, n. S. oat-meal, 780.

Mele, v. Fr. to contend in battle, 2059. Gaw. and Gol. ii. 18. Mellay, Wynt. viii. 15, 19. V. Jam.

Meme, 2201, probably miswritten for neme; see [Nime].

Men (used with a sing. vb. like the Fr. on), men, people, 390, 647, 2610.

Mene, v. S. to mean, signify, 2114. Menes, pr. t. 3 p. means, 597.

[Menie], n. Fr. family, 827. Meynie, 834. This word is to be found from the time of Laȝamon to Shakespeare. Jamieson attempts to derive it from the North. V. in v. Menzie. See maisnie in Roquefort.

Mere, n. S. mare, 2449, 2478, 2504.

[Messe], n. Fr. Lat. the service of the mass, 243, 1176. Messe-bok, mass-book, 186, 391, 2710. Messe-gere, all the apparel, &c., pertaining to the service of the mass, 188, 389, 1078, 2217.

[Mest], adj. sup. S. greatest, 233. Moste, 1287; tallest, 983.

Mester, n. Fr. trade, 823. K. Horn (ed. Lumby), 229.

Met, pp. S. dreamt, 1285.

Mete, n. S. meat, 459, &c. Metes, pl. 1733.

Meynie. See [Menie].

[Michel], adj. S. much, 510, 660. Mik, 2342. Mike, 960 (cf. Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V. 3, 292), 1744, 1761, 2336. Mikel, 122, 478, &c.

Micte, Micten, Micthe, Mithe, Mithest, Mithen. See [Mowe].

Micth, n. S. might, power, 35.

Middelerd, n. S. the earth, world, 2244. Middelærd, Laȝam., Rits., Web., R. Gl., Minot, &c. So in Sc. V. Jam.

Mik, Mike, Mikel. See [Michel].

Milce, n. S. [mildse] mercy, 1361. A! me do þine milce, Laȝam. l. 4681; R. Gl. It is usually coupled with ore.

Milne-hous. See [Hus].

Mirke, adj. S. dark, 404. R. Br., Lynds.; merke, Chauc. Still used in Sc. and N.E. V. Jam.

Misdede, pa. t. S. did amiss, 337; injured, 992, 1371. Misdo, part. pa. misdone, offended, 2798.

Misferde, pa. t. S. behaved, or proceeded ill, 1869. See [Faren].

Misgos, pr. t. 2 p. S. goest or behavest amiss, 2707.

Misseyd, part. pa. S. spoken to reproachfully, 1688.

Mithe, Mythe, v. S. [miðan] to conceal, hide, dissemble, 652, 948, 1278. Sche might no lenger mithe. Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 310.

Mixed, adj. vile, base, 2533. From S. myx, fimus. Cf. Mix in William of Palerne.

Mo, adj. comp. S. more, 1742, 1846.

Mod, n. S. mood, humour, 1703.

Moder, n. S. mother, 974, 1388, &c.

Mone, n. S. moon, 373, 403.

Mone, n. S. mind, say, opinion, 816. Cf. A.S. myne, monian, monung; Icel. munr. Hence, to mone, to relate, R. Cœur de L. 4636, and to animadvert, in Barbour. It appears to express the Fr. phrase par le mien escient, K. Horn, 467, MS. Douce. In nearly the same sense mone may be found in K. Alisaund. 1281, R. Gl. pp. 281, 293. Cf. ll. 1711, 1972.

Mone, v. pl. [Isl. mun] must, 840. Maun, Sc. Mun, Yorksh. Cumb. V. Jam.

Morwen, n. S. morning, 811, 1131, 2669, &c. To-morwen, 530, 810. Amorwe, Sir Tr., K. Horn.

Moste. See [Mest].

Mote, v. S. may, 19, 406, 1743, 2545. Moten, pl. 18.

Moun. See [Mowe].

[Mowe], v. S. pres. sing. may, be able, 175, 394, 675. Mowen, pl. 11. Moun, 460, 2587. Mait, pr. t. 2 p. mayest, 689. Mayt, 845, 852, 1219. Mayth, 641. Maght, pa. t. 2 p. s. mightest, 1348. Mithe, Mithest, 855, 1218. Micte, Micthe, Mithe, pa. t. 3 p. might, 42, 233, 1030, 1080. Mouchte, Moucte, Moucthe, Mouthe, Mowcte, 145, 356, 376, &c. Micte, Micten, Mithen, pl. 232, 516, 1929, 2017. Mouhte, Mouthe, Mouthen, 1183, 2019, 2039, 2328, 2330, &c. V. Pegge’s Anecd. of Engl. Lang. p. iii.

Na, adv. S. no, 2363, 2530.

Nam. See [Nime].

Nayles, n. pl. S. nails, 2163.

Ne, adv. S. nor, 44, &c.

Nede, n. S. need, necessity, 9, &c. Nedes, pl. 1092.

Neme. See [Nime].

Ner, adv. S. near, 990, 1949.

Nese, n. S. nose, 2450.

[Nesh], adj. S. [nesc] soft, tender, 2743. Neys, 217. Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. Br., Chauc. Still used in N.W. part of England.

Neth, n. S. net, 752, 808, 1026; pl. netes, 783.

Neth, n. S. neat, cattle, 700, 1222. Netes, g. c. neat’s, 781.

Neþeles, conj. S. nevertheless, 1108, 1658.

Neue, n. S. fist, 2405. Neues, pl. 1917. V. Jam.

Neure, adv. S. not, never, 80, 672; neuere a polk, ne’er a pool, 2685. Neuere kines, of no kind, 2691.

Ney. adv. nigh, near to, nearly, 464, 640, 2619.

Neys. See [Nesh].

[Neyþer], Neþe, pron. S. neither, not either, 458, 764, 2970, &c. Noþer, 2623. Noyþer, 2697.

Newhen, v. S. [nehwan] to approach, 1866. In the more recent form to neigh it is used in several of the old Romances, Chauc., and Minot.

Nicht, Nicth, n. S. night, 533, 575. Niht, 2669. Nith, 404, 1247, 1754. Nithes, g. c. of night, 2100. Nihtes, nithes, pl. 2353; nihtes, 2999.

[Nime], v. S. pr. s. take, or go, 1931. Nim, imp. take, 1336. Nam, pa. t. took, 900; went, 2930. Neme, pl. went, 1207; cf. l. 2201. Nomen, took, 2790. Nomen, Numen, part. pa. taken, 2265, 2581. Nimes, imp. pl. go ye, 2594; nime, go we, 2600. In the first sense this verb is common in all the Glossaries, but in the latter sense To go it occurs nowhere but in the Gl. to Rob. Brunne, who, from being a Lincolnshire man, approaches nearer to the language of the present poem than any other writer. [In N.E. to nim is to walk with quick, short steps.]

Nis, for Ne is, is not, 462, 1998, 2244.

Nither-tale, n. S. night-time, 2025. See Chaucer, Prol. l. 97.

Noblelike, adv. S. nobly, 2640.

Nok, n. [Belg. nock] nook, corner, 820; nouth a ferthinges nok, not the value of a farthing. The same phr. is in the Manuel des Pechés of Rob. of Brunne, MS. Harl. 1701, fol. 39.

Nomen. See [Nime].

Non, adj. S. no, 518, 685, 1019; no one, 934, 974.

[Note], n. S. a nut, 419. Nouthe, 1332.

Noþer. See [Neyþer].

[Nou], adv. S. now, 328, 1362, &c. Nu, 2421, 2460, 2650, &c.

Nout, Nouth, Nouht, n. or adv. S. not, naught, nothing, not at all, 249, 505, 566, 648, 1733, 2051, 2822. Nowt, Nowth, 770, 2168, 2737.

Nouthe. See [Note].

Noyþer. See [Neyþer].

Nu. See [Nou].

Numen. See [Nime].

Nytte. v. S. make use of, require for use, 941. A.S. nyttian, neotan, G. nützen, Du. nutten.

O. See [On].

Of, prep. S. off, 130, 216, 603, 857, 1850, 2444, 2626, 2676, 2751, &c. Of londe, out of the land, 2599. Sir Tr.

Offe, prep. S. of, 435. Of, 436.

Offrende, Dan. Fr. offering, 1386.

Ofte, adv. S. often, 226, &c.

Ok. See [Ek].

[On], adj. S. one, 425, 1800, 2028, 2263, &c.

On, in But on. See [But].

On, prep. S. in, on. On liue, 281, 363, 694, 793 &c. O liue, 2865. On two, 471, 1823, 2730, in two; a two, 1413, 2643. O londe, 763, on, or in land. On knes, 1211, 1302, 2710, on knees; o knes, 2252, 2796. On brenne, 1239, in flame, on fire. O nith, 1251, in the night. On nithes, 2048. O worde, 1349, in the world (see [Werd]). O mani wise, 1713, in many a manner. On gamen, 1716, in sport. On lesse hwile, 1830, in less time. O bok, 2307, 2311, on the book. Wel o bon, 2355, 2525, 2571, strong of body. Iuele o bone, 2505, lean. On hunting, 2382. O stede, 2549, on steed. Up-o the dogges, 2596, on the dogs. From these examples, added to those which occur in every Glossary, it is evident the Sax. prep. On was subsequently corrupted to O and A. See Tyrwh. and Jam. A nycht in Barb. xix. 657, explained by the latter one night, is according to the above rule In the night, as confirmed by l. 1251. Sir Tr. pp. 47, 114. R. Glouc.

One, adj. S. alone, singly, 815, 936, 1153, 1710, 1742, 1973, 2433.

There hue wonede al one.

K. Horn, 80.

See Tyrwh. Gl., Chauc. v. On.

Ones, adv. S. once, 1295.

Onfrest, v. delay, 1337. From Su.-G. fresta, to delay, A.S. firstan, from Su.-Goth. frest or frist, A.S. fyrst, a space of time. Cf. Dan. and Sw. first, a truce. Frest, delay, Barb. vii. 447.

Onlepi. See [Anilepi].

Onne, prep. S. on, 347, 1940.

Onon, adv. S. anon, speedily, 136, 447, 1964, 2790.

Ontil, prep. S. unto, for, 761.

[Or], adv. S. previously, before, 728, 1043, 1356, 1688, &c. Or outh longe, 1789, before any long time.

[Ore], n. S. favour, grace, mercy, 153, 211, 2443, 2797. Ich hadde of hire milse an ore. Hule and Nihtingale, l. 1081. Sir Tr. p. 24. K. Horn (ed. Lumby), 1509. See Tyrwhitt’s Note on Chauc. C. T. 3724, and Ritson’s Note, Metr. Rom. V. iii. p. 263. A.S. ár.

Ore, n. S. oar, 718, 1871, &c. Ores, pl. 711.

Osed for Hosed, 971.

Oth, n. S. oath, 2009, 2272, &c. Oþes, pl. 2013, 2231, &c.

Oþe for Oþer, 861, 1986, 2970.

[Oþer], conj. S. either, or, 94, 674, 787, &c. See [Ayther].

Oþer, adj. S. [alter] the other of two, second, 879. þe oþer day, 1755, the following day.

Day hit is igon & oþer,

Wiþute sail & roþer.

K. Horn, ed. Lumby, 187.

So also R. Br. p. 169, and Wynt.

Oþer, adj. S. [alius] other, 2490. Oþre, pl. others, 1784, 2413, 2416.

Ouer-fare, v. S. to pass over, cease, 2063. See [Fare].

[Ouer-go], v. S. to be disregarded, 2220.

Ouer-gange, v. S. to get the superiority over, 2587.

Ouer-þwert, adv. S. across, 2822. Ouerthuert, R. Br. p. 241. Overtwert, Ly Beaus Desc. 1017. Overthwarte, Syr Eglamore, B. iii. Chauc. C. T. 1993.

Oune, adj. S. own, 375, 2428.

Oure, n. bank, shore, 321. G. ufer. A.S. ófer. Cf. “to þan castle of Deoure on þere sæ oure.” Laȝamon, l. 31117.

Outh, n. S. [awiht] any space of time, aught, 1189; cf. l. 1789; anything, 703. [Outh douthe = was worth anything, was of any value.]

Palefrey, n. Fr. saddle-horse, 2060. See Gl. on Chauc. in v. Pegge’s Anec. Engl. Lang. p. 289.

Pappes, n. pl. Lat. breasts, 2132.

Parred, part. pa. confined, fastened in, barred in, 2439. We have met with this word only in one instance, where Ritson leaves it unexplained.

Yn al this [tyme] was sir Ywayn

Ful straitly parred with mekil payn.

Yw. and Gaw. 3227.

[It is undoubtedly equivalent to O.E. sperre, or spere. Halliwell, s.v. Parred, quotes “ȝe are parred in . . . ȝe are so spered in.” So, too, the Ital. sbarra is the Fr. barre. Cf. A.S. sparran, O.N. sperra, Sc. spar. Hence the derivation of park, O.E. parrock, an enclosure.]

Pastees, n. pl. Fr. pasties, patés, 644.

Ther beth bowris and halles,

Al of pasteiis beth the walles.

Land of Cokaygne, MS. Harl. 913, f. 5.

Pateyn, n. Lat. the Plate used in the service of the Mass, 187.

Paþe, n. S. path, road, 2381, 2390. Paþes, pl. 268.

Patriark, n. Lat. patriarch, 428.

Payed, part. pa. Fr. satisfied, content, 184. Rits. M. R., Web., R. Gl., R. Br. Apaied, Chauc.

Pelle, v. drive forth (intr.), hurry forth, 810. Deriv. uncertain, unless it be connected with Lat. pello, Eng. impel. Cf. Eng. pelt.

Peni, n. S. penny, 705, 2147. Penies, pl. 776, 1172.

Per, n. Fr. peer, equal, 989, 2241, 2792.

Pike, v. to pitch (used passively), 707. Teut. pecken, Lat. picare. The verb in Saxon is not extant, but only the n. pic.

Pine, n. S. pain, grief, 405, 540, 1374. Sir Tr. p. 12. V. Jam.

Pine, v. S. to grieve, 1958.

Plat. See [Plette].

Plattinde, part. pr. tramping along, moving noisily or hurriedly, 2282. From the beating noise of the feet, like Sc. platch (q.v. in Jam.). See [Plette].

Plawe, v. S. to play, 950. Pleye, 951.

Playces, n. pl. plaice, 896.

Pleinte, n. Fr. complaint, 134. Pleynte, 2961.

[Plette], v. S. [plæettian] to strike, 2444. Plat, pa. t. struck, 2755. Plette, 2626; pl. plette, hurried, moved noisily, 2613. [Cf. Plattinde, and note the double use of Sc. skelp, to beat, to hurry, and O.E. strike, to beat, to move along.]

Plith, n. S. [pliht] harm, 1370, 2002. Laȝam. l. 3897.

Poke, n. S. a bag, 555, 769. Pokes, pl. 780.

Poles, n. pl. S. pools, ponds of water, 2101.

Polk, n. S. pool, puddle, 2685. Pow, Sir Tr. p. 171. Pulk, Somersetsh.

Pouere, Poure, adj. Fr. poor, 58, 101, 2457, &c.

Pourelike, adv. poorly, 323.

Prangled, part. pa. compressed, 639. Cf. Du. prangen, to pinch; Dan. prange Seil, to crowd sail.

Preie, pr. t. S. pray, 1440. Prey, imp. pray (thou), 1343. Preide, pa. t. prayed, 209.

Prest, n. S. priest, 429, 1829. Prestes, pl. 2583.

Priken, v. S. to spur a horse, ride briskly, 2639.

Prud, adj. S. proud, 302.

Pulten, pa. t. pl. so reads the MS. l. 1023, instead of putten. Both have the same signification. So in the Romance of Rob. of Cecyle, Harl. MS. 1701, f. 94, c. 1, pulte occurs for put, placed, and pylt in R. Cœur de L. 4085; pelte, Sir Tr. p. 95. In the imp. Pult for put, place, is used in Hending the Hende, MS. Digb. 86. In the signification of drove forward, which is nearer to the sense we require, we find pylte in K. Horn, 1433, and R. Glouc. Hence the Engl. word pelt. See Putten. Cf. Pult in Gl. to Will. of Palerne.

Pund, n. pl. S. pounds, 1633.

Put, n. cast, throw, 1055. But, 1040.

Putten, v. to cast, throw, propel forward, 1033, 1044. Puten, 1051. Putte, pa. t. cast, 1052. Putten, pa. t. pl. cast, threw, 1023, 1031, 1844. From the Fr. bouter, Teut. buitten, or Belg. botten, to drive or propel forward, or, as others suggest, from the Br. pwtiaw, which has the same meaning, or Isl. potta. From the same root are derived both Put and But. Thus to butt in Sc. is to drive at a stone in curling, and to put in Yorksh. is to push with the horns. In the passage before us it is applied to a particular game, formerly in great repute. See [Note on l. 1022]. Cf. Ramsay’s Poems, ii. 106. The word is still retained in the North, and Sc. V. Jam. and Brockett. See But and Pulten.

Putting, Puttinge, n. casting, 1042, 1057, 2324.

Pyment, n. B.L. spiced wine, 1728. See [Note on l. 1726].

[Qual], n. S. [hwæl] whale or grampus, 753. See [Hwel].

[Quan], Quanne, adv. S. when, 134, 204, 240, &c. See [Hwan].

[Quath], pa. t. S. quoth, 606, 642, &c. Hwat, 1650, 1878. Wat, 595. Quod, 1888. Quodh, 1801. Quot, 1954, 2808. Couth, 2606.

Queme, adj. S. agreeable, 130, 393. Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. Br., R. Glouc., Gower, Chauc.

Quen, n. S. queen, 2760, 2783, &c. Quenes, pl. 2982.

[Qui]. See [Hwi].

Quic, Quik, adj. S. alive, 612, 613, 1405, 2210, 2476, &c., quik and ded. This is the usual language of the Inquisitiones post mortem, which commence at the early part of Henry III. reign. For the usage of the term, see Gl. to Sir Tr. p. 98. Yw. and Gaw. 668. Chron. of Engl. 762, &c. The word is preserved in the vulgar version of the Scriptures, and Creed. Quike, quick, alert, 1348. Al quic wede, 2641. Cf. l. 2387.

Quiste, n. S. [cwide] bequest, will, 219, 365. Quede, K. Alisaund. 8020.

Quod, Quodh, Quot. See [Quath].

Radde. See [Rede].

Ran. See [Renne].

Rang, adj. S. [ranc] perverse, rebellious, 2561.

Rath, n. S. counsel; hence, an adviser, 75. Dat. c. rathe, in the phrase to rathe, 2542; for the meaning of which, see [Red].

Raþe, adv. S. speedily, readily, quickly, 358, &c. (In l. 1335, I prefer considering it as a verb.)

[Rathe], v. S. [rædan] to advise, 1335. A provincial pronunciation of Rede. In l. 2817, it is still broader, “Yif ye it wilen and ek rothe.” In the same manner Rode is spelt, and was undoubtedly pronounced Rothe, Ly Beaus Desc. 425, and Abode is spelt Abothe, ib. 1118. Cf. ll. 693, 1681, 2585, of the present poem, in all which instances the d in rede has the sound of th.

Recke, pr. t. subj. S. may reck, may care, 2047, 2511. Sir Tr. p. 124, &c.

[Red], n. S. advice, counsel, 180, 518, 826, 1194, 2871, &c. To rede, lit. for a counsel, i.e. advisable, 118, 693; spelt to rathe, 2542.

[Rede], v. S. to direct, advise, 104, 148, 361, 687, &c. Radde, pa. t. advised, 1353. V. Jam. in v. and Hearne’s Gl. to R. Glouc.

Reft, Refte, Reftes. See [Reue].

Regne, pr. t. pl. Fr. Lat. reign, assume the superiority, 2586. Reng, Ring, Sc. V. Jam. in v.

[Renne], v. S. to run, 1161, 1904. Ran on blode, pa. t. 432. So in Sir Tr. p. 176, His heued ran on blod; and in MS. Harl. 2253, f. 128,

Lutel wot hit any mon hou loue hym haueth y-bounden,

That for vs o the rode ron, ant bohte vs with is wounde.

[Reue], n. S. magistrate, 1627. See [Greyue].

Reue, Reuen, v. S. [reafian] to take away, bereave, rob, 480, 2590, 2991. Refte, pa. t. took away, bereaved, 2223, 2485. Reftes, pa. t. 2 p. tookest away, 2394. Reft, part. pa. taken away, bereaved, 1367, 1672, 2483; spoiled, 2004. Still used in the North.

Reures, n. pl. S. robbers, bereavers, 2104.

Alle bacbiteres wendet to helle,

Robberes & reueres & the monquelle.

A lutel sermun, MS. Cal. A. ix. f. 246, b.

V. Jam. in v. Reyffar.

Reunesse, Rewnesse, n. S. compassion, 502, 2227.

Rewe, v. S. to have pity, to compassionate, 497, 967. Rewede, pa. t. (impersonal) 503.

Richelike, adv. S. richly, 421.

Ricth, Ricthe. See [Rith], [Rithe].

Ricthwise, adj. S. [rihtwis] righteous, just, 37. Rits., Web. M. R., Rob. Br., Minot, Lynds., R. Hood. [MS. has rirth wise.]

Riden, v. S. to ride, 10, &c.

Rig, n. S. back, 1775. So in Laȝam. l. 6718. Burne he warp on rigge.

Rike, n. S. kingdom, 290. Heuene riche, 133, 407. See [Cunnriche].

[Rim], Rym, n. S. Fr. rhyme, poem, 21, 2995, 2998. So Chauc. Rime of Sire Thopas. [The modern false spelling rhyme is due to confusion of Eng. rime with the Gk. rhythm.]

[Ringen], v. S. to ring, 242, 1106. Ringes, pr. t. sing. ring, 390. Rungen, part. pa. rung, 1132.

Ringes, n. pl. S. rings of mail, 2740. See [Brini].

Rippe, n. fish-basket, 893. Hence a Rippar, B. Lat. riparius, is a person who brings fish from the coast to sell in the interior. V. Spelm. in v. Nares prefers the etymology of ripa, but without reason. Rip is still provincial for an osier basket. See Jam. and Moore. So also in a curious Latin and English Vocabulary, written out by Sire John Mendames, Parson of Bromenstrope [Broomsthorp, Co. Norf.] in the middle of the 15th cent., and now preserved in the valuable MSS. library of T. W. Coke, Esq. Cophinus is explained A beryng lepe, or ryppe, terms still retained in the county. Jam. gives Icel. hrip, a basket.

Rith, Ricth, n. S. right, justice, inheritance, 36, 395, 1099, 1383, 2717.

[Rith], adj. S. right (dexter), 604, 1812, 2140, 2545, 2725.

[Rithe], Ricthe, adj. S. right (rectus), 772, 846, 1201, 2235, 2473.

Rith, Rithe, adv. S. rightly, 420, 1701, 2611, &c.; exactly, just, 872, 2494, 2506.

Ritte, v. to rip, make an incision, 2495.

The breche adoun he threst,

He ritt, and gan to right.

Sir Tristr. p. 33.

[Cf. Sw. rista, Dan. riste, to slash, cut; G. ritzen. Perhaps connected also with Du. rijten, G. reissen, to tear.]

Robben, v. S. to rob, 1958.

Rode, n. S. the rood, cross, 103, 431, 1357, &c. V. Todd’s Gl. Illustr. Chauc.

Rof, n. S. roof, 2082.

Rome, v. S. to roam, travel about, 64.

Rore, v. S. to roar, 2496, &c. Rorede, pa. t. roared, 2438.

Roser, n. Fr. rose-bush, 2919. Chauc., Pers. Tale, De luxuria.

Rothe. See [Rathe].

Rowte, v. S. [hrutan] to roar, 1911. R. Cœur de L. 4304. V. Gl. Lynds. and Jam. in v. Cf. Icel. hrjota, Sw. ryte. The word is still retained in the provinces. V. Brockett and Wilbr.

Runci, n. B. Lat. a horse of burden, 2569. V. Du Cange and Spelm. The word is common both in Fr. and Engl. writers. Cf. Span. Rozin-ante.

Rungen. See [Ringen].

Rym. See [Rim].

Sal for Shall, 628.

Same for Shame, 1941. V. Jam.

Samen, adv. S. together, 467, 979, 1717, &c. Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. Br. So also in Sc. V. Jam.

Samened, part. pa. S. assembled, united, 2890. Web., R. Br. p. 2.

Sare, adv. S. sore, sorrowfully, 401.

[Sat], pa. t. S. opposed, 2567. See [Atsitte]. In Sc. is Sit, Sist, to stop, from Lat. sistere. V. Jam.

Sautres, n. pl. Fr. Lat. Psalters, Hymns for the Office of the Dead, 244.

Sawe, written for sa we, i.e. say we, 338.

Sawe, Sawen, Say. See [Se].

[Sayse], v. B. Lat. to seise, give seisin or livery of land, 251, 2518. Seysed, pa. t. seised, 2931, part. pa. 2513. Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 309.

Scabbed, Skabbed, adj. S. Lat. scabby, scurvy, 2449, 2505.

Scaþe, n. S. harm, injury, 1352. Scaþes, pl. 269. R. Br., V. Gl. Skaith, Sc. V. Jam.

[Sche], Scho, Sho, pron. S. she, 112, 126, 649, 1721, &c.

Schifte for Shrift, absolution, 1829.

Schoten, Shoten, pa. t. pl. S. shot, cast, 1838, 1864. Scuten, 2431.

[Shoten, in l. 1838, means rushed, darted, flew.]

Schulle, n. a plaice, 759. Sw. skolla, a plaice. See Coleridge’s Glossarial Index.

Se (the S. art.) the, but perhaps a mistake of the scribe, l. 534, as it is not elsewhere used.

[Se], n. S. sea, 535, &c.; gen. seis, 321.

Se, Sen, v. S. to see, 1021, 1273, &c. Sest, pr. t. 2 p. seest, 534. Sen, pr. t. pl. see, 168, 1217. Sawe, Sowe, pa. t. saw, 1182, 1323. Say, 881. Sawen, Sowen, pa. t. pl. 957, 1055, 2255. Sene, part. pa. 656.

Seckes, n. pl. S. sacks, 2019.

Segges, n. pl. Fr. [seches] 896. In Cotgr. the Seche is explained the Sound, or Cuttle fish. The Seches de Coutance were held in the highest estimation. V. Le Grand. See also Jam. v. Sye.

Sei, v. See [Seyen].

Seis. See [Se].

Seken, v. S. to seek, 1629. The reading is confirmed by an old poem in MS. Digb. 86.

Sire, we ben knizttes fer i-fare,

For to sechen wide-ware.

La vie seint Eustace, qui out noun Placidas.

Selcouth, n. S. wonder, strange thing, 124, 1059. Selcuth, 2119. It was in all probability originally an adj. as Selkuth. Strange, wonderful, 1284.

Sele, n. S. seal, 755.

Seli, adj. S. simple, harmless, 477, 499. R. Gl., Chauc.

Selthe, n. S. success, 1338. A.S. sélð. [Cf. selehðe in Laȝam. l. 25136, and see selehðe in Stratmann’s Dictionary of Old English. The line seems to be a proverb, and the meaning is— “Rest and success are companions.” Goldborough tells him to avoid delay, since rest may accompany success, but cannot precede it.]

Sembling, n. Fr. assembling, 1018. It may also be compared with the Su.-G. samlung, conventus.

Semes, pr. t. in the phrase, hire semes = it beseems her, it becomes her, 2916. Semede, pa. t. was suitable, was fit, 976. See Seem in Wedgwood.

Sen, Sene. See [Se].

Sendes, pr. t. sendeth, sends, 2392. Sende, pa. t. sent, 136, &c.

Serf-borw, n. S. surety, pledge, 1667. In MS. Soc. Antiq. No. 60, known by the name of The Black Book of Peterborough, is an instrument in which many names both of Saxon and Danish origin appear as the Borhhanda, or Sureties, otherwise called Festermen. See Jam. and the Glossaries, for further examples.

Serganz, n. pl. Fr. attendants, officers, 2088, 2091, 2116. Sergaunz, 1929, 2361, 2371. Seriaunz, 2066. V. Spelm. in v. Servientes, and Hickes, Thes. T. i. p. 148.

Serges. See [Cerges].

Serk, n. S. shirt, 603. Emare, 501. R. Br.

Seruen, v. S. to serve, 1230.

Seruede, pa. t. S. deserved, 1914. Web. M. R. So in Sc. V. Jam.

Sest. See [Se].

Sette, v. S. to set, descend, 2671.

Sette, pa. t. S. set, placed, 2405; appointed, 2571. Setten, pa. t. pl. set, 1211. Sette, part. pa. set, placed, 2612.

[Seyen], v. S. to say, 2886. Seyst, pr. t. 2 p. sayest, 2008. Seyde, pa. t. 3 p. said, 117, &c. Seyden, pa. t. pl. said, 376, 1213. Seyden, have said, 456. Sey, part. pa. said, 2993.

Seysed. See [Sayse].

Seyst. See [Seyen].

Seyt, pr. t. s. put for sey it, i.e. say it; or else put for seyth, i.e. say, 647. So in Sir Tr. p. 117,

For mani men seyt ay whare.

Shaltou, shalt thou, 1800. Shaltow, 1322. Shaltu, 2180, 2186, 2882, 2901.

Shamelike, adv. S. shamefully, disgracefully, 2825. Schamliche, Sir Tr. p. 93.

Shankes, n. pl. S. legs, 1903. Sconke, Laȝam. l. 15215. See Rits. A. S. p. 16, and Diss. p. xxxi. Schankis, Sc. V. Jam.

Shar, pa. t. S. share, cut, 1413. So in Am. and Amil. 2298, Her throtes he schar atvo.

[Shauwe], Shawe, v. S. to shew, 2206, 2784. Sheu, 1401.

Shel, Sheld, n. S. shield, 489, 624, 1653, &c.

Shende, v. S. to ruin, destroy, 1422. Bevis of H. ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 99. Chauc. Shent, pa. t. shamed, disgraced, 2749; part. pa. shend, 2845. The more common sense of this verb is the latter. V. Jam.

Shere. Clearly miswritten for she were, 1250.

Sheu. See [Shauwe].

Shides, n. pl. S. It here expresses pieces of wood cleft at the end, 917. In Doug. Virg. Schide signifies a billet of wood, 223, 10; or a chip, splinter, 207, 8. So in Rauf Coilzear, st. 39, Schaftes of schene wode they scheueride in schides. So also in P. Pl. The word is preserved in Lanc. This custom of skinning eels by inserting the head in a cleft stick, is still practised, we are informed, in the fish markets.

Shir, adj. S. bright, 588, 916, 1253, &c.

Shireue, n. S. sheriff, 2286. Shireues, pl. 266.

Sho, pron. See [Sche].

Sho, v. S. to shoe, 1138.

Shof, pa. t. S. shoved, pushed, 871, 892.

[Shol], 1 p. s. (if I) shall, 1782. Sal, I shall, 628. Shole, pl. shall, 562, 645, 1788. Shul, 328. Sholen, 621, 1127, 1230, &c. Shulen, 731, 747, &c. Shoren (so in MS.), 1640. Sule, shall ye, will ye, 2419. Shude, I should, 1079. Sholdest, shouldst, 2712. Sholden, pl. 1020, 1195. Shulden, 941.

[Sholdre], n. S. shoulder, 2738. Shuldre, 604, 1262. Shudre-blade, 2644. Sholdres, pl. shoulders, 1647, 1818. Shuldren, 982.

Shon, n. pl. S. shoes, 860, 969.

Shop, qu. Shok, shook, struck, destroyed, 1101. But Sewel gives Du. schoppen, to strike. Cf. Eng. chop.

Shotshipe, n. S. [scot, symbolum, scipe, societas] An assembly of persons who pay pecuniary contribution or reckoning, 2099.

For al Sikelines quiden

Sotscipe heo heolden,

And swa longe swa beoð æuere,

Ne scal hit stonde næuere.

Laȝam. l. 23177.

Cf. sotschipes, pl. in Leg. of St. Kath. MS. Cott. Tit. D 18, fol. 144 b. See Nares, v. Shot-clog.

Shrede, n. S. a fragment, piece cut off, 99. [As it was given off the “board,” to “feed the poor,” it must mean a piece of bread or meat. Correct “shrede = clothing” in Coleridge’s Glossarial Index.]

Shres, n. S. shears, 857.

Shride, v. S. to clothe (himself), 963. Shrid, part. pa. clothed, 978.

Shriue, Shriuen, v. S. to confess, make confession, 362, 2598. Shriue, Shriuen, part. pa. 364, 2489.

Shrud, n. S. clothing, 303.

Shude, Shul, Shulen. See [Shol].

Shuldre, Shuldren. See [Sholdre].

Shuldreden, pa. t. pl. S. shouldered, 1056.

Sibbe, adj. S. related, allied, 2277. Sir Tr. p. 44. See [Fremde].

Siden, n. pl. S. sides, 371.

Sike, v. S. to sigh, 291.

Siking, n. S. sighing, 234.

Sikerlike, adv. S. surely, 422, 625, 2301, 2707, 2871. Sikerly, Sir Tr. p. 35, &c.

Sikernesse, n. S. surety, security, 2856. R. Glouc., R. Br., Chauc.

Simenels, n. pl. Fr. 779, a finer sort of bread, “q. a simila h. e. puriori farinæ parte.” Spelm. Assis. pan. 51 Hen. III. Symnellus vero de quadrante ponderabit 2 sol. minus quam Wastellum. It elsewhere appears to be a sort of cake, or cracknel. So in the Crieries de Paris, v. 163, Chaudes tartes et siminiaus. V. Nares in v.

Sinne, n. S. fault, 1976. Ne for loue ne for sinne, 2375. Wolde he nouth for sinne lette, 2627. Traces of this phrase may be elsewhere found:

Neyther for love nor yet for awe

Lyuinge man none than they saw.

Sir Degore, c. iv.

Maboun and Lybeauus

Faste togedere hewes,

And stente for no synne.

Ly Beaus Desc. 1957.

[Sire], Syre, n. Fr. The term in ll. 310, 1229, is used not only to express respect, but command. A parallel passage is in R. Cœur de L. 2247. It simply means Sir, ll. 909, 2009.

Site, v. S. to sit, 2809. Sittes, pr. t. 2 p. sittest, 1316. Sitten, pr. t. pl. sit, 2098. Site on knes, i.e. kneel, 2708.

Siþe, Siþen, adv. S. then, afterwards, after, 399, 472, 1414, 1814, 1988, &c.

[Siþe], n. S. time, 1052. Siþe, Siþes, pl. 213, 778, 1737, 2189. Syþe, Syþes, 2162, 2843. Sir Tr. p. 55, &c.

Sket, adv. quickly, soon, 1926, 1960, 2303, 2493, 2513, 2574, 2736, 2839. Sir Tr. pp. 36, 40, &c.; Ly Beaus Desc. 484; K. Alisaund. 3047; R. Cœur de L. 806; Rom. of Merlin, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. i. p. 228. [Icel. skjótt, quickly, from skjótr, quick, swift. The adj. is still preserved in the surname Skeat or Skeet.]

Skirming, n. Fr. skirmishing, 2323. Web. M. R. See [Note on l. 2320].

Slawe, Slawen. See [Slo].

Slenge, v. S. to sling, cast out, 2435. Slenget, part. pa. slung, 1923.

Slepes, pr. t. 2 p. sleepest, 1283.

Sleie, Sley, adj. skilful, expert, 1084, 2116. Sir Tr. pp. 23, 28; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 296; Emare, 67; R. Glouc. p. 350; Barb. xix. 179; Doug. 137, 12. Jamieson derives it from Su.-G. slug, Isl. slægr. Cf. Sw. slug.

Slike, adv. or perhaps adj. smoothly, or smooth, 1157. “Slyke, or smothe. Lenis.” Prompt. Parv.

[Slo], n. S. sloe, berry, 849, 2051.

Slo, v. S. to slay, 512, 1364, 1412, &c. Slou, 2543. Slos, pr. t. 2 p. slayest, 2706. Slos, imp. pl. strike ye, 2596. Slou, Slow, pa. t. slew, 501; struck, 2633. Slowe, Slowen, pa. t. pl. slew, 2414, 2427, 2432; struck, fought, 2683. Slawe, Slawen, part. pa. slain, 1803, 1928, 2000, &c. In l. 2747 (as in 2596, 2633, 2683) it has only the sense of struck, wounded, agreeably to the signification of the original word, sleán, sleáhan, Cædere, ferire.

Smerte, adj. pl. S. painful, 2055.

Smerte, v. S. to smart, 2647.

Smot, pa. t. S. smote, 2654.

So, a large tub, 933. See So in Halliwell. Dan. saa, a pail.

So, conj. S. as, 279, 349, et pass.

Softe, adj. S. of a mild disposition, 991.

Softe, adv. S. gently, 2618.

[Somdel], adj. S. somewhat, in some measure, 240. Sumdel, 450, 497, 1054, 2306, 2950. Web., R. Gl., Chauc.

Sond, n. S. sand, 708, 735.

Sone, n. S. son, 660, 839. Sones, pl. 2980.

Sone, adv. S. soon, 78, &c.; so soon as, 1354.

Sor, n. S. sorrow, 234. Sorwe, 1374; pain, sore, 1988.

Sor, adj. S. sore, detestable, 2229. [Perhaps it should be sori.]

Sorful, adj. S. sorrowful, 151, 2541.

Sori, adj. S. sorrowful, 151, 477.

Soth, Sothe, n. S. truth, 36, 647, 2008, &c.

Soþlike, adv. S. truly, 276.

Soupe, v. Fr. to sup, 1766.

Southe, pa. t. S. sought, 1085.

Sowe, Sowen. See [Se].

Sowel, n. victuals, 767, 1143, 2905. Properly, anything eaten with bread as a relish. See Sool in Halliwell. Dan. suul.

Span-newe, adj. quite new, 968. This is the earliest instance on record of the use of this word. For its disputed etymology see Jam., Nares, Todd’s Johns., and Thoms. Etymons; but especially Wedgwood’s Etym. Dict. Span = chip; Span-new, chip-new. A.S. spón. It occurs in Chauc. Troil. iii. 1671.

Sparkede, pa. t. S. sparkled, 2144.

Spede, v. S. to speed, prosper, 1634.

Speke, n. S. speech, 946.

Speke, Speken, v. S. to speak, 326, 369, 548, 1070, &c. Spak, pa. t. spoke, 2389, 2968. Speken, part. pa. spoken, 2369.

Spelle, n. S. story, relation, 338. K. Horn, 951.

Spelle, v. S. to relate, tell forth, 15, 2530.

Spen for Spent, 1819.

Sperd, Sperde, part. pa. S. barred, bolted, 414, 448. Still common in the North. V. Brockett.

Spille, v. S. to perish, 2422. Of limes spille, 86, suffer the loss of limbs. K. Horn, 202. Web., Chauc.

Spired, part. pa. S. speered, inquired, 2620. V. Jam. in v.

Spore, n. S. spur, 2569.

Sprauleden, pa. t. pl. S. sprawled, 475.

Sprong, pa. t. S. sprung, 959. See the Note. Sprongen, 869. Sprungen, part. pa. risen, 1131.

Sprote, n. S. sprout, 1142. A.S. sprote, a sprig, sprout.

Spuse, Spusen, v. S. to espouse, marry, 1123, 1170, 2875. Spusede, pa. t. pl. espoused, 2887. Spused, part. pa. 1175, 2928. Spuset, 1266.

Spusing, n. S. espousals, marriage, 1164, 1177, 2886.

Stac, n. S. 814. [This I believe to mean simply a stack, or heap, like the Dan. stak, Sw. stack. I add Sir F. Madden’s note in the edition of 1828.] A stack, or, more properly, stick of fish, a term applied to eels when strung on a row, ‘sic dicta, quod trajecta vimine (quod stic dicimus) connectebantur.’ Spelm. A stica consisted of 25 eels, and 10 Sticæ made a Binde. Glanv. lib. 2, c. 9.

Stalworþi, Stalworþe, Stalwrthe, adj. S. strong, valiant, courageous, 24, 904, 1027, &c. Stalworþeste, sup. 25.

Stan-ded, adj. S. dead as a stone, completely dead, 1815. Stille als a ston, 928. Cf. K. of Tars, 549; Erle of Tol. 754; Launfal, 357. See Gl. to Partenay.

Star, n. Icel. a species of sedge, 939. Icel. stör; Sw. starr; Dan. stær. See the Note.

[Stareden], pt. t. pl. 1037. Probably miswritten for Stradden, contended. Cf. Su.-Goth. and Sw. strida, to contend.

Starinde, part. pr. staring, 508.

Stark, adj. S. stiff, stout, strong, 341, 380, 608, &c. V. Jam. in v.

Stede, n. S. steed, horse, 10, &c.

Stede, n. S. place, 142, 744. Stedes, pl. 1846.

[Stem], n. S. a ray of light, beam, 591. It is equivalent to Glem, l. 2122.

Therewith he blinded them so close,

A stime they could not see.

R. Hood, I. 112.

Cf. Brockett’s Gl. in v. Stime.

Sternes, n. pl. stars, 1809. Ageyn þe sternes = exposed to the sky, or to the open air.

Stert, n. S. leap, 1873. Chaucer has at a stert for immediately, C. T. 1707.

Stert, n. S. [steort, cauda] tail, 2323. Start is still retained in the North.

Steuene, n. S. voice, 1275.

Sti, n. S. road, way, 2618. Sir Tr. p. 192; Yw. and Gaw. 599; Emare, 196; Sevyn Sages, 712; R. Br. Chaucer uses stile in the same sense, C. T. 12628, and Minot, p. 5, in both which passages the respective Editors have made the same mistake in explaining it. [Cf. G. steg, a pass.]

Stille, adj. S. quiet, 955, 2309.

Stille, adv. S. in a low voice, secretly, 2997. Sir Tr. p. 55; K. Horn, 315.

[Stirt], Stirte, pa. t. S. started, leaped, 398, 566, 873, 1049, &c. Stirte, Stirten, pa. t. pl. started, hurried, 599, 1964, 2609. Derived by Skinner from S. astirian, movere, by Jam. from Teut. steerten, volare. See [Astirte]. Cf. G. stürzen; and see Start in Wedgwood.

Stith, n. S. anvil, 1877. Chauc. Still provincial. V. Moore, and Brockett.

Stiward, n. S. steward, 666.

[Stonden], n. S. to stand, 689. Stondes, pr. t. 3 p. standeth, stands, 2240, 2983. Stod, pa. t. stood, 591, 679. Stoden, pa. t. pl. 1037.

Stor, adj. S. hardy, stout, 2383. Laȝam. l. 9126; Yw. and Gaw. 1297; Chron. of Engl. 464; Sq. of Lowe D. 658; Ly Beaus Desc. 1766. Steir, Sture, Sc. ap. Jam. Cf. Sw. stor.

[Stra], n. S. straw, 315, 466. A.S. streow, streaw. Cf. [Strie].

Strenes, pr. t. 3 p. S. begets, 2983. From streónan, gignere. Cf. K. Alisaund. 7057.

[Strie], n. a straw, 998. See [Stra].

Strout, n. dispute, contention, 1039. Cf. A.S. strúdan, and Strother in Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary.

Stroute, v. S. to make a disturbance, 1779. Bosworth explains A.S. strúdan, strútian, as having originally the sense to bustle about.

[Stunde], n. S. short space of time, 2614. V. Gl. to R. Glouc. See [Vmbestonde].

Sturgiun, Sturgun, n. sturgeon, 753, 1727. Cf. Sw. stör, Dan. stör.

Suere, Suereth. See [Sweren].

Suete, adj. S. sweet, 1388. Cf. l. 2927.

Sueyn, Sweyn, n. S. swain, villain, 343, 1328, &c. Sweynes, pl. 371, 2195. It is generally used in opposition to knight.

Svich, adj. S. such, 60.

Suilk, adj. such (things), 644. See [Swilk].

Sule. See [Shol].

Sumdel. See [Somdel].

[Sunne-bem], n. S. sun-beam, 592, 2123.

Swerd, n. S. sword, 1759, &c. Swerdes, pl. 1769, 2659.

[Sweren], v. S. to swear, 494. Suereth, pr. t. s. swear, 647. Swor, pa. t. swore, 398, 2367. Suere, pr. subj. 2 p. s. 388.

Swike, n. S. deceiver, traitor, 423, 551, 626, 1158, 2401, 2451, &c. Swikes, pl. 2834, 2990. Laȝam. l. 12942; R. Gl. p. 105.

Swikel, adj. S. deceitful, 1108.

For alle þine witien

Beoð swiðe swikele.

Laȝam. l. 15848.

Hoe beth of swikele kunne

Ther mide the witherwinne.

The sawe of Seint Bede, MS. Digb. 86.

He was suikel, fals, ant fel.

Chron. of Engl. 791.

Swilen, v. S. [swilian, Ps. vi. 6] to wash, 919. It occurs also in Rob. of Brunne’s Handling Sinne, l. 5828. Still provincial.

[Swilk], adj. S. such, 1118, 1625, 2123, 2684, 2783. Suilk, 644.

[Swinge], v. S. to beat, chastise (used passively), 214. Swngen, part. pa. beaten, 226. Laȝam. l. 21070. So in Syr Bevys, C. ii. All at ones on him they swonge. In the North the verb retains the same meaning; v. Brockett.

Swink, n. S. labour, 770, 801, 2456.

Swinken, v. S. to labour, 798. Swank, pa. t. laboured, 788.

Swire, n. S. neck, 311. Formerly in universal use, and still preserved in the provinces.

Swiþe, Swyþe, adv. S. very, exceedingly, 110, 217, 341. Quickly, 140, 682, 690; ful swithe, 2436, appears a pleonasm. Swithe forth and rathe, quickly forth, and soon, 2594.

Swot, n. S. sweat, perspiration, 2662. The word has the same meaning in Cædmon, f. 24, ed. Thorpe, p. 31, l. 8, which seems to contradict Mr Price’s assertion to the contrary, in Warton’s Hist. Engl. Poetr. p. lxxi., ed. 1840.

Swngen. See [Swinge].

Syre. See [Sire].

Syþe, Syþes. See [Siþe].

Syþe, n. S. scythe, 2553, 2699.

Tabour, n. Fr. tabor, 2329.

Tale, n. S. number, 2026.

Taleuaces, n. pl. Fr. large shields, 2323. See the Note on l. 2320.

Tarst (so in MS.), 2688; almost certainly an error for faste, which appears in the next line. Also, the movements of Godard are compared to the course of lightning.

Tauhte, pt. s. committed, 2214, probably an error for bitauhte. See [Bitaken].

Tel, n. S. deceit, reproach, 191, 2219. A.S. tálu.

[Telle], v. S. to count, number, 2615. Told, part. pa. numbered, esteemed, 1036.

Tene, n. S. grief, affliction, 729.

Tere, v. S. to tar (used passively), 707.

Teth, n. pl. S. teeth, 2406.

[Teyte], adj. S. 1841, 2331. [Explained “lively” by Coleridge, Stratmann, and Morris, as if from Icel. teitr, hilaris. This I believe to be completely wrong. The word occurs in Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, B. 871, with reference to tight lasses, and in l. 1841 of Havelok we have a reference to tight lads. In l. 2331 it may also mean flawless, staunch. “Theet, adj. water-tight. O.N. þiettr or þéttr, densus, solidus. O.Sw. thæter, Sw. Dial, tjett or tjætt, Dan. tætt, Germ. dicht. Ihre gives . . . . ett tätt fat, a flawless vessel. ‘Thyht, hool fro brekynge, not brokyn. Integer, solidus. Prompt. Parv.’” Atkinson’s Glossary of the Cleveland dialect.]

[Teyte may mean lively. My explanation is not generally accepted.] See [Endnote].

Þa, written for þat, 175.

Þan, Þanne, adv. S. then, 51, 1044, &c.; when, 226, 248, et sæpius; than if (quàm), 944, 1867.

Þar, adv. where (?) 130. See the Note; and cf. [Þer].

Þare, adv. S. there, 2481, 2739. Cf. þer, þore.

[Þarne], v. to lose, be deprived of, 2492, 2835. Þarnes, pr. t. wants, is deprived of, 1913. Þarned the ded, 1687; [clearly miswritten for þoled þe ded, suffered death. The scribe was thinking of þarned þe lif; cf. l. 2492.] The verb only exists in the Sax. in the pt. t. þærnode, Chron. Sax. p. 222, ed. Gibs., which is derived by Lye from the Cimbr. At thuerna, or thorna, diminui, privari. V. Hickes Thes. I. p. 152. [I.e. it is from the root of the Sw. tarfva, Icel. thurfa, Goth. thaurban, with the f dropped, and with the addition of the passive or neuter infinitive-ending denoted by -ne, like -na in Sw., -nan in Mœso-Gothic. See þarrnenn in Gl. to Ormulum.]

Þas, read Was, 1129. [As þ at the beginning of a word is never put for t, it is not = Sc. tas, takes, as some have suggested.]

Þaue, v. S. [þafian] to grant, 296; bear, sustain, 2696. Ormulum, 5457.

[Thayn], n. S. nobleman, 2184. Thein, 2466. Thaynes, pl. 2260. Theynes, 2194. See [Kayn].

[Þe], n. S. thigh, 1950. Þhe, 1984. Þes, pl. 1903. Þhes, 2289.

Þe, adv. S. (written for þer), there, 142, 476, 863, 933. Þe with, therewith, 639. See [Þer].

Þe, conj. S. though, 1682. Þei, 1966. Þey, 807, 992, 1165, 2501. See [Þou].

Þede, n. S. country, dwelling, 105; place, 2890. Web., Le Bone Flor. 246. R. Br. p. 18. V. Jam.

Þef, n. S. thief, 2434. Þeues, pl. 1780.

Þei, pron. S. they, 1020, 1195, &c.

Þei, Þey, conj. though. See [Þe].

Þenke, pr. subj. S. think, 2394. Þenkeste, pr. t. 2 p. thinkest thou, 578.

Þenne, adv. S. thence, 1185. [Perhaps in l. 777, we should put the comma after þenne; “when he came thence,” &c.]

[Þer], adv. S. where, 318, 448, &c.; there, passim; the place whence, 1740. Þerinne, therein, 535, &c. Þerhinne, 322. Þerof, Þeroffe, thereof, 372, 466, 1068, &c. Þerþoru, by that means, 1098. Þertil, Þerto, thereto, 396, 1041, 1045. Þerwit, Þerwith, therewith, 1031, 1046. See [Þe], [Þore].

Þere, pron. S. their, 1350.

Þerl for Þe erl, the earl, 178.

Þertekene, 2878. [Coleridge’s Glossarial Index has “Thertekene = mark thereto. A.S. tácnian.” But this is a very awkward phrase, and I should prefer to suppose þer-tekene = by the token, i.e. in token. Tekene answers to the Sw. tecken, a token; and þer is found as a prefix in P. Plowman in the phr. þer-while = þe while, i.e. in the time that. The only difficulty is that þer is properly feminine (A.S. þære), whilst tecken in Sw. and tácen in A.S. are neuter. In tokne (= in token) occurs in Shoreham’s poems, ed. Wright, 131.]

Þet, conj. S. that (quòd), 330.

Þet, pron. S. that, 879.

Þeþe, Þeþen, adv. S. thence, 2498, 2629.

Þeu, Þewe, n. S. in a servile condition or station, 262, 2205. R. Gl.

Þewes, n. pl. S. manners, 282. Laȝam., Rits. M. R., Web., P. Plowm., Chauc., Gl. Lynds., Percy, A. R.

Þi. See [Forþi].

Þi for Þy, thy, 2725.

Þider, adv. S. thither, 850, 1012, 1021, &c.

Þigge, v. S. [þicgan] to beg, 1373. This word is chiefly preserved in the Sc. writers. Wall. ii. 259; Doug. Virg. 182, 37; Evergreen, ii. 199; Bannatyne Poems, p. 120, V. Jam. in v., who derives it from Su.-G. tigga, Alem. thigen, petere. [See tigga in Ihre. “Thyggynge or beggynge, Mendicacio.” Prompt. Parv.]

Þis for þise, these, 1145.

Þisternesse, n. S. darkness, 2191.

Dalden from þan fihte

Al bi þustere nihte.

Laȝam. l. 7567; cf. Gen. and Ex., 58.

Thit, pp. 2990. [The rime shews that the i is long; and, whether the th is sounded like t, or (which is more likely) the word should have been written tiht or tith, we may be tolerably confident that it is equivalent to the O.E. tight or tiȝt, a pp. signifying intended, purposed, designed, which is the exact sense here required. Stratmann gives five instances of it, of which one is— “To brewe the Crystene mennys banys Hy hadden tyght;” Octovian, 1476.]

Þo, pron. S. those, 1918, 2044.

Þo, pron. thou. See [Þu].

Þo, adv. S. then, 930; when, 1047. Thow, 1669.

[Þore], adv. S. there, 741, 922, 1014, &c. Þortil, thereto, 1443. Þorwit, therewith, 100. See [Þe], [Þer].

[Þoru], adv. S. through, 627, 774, 848, &c. Þoruth, 1065, 2786. Þorw, 264, 367, 2646. Þuruth, 52.

Þoruthlike, adv. S. throughly, 680.

[Þou], conj. S. though, 124, 299, &c. Þo, 1020. See [Þe].

Þoucte, pa. t. S. thought, 504, 507, &c. Þouthte, 1073. Þowthe, 1869. Þouthe, 1166. Þat god thoucte, 256, that seemed good. Cf. Sir Tr. pp. 30, 36. And so in MS. Vernon, Bodl.

Riche metes was forth brouht

To all men that gode thouht.

Disp. betw. a Crystene mon and a Jew, f. 301.

[Or, if we read “þat god him þoucte,” this would mean “that seemed good to him;” cf. l. 197.]

Þouth, n. S. thought, 122, 1190.

Þral, n. S. slave, villain, 527, 684, 1097, 1158, 2564, 2589. In an opprobious sense, 1408. Sir Tr. p. 175.

Þrawe, n. S. space of time, moment, 276, 1215. Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. Br., Doug. Virg. Þrow, Chauc., Gower, &c.

Þredde, Þridde, adj. S. third, 867, 2633.

Þrette, pa. t. S. threatened, 1163.

Þrie, 730. [In the former edition it is glossed “trouble, affliction; apparently the same as Tray or Treye;” cf. A.S. tréga. But this renders the construction difficult, nor is it clear that treye and þrie can be identified. Without doubt, the usual meaning of þrie is thrice, which is easily construed, only it remains to be shewn why thrice should be introduced; unless perhaps it signifies in a threefold degree.]

Þrinne, num. S. three, 716, 761, 1977, 2091.

Þrist, Þristen, v. S. to thrust, 1152, 2019, 2725. Þrist, part. pa. thrust, 638.

[Þu], pron. S. thou, 527, &c. Þou, 527, &c. Þo, 388. Þw (read þat þw instead of þw that?), 1316. Tow, 1322. Tu, 2903. It is often joined to the verb which precedes, as Shaltow, Wiltu, &c. The gen. is þin, 1128; the acc. is þe, 529.

Þurte, pt. t. s. need, might, 10. [It answers to the A.S. þurfan, pt. t. ic þorfte, Icel. þurfa, pt. t. þurfti, Mœso-Goth. þaurban, pt. t. þaurfta. See Ormulum, l. 16164, and Sir F. Madden’s note to þort in Gl. to Will. of Palerne.]

Þuruth. See [Þoru].

[Þus] for Þis, 785, 2586. (In comp. þus-gate.)

Tid, n. S. time, hour, 2100.

[Til], prep. S. to, 141, 762, 864, &c. See [Intil], [Þertil].

Til, v. S. to tell, 1348.

Tilled, part. pa. S. obtained, acquired (lit. drawn, taken), 438. V. Gl. R. Br. in v. tille, and see quotation under Goddot.

Tinte, pa. t. S. lost, 2023. Sir Tr. p. 104. V. Jam.

Tirneden, pa. t. pl. S. turned, 603.

Tiþandes, n. pl. Icel. tidings, 2279.

[To-], in composition with verbs, is usually augmentative, or has the force of the Lat. dis-. To-brised, part. pa. very much bruised, 1950. (See [Brisen].) To-cruhsse, inf. crush in pieces, 1992. To-deyle, inf. divide, 2099. (See [Deled].) To-drawen, part. pa. dragged or pulled to death, 2001. (See [Drou].) To-frusshe, inf. break in pieces, 1993. To-hewen, part. pa. hewn in pieces, 2001. To-riuen, part. pa. torn or riven in pieces, 1953. To-rof, pa. t. burst open, 1792. To-shiuere, inf. shiver in pieces, 1993. To-shiuered, part. pa. shivered to pieces, 2667. To-tere, inf. tear in pieces, 1839. To-torn, part. pa. torn in pieces, 1948, 2021. To-tusede, part. pa. entirely rumpled or tumbled, 1948. In one case only we find it to be merely the prep. to in composition; viz. in To-yede, pa. t. went to, 765. (See [Yede].) [See note on this prefix in Gloss. to William of Palerne.]

To, adv. S. too, 303, 689, 691, &c.

To, n. S. toe, 1743, 1847, &c. Tos, pl. 898, 2163.

To, num. S. two, 2664.

To, prep. follows its case in ll. 197, 325, 526.

[To-frusshe], v. Fr. [froisser] to dash or break in pieces, 1993.

The Sarezynes layde on with mace,

And al to-frussched hym in the place.

R. Cœur de L. 5032. Cf. 5084.

He suld sone be to-fruschyt all.

Barb. x. 597.

So also Doug. Virg. 51, 53. V. Jam. in v. Frusch.

Togidere, Togydere, adv. S. together, 1128, 1181, 2683, 2891.

Tok, pa. t. S. took, 354, 467, 537. Toke, pa. t. 2 p. 1216. Token, pa. t. pl. 1194, Token under fote, 1199.

Told. See [Telle].

Totede, pa. t. peeped, looked, 2106. This verb is thrice found in P. Ploughman’s Crede, ll. 142, 168, 339. Although it would appear a rare word from its not appearing in Hearne, Ritson, or Weber, yet in later times it, occurs often, and is instanced by Jamieson from Patten’s Account of Somerset’s Expedicion, p. 53, and by Nares from Hall, Latimer, Spenser, and Fairfax. It also occurs four times in the Ancren Riwle, ed. Morton, 1853. In Sc. it is pronounced Tete, which is derived by Jam. from the same stock as Su.-G. titt-a, explained by Ihre, “Per transennam veluti videre, ut solent curiosi, aut post tegmina latentes.” V. the authorities quoted, Todd’s Johns. and Wilbr. Gl. [Cf. Sw. titta; Dan. titte, to peep; Dan. tittelege, to play at bopeep.]

To-tusede, part. pa. entirely rumpled or tumbled, 1948. See Nares, in v. Tose, and Tousle, Toozle, in Jam., Brockett, &c. Cf. G. zausen.

[Toun], n. S. town, 1750, &c. Tun, 764, 1001, &c. Tunes, pl. 1444, 2277.

Tour, n. Fr. tower, 2073.

[Tre], n. S. a bar or staff of wood, 1022, 1821, 1843, 1882, &c. Dore-tre, 1806, 1968, bar of the door.

Trewe, adj. S. true. 1756.

Tristen, v. to trust, 253.

Tro. See [Trowe].

[Trome], n. S. [truma] a troop, company, 8.

Heo makeden heore sceld-trome

Laȝam. l. 9454.

Bisydes stondeth a feondes trume,

And waileth hwenne the saules cume.

Les Unze peyne, &c. MS. Coll. Jes. 29.

The same mode of expression used above occurs lower down, l. 24, “A stalworþi man in a flok,” which is also found in Laȝamon,

Cador ther wes æc,

þe kene wes on flocke.

—l. 23824.

And in Sir Guy, H. iii.

Then came a knight that hight Sadock,

A doughty man in every flock.

Trone, n. Lat. throne, 1316.

[Trowe], n. S. to believe, trust, 1656. Tro, 2862. Trowede, pa. t. believed, 382. Sir Tr. p. 41.

Trusse, v. Fr. [trousser] to pack up, to truss, 2017. R. Gl. Hence to make ready, K. Alisaund. 7006. Minot, p. 50, which Ritson was unable to explain.

Tuenti, num. S. twenty, 259.

Tumberel, n. a porpoise, 757. In Spelm. Timberellus is explained, a small whale, on the authority of Skene, Vocab. Jur. Scot. L. Forest, Si quis cetum. In Cotgr. also we find “Tumbe, the great Sea-Dragon, or Quadriver; also the Gurnard, called so at Roan.” [But the Sw. tumlare, a porpoise, lit. a tumbler, suggests that the name may be given from its tumbling or rolling. The Dan. tumler, however, is a dolphin.]

Tun. See [Toun].

Turues, n. pl. S. turf, peat, 939. Chauc. C. T. 10109. V. Spelm. in v. and Jennings’ Somersetsh. Gl.

Twel for Twelve, 2455.

Ueneysun, n. Fr. venison, 1726.

[Vmbestonde], adv. S. for a while, formerly, 2297.

& heo seileden forth,

þæt inne sæ heo comen,

þa vmbe stunde

ne sæge heo noht of londe.

Laȝam. l. 11967.

It is equivalent to umbe-while or vmwhile, Sc. umquhile. See [Stunde].

Umbistode, pa. t. S. stood around, 1875. See Bistode, [Stonden].

Vn-bi-yeden, pa. t. pl. S. surrounded, 1842. See [Yede].

Vnblithe, adj. S. unhappy, 141. Sir Tr. p. 171.

Unbounden, pa. t. pl. S. unbound, 601.

Underfong, pa. t. S. understood, 115. This sense of the verb is not found elsewhere. It is in the present poem synonymous with Understod (as Lat. accipere, percipere).

Understonde, v. S. to receive, 2814. Understod, pa. t. received, 1760. Understonde, pr. subj. receive, 1159. So in K. Horn, 245, ed. Rits.

Horn child thou vnderstond,

Tech him of harpe and song.

where the MS. Laud 108 reads vnderfonge. See Lumby’s ed. l. 239.

Unker, pron. g. c. dual. S. of you two, 1882.

Vnkeueleden, pa. t. pl. S. ungagged, 601. See [Keuel].

Unkyndelike, adv. S. unsuitably, 1250.

Vnornelike, adj. S. basely, or degradingly, 1941. The only word in the Sax. remaining to which it can be referred, is unornlic, tritus, Jos. 9. 5. The following instances also approach the same stock:

Ne speke y nout with Horne,

Nis he nout so vnorne.

K. Horn, 337.

Mi stefne is bold & noȝt vnorne,

Ho is ilich one grete horne,

& þin is ilich one pipe.

Hule and Niȝtingale, l. 317.

[Ihre shews that Icel. and Su.-Goth. orna mean to acquire vital heat, to grow warm. Hence unorne means unfervent, spiritless, feeble, old. Thus, in the Hule and Niȝtingale it means feeble, weak; in Jos. 9. 5, it is used of old, worn-out shoes. In the Ormulum, unnorne occurs frequently, in the sense of poor, mean, feeble; see ll. 827, 3668; also unnornelig, meaning meanly, humbly, obscurely, in ll. 3750, 4858, 7525, 8251.]

Unride, adj. S. [ungereod, ungerydu] It is here used in various significations, most of which, however, correspond to the senses given by Somner. Large, cumbersome (of a garment), 964; unwieldy (of the bar of a door), 1795; deep, wide (of a wound), 1981, 2673; numerous, extensive (of the nobility), 2947. Unrideste, sup. deepest, widest, 1985. In the second sense we find it in Sir Tristr. p. 167,

Dartes wel unride

Beliagog set gan.

And in Guy of Warwick, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 79.

A targe he had ywrought full well,

Other metal was ther none but steel,

A mickle and unrede.

In the fourth sense we have these examples:

Opon Inglond for to were

With stout ost and unride.

Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 283.

Schir Rannald raugh to the renk ane rout wes unryde.

Sir Gaw. and Gol. ii. 25.

The soudan gederet an ost unryde.

K. of Tars, 142.

Cf. also Sir Guy, Ee. IV. in Garrick’s Collect. ‘Ameraunt drue out a swerde unryde.’ In the sense of huge, or unwieldy, we may also understand it in Sir Tr. p. 148, 164; Guy of Warw. ap. Ell. M. R. V. 2, p. 78; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V. 3, p. 295. In R. Brunne, p. 174, it expresses loud, tremendous. Sir W. Scott and Hearne are both at fault in their Glossaries, and even Jamieson has done but little to set them right, beyond giving the true derivation, and then, under the cognate word Unrude, Doug. Virg. 167, 35, &c., errs from pure love of theory.

Vnrith, n. S. injustice, 1369.

Unwrast, Unwraste, adj. S. [unwræste] feeble, worthless, 2821; rotten, 547. This word occurs in the Saxon Chron. 168, 4 (ed. Thorpe, p. 321), applied to a rotten ship, and this appears to have been the original meaning. The sense in which it was subsequently used may be learnt by comparing Laȝam. ll. 13943, 29609; R. Gl. p. 586; Chron. of Engl. 662, 921; Ly Beaus Desc. 2118 (not explained by Rits.); K. Alisaund. 878; R. Cœur de L. 872, and Sevyn Sages, 1917. It is not found in Jam. Cf. A.S. wræst, firm.

Uoyz, n. Lat. voice, 1264.

Vre, pron. S. our, 13, 596, &c.

Vt, prep. S. out, 89, 155, &c. Uth, 346, 1178.

Ut-bidde. See [Bidd].

Ut-drawe, Ut-drawen, Vt-drow, Ut-drowen. See [Drou].

Uten, prep. S. out, exhausted, 842; without, foreign, as in Uten-laddes, 2153, 2580, foreigners.

Ut-lede. See [Lede].

Utrage, n. S. outrage, 2837.

W. See [Hw].

Wa, n. S. woe, wail, 465.

[Wade], v. S. Lat. to pass, go, 2645. Wede, 2387, 2641. Vid. Nares.

Wagge, v. S. to wield, brandish, 89.

[Waiten], Wayte, Wayten, v. Fr. to watch, 512, 1754, 2070. Chauc. Cf. O.Fr. gaiter.

Waken, v. S. to watch, 630. Waked, part. pa. watched, kept awake, 2999. See R. Br., Sq. of L. D. 852. Chauc.

Wakne, v. S. to wake, awaken, 2164.

Wan, adv. S. when, 1962.

War, adj. S. aware, wary, 788, 2139.

Warie, v. S. to curse, 433. Waried, part. pa. cursed, 434. Emare, 667. Wery, Minot, p. 7. Warrie, Chauc. See Gl. Lynds.

Warp, pa. t. S. threw, cast, 1061.

Al swa feor swa a mon

Mihte werpeⁿ ænne stan.

Laȝam. l. 17428.

So in Sc. Doug. Virg. 432, and Barb. iii. 642. V. Jam.

Washen, v. S. to wash, 1233.

Waste for Was þe, 87.

Wastel, n. Fr. cake, or loaf made of finer flour, 878. Wastels, pl. 779. See Todd’s Illustr. of Chauc., who derives the name from wastell, the vessel or basket in which the bread was carried. V. Du Cange, Spelm. Jam. In Pegge’s Form of Cury, p. 72, 159, we meet with Wastels yfarced.

Wat, pron. See [Hwat].

Wat, v. See [Quath].

Wat, pp. known, 1674. See [Wot].

[Wawe], n. S. wall, 474, 2470. The phrase bith wawe, 474, is also found in Rits. A. S. p. 46, which is left unexplained by the Editor, and is badly guessed at by Ellis. By the aid of Moor’s Suffolk Gl. we are enabled to ascertain the meaning of an expression which is not yet obsolete. “By the walls.” Dead and not buried. “A’ lie bi’ the walls” —said, I believe, only of a human subject. [This remark only applies to l. 474. In ll. 1963, 2470, the phrase refers to the benches placed round the walls in the great hall, whereon men slept at night, and sat in council by day.] Wowe, 1963, 2078. Still so pronounced in Lanc., &c.

Waxen. See [Wex].

Wayke, adj. pl. S. weak, 1012.

Wayte, Wayten. See [Waiten].

We, 115, 287, 392, 772. Apparently an error of the scribe for wel, but its frequent repetition may cause it to be doubted, whether the l may not have been purposely dropped.

Wede, v. See [Wade].

Wede, n. S. clothing, garments, 94, 323, 861. In very general use formerly, and still preserved in the phrase, a widow’s weeds.

Weddeth for Wedded, 1127.

Wei, Weie, n. S. way, road, 772, 952.

Weilawa, Weilawei, interj. S. woe! alas! 462, 570. See Gl. Sir Tr., Rits. M. R., and Chauc. [A.S. wá la wá, woe, lo! woe; now corrupted into wellaway.]

[Wel], adv. S. full, passim. Wel sixti, 1747; wel o-bon. See On. Wel with me, 2878. Wol, 185.

Wel, n. S. weal, wealth, prosperity (for wel ne for wo), 2777.

Welde, v. S. to wield, govern (a kingdom), 129, 175; (a weapon), 1436; (possessions), 2034. Weldes, pr. t. 2 p. wieldest, governest, 1359.

Wende, v. S. to go, 1346, 1705, 2629. Wenden, pr. t. pl. subj. 1344. Wende, pr. t. pl. 2 p. go, 1440. Wend, part. pa. turned, 2138.

Wene, v. S. pres. sing, ween, think, 655, 840, 1260, &c. Wenes, pr. t. 2 p. thinkest, 598. Wenestu, 1787, thinkest thou. Wend, Wende, pa. t. thought, 374, 524, 1091, 1803, &c. Wenden, pa. t. pl. 1197, 2547.

Wepen, pr. t. or pa. t. pl. S. weep, wept, 401.

Wepne, n. S. weapon, 89, 490, 1436, &c.

Wer for Were, 1097.

[Werd], n. S. world, 1290, 2241, 2335, 2792, 2968. O worde, in the world, 1349. Cf. Ward = world, in Lancelot of the Laik, and Gen. and Exod. ed. Morris, ll. 280, 591.

Were, v. S. [werian] to defend, 2152, 2298. Sir Tr. p. 156; Yw. and Gaw. 2578; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R., V. 3, p. 289; K. of Tars, 189; Chauc. C. T. 2552, V. Note, p. 182. Werie, K. Horn, ed. Lumby, 785, Web., Minot, Gl. Lynds.

Were, should be, 2782. Weren, 3 p. pl. were, 156, &c.

[Weren], 784. Sir F. Madden says—Garnett conjectured weirs or dams, from Isl. ver. [If weren be really a plural noun, I should prefer to translate it by pools; cf. A.S. wær, Icel. ver, Su.-Go. wär. Ihre says— “Wär, locus, ubi congregari amant pisces, ut solent inter brevia et vada. Isl. ver, fiskaver. A.S. id. unde ver-hurde apud Bens. custos septi piscatorii, Angl. wier, wear, &c.” See wer in Stratmann. In this case the line means— “in the sea-pools he often set them,” and the note on the line (q.v.) is wrong.]

[Werewed], part. pa. S. worried, killed, 1915. [We should probably insert a mark of interrogation, thus— “Hwat dide he? þore weren he werewed,” i.e. “What did they effect? There were they slain.” Spelt wirwed, 1921. Cf. Du. worgen, and see Jam. s.v. Wery, and Worry in Atkinson’s Gl. of Cleveland dialect.]

Werne, v. S. to refuse, deny, 1345. Werne, pr. t. 3 p. s. subj. refuses, forbids, 926. Sir Tr. p. 88; K. Horn, 1420, &c.

Wesseyl, n. S. wassail, 1246.

[Wesseylen], pr. t. pl. wassail, 2098. Wosseyled, part. pa. 1737. See Rits. A. S. Diss. p. xxxiii. n. Hearne’s Gl. to R. Glouc. in v. Queme and Wasseyl, Selden’s Notes on Drayton’s Polyolb. p. 150, and Nares.

[Wex], pa. t. S. waxed, grew, 281. Waxen, part. pa. grown, 302, 791.

[Wicke], Wike, Wikke, adj. S. wicked, vile, 66, 319, 425, 665, 688, &c. Swithe wicke, 965, very mean. Swiþe wikke cloþes, 2458, very mean clothing. Wicke wede, 2825, mean clothing.

[Wicth], With, n. S. [wiht] whit, bit, small part, 97, 1763, 2500. Laȝam. l. 15031; Sevyn Sages, 293. ‘The loue of hire ne lesteth no wyht longe,’ MS. Harl. 2253, f. 128.

Wicth, With, adj. courageous, stout, active, 344, 1008, 1064, 1651, 1692, &c. Wicteste, sup. 9. An epithet used universally by the ancient poets, and to be found in every Gloss. merely differing in orthography, as spelt Waite, Wate, Wight, Wich &c. [Sir F. Madden suggests a derivation from A.S. hwæt (Icel. hvátr), acute, brave. Wedgwood suggests Sw. vig, nimble. Cf. Su.-Goth. wig, Icel. vigr, fit for war (A.S. wig).]

Wider, adv. S. whither, where, 1139.

Widuen, Wydues, n. pl. S. widows, 33, 79.

Wif, n. S. wife, 2860; woman, 1713. Wiues, pl. 2855.

Wike, Wikke. See [Wicke].

Wil, adv. S. while, 6.

Wil, adj. lost in error, uncertain how to proceed, 863; at a loss, without experience, 1042. Wynt. vi. 13, 115. V. Jam. who derives it from Su.-G. wild, Isl. villr. It is radically the same with wild.

Wile, will, 352, 485, &c. Wilte, 528, 1135, wilt thou; Wiltu, 681, 905. Wilen, pl. 732, 920, 1345, 2817, &c.

Wille, n. S. will, 528.

[Wimman], n. S. woman, 1139, 1168, &c. Wman, 281. Wymman, 1156.

Win, n. S. wine, 1729. Wyn, 2341.

Winan, v. S. to get to, arrive at, 174. V. Gl. to Will. of Palerne.

Winne, n. S. joy, gain, 660, 2965. Muchere winne, Laȝam. l. 10233. Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R., V. 3, p. 294.

Wirchen, v. S. to work, cause, 510.

Wirwed. See [Werewed].

Wis, adj. S. wise, prudent, 180, 1421, 1635; skilled, 282.

Wislike, adv. S. wisely, 274.

Wisse, v. S. to direct, ordain, advice, 104, 361. Sir Tr. p. 29; K. Horn, Chron. of Engl. 499; Chauc., Gl. Lynds.

Wissing, n. S. advice, or conduct, 2902.

Wiste, pa. t. S. knew, 115, 358, 541, &c. Wisten, pa. t. pl. 1184, 1187, 1200, &c.

[Wit], prep. S. with, 52, 505, 701, 905, 1090, 2517, &c.; by, 2489. Wituten, 179, 247, 2860, without. Withuten, 425, except. With than, provided that, 532. With that, 1220.

Wite, v. S. [wítan, decernere] pres. subj. or imp. decree, ordain, 19, 1316.

Wite, v. S. pres. subj. or imp. preserve, guard, defend, 405, 559. R. Gl. p. 98, 102. So in the Carmen inter Corpus & Animam, MS. Digb. 86.

The king that al this world shop thoru his holi miȝtte,

He wite houre soule from then heuele wiȝtte.

And in the French Romance of Kyng Horn, MS. Harl. 527, f. 72, b. c. 2.

Ben iurez Wite God, kant auerez beu tant,

Kant le vin uus eschaufe, si seez si iurant.

Wite, Witen, v. S. [witan, cognoscere] to know, 367, 625, 2201, 2786; to recollect, 2708. Wite, pr. t. pl. 2 p. know, 2808; imp. 3 p. wite, know, 517. Wite, 3 p. s. subj. (if) he know, 694. Witen, pr. t. pl. 2 p. know, 2208. See [Wot].

With, conj. See [Wit].

With, n. See [Wicth].

With, adj. See [Wicth].

With, adj. S. white, 48, 1144.

With-sitten, v. S. to oppose, 1683. R. Br., Web.

Wlf, n. S. wolf, 573.

Wluine, n. S. she-wolf, 573. Dan. ulfinde, a she-wolf.

Wman. See [Wimman].

Wnden, part. pa. S. wound, 546.

[Wo], pron. S. who, whoso, 76, 79, &c. See [Hwo].

Wo, n. S. woe, sorrow, 510, &c.

Wod, adj. S. mad, 508, 1777, 1848, &c. Wode, pl. 1896, 2361.

Wok, pa. t. S. awoke, 2093.

Wol. See [Wel].

Wole, will, 1150. Wolde, would, 354, 367, &c. Wode, 951, 2310. Wolden, pl. 456, 514, 1057.

Wombes, n. pl. S. bellies, 1911.

Wom so, pron. S. whomso, 197.

Won, Wone, great number, plenty, in phr. ful god won, in great quantity (in 1791 it seems to mean with great force), 1024, 1791, 1837, 1907, 2325, 2617, 2729. R. Gl., Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R., V. 3, p. 308, 314; R. Cœur de L. 3747; K. Alisaund, 1468; K. of Tars, 635; Minot, p. 14; Chauc. Wane, Yw. and Gaw. 1429; Wayn, Wall. viii. 947. Cf. Gl. to Will. of Palerne.

Wone, n. S. (probably the same as ween, Sir Tr. p. 59, 78), opinion, conjecture, 1711, 1972. Cf. l. 816, and the Glossaries, in v. Wene.

Wone, v. S. to dwell, 247, 406. Woneth, pr. t. 3 p. dwelleth, 105.

Wone, part. pa. wont, 2151, 2297. K. Horn, 36; R. Gl. Chron. of Engl. 632; Web., Chauc. [A.S. wune, a custom.]

Wonges, n. pl. S. fields, plains, 397, 1444. Cf. l. 1360. Spelman thinks arable land is meant by the term, rather than pasture.

Wore, 2 and 3 p. s. were, 504, 684, &c. Wore, Woren, pl. 237, 448, &c. It is not merely a licentious spelling, as conjectured by Sir W. Scott.

[Worþe], v. S. imp. may he be, 1102, 2873. Wrth, 434. Wurþe, 2221. Laȝam. l. 28333. Sir Tr. p. 49, and all the Gloss., including Lynds.

Wosseyled. See [Wesseylen].

[Wot], Woth, pr. t. 1 p. S. know, 119, 213, 653, 1345, &c. Wost, pr. t. 2 p. knowest, 527, 582, 1384, &c. Woth, pr. t. 3 p. knows, 2527. Wot, pl. 1 p. know, 2803. Wat, part. pa. known, 1674.

Wowe. See [Wawe].

[Wrathe], n. S. wrath, anger, 2719, 2977. See [Wroth].

Wreieres, n. pl. S. betrayers, spoilers, 39.

The wraiers that weren in halle,

Schamly were thai schende.

Sir Tristr. p. 190.

Wreken, v. S. to avenge, revenge, 327, 1901. Wreke, imp. revenge (thou), 1363. Wreken (miswritten for wreke), 3 p. imp. 544. Wreke, pr. pl. subj. 1884. Wreke, Wreken, part. pa. revenged, 2368, 2849, 2992. Sir Tr. p. 190, &c.

Wringen, v. S. to wring, 1233.

Writ, n. S. writing, 2486. Writes, pl. writs, letters, 136, 2275. See [note to l. 136].

Wrobberes, n. pl. S. robbers, 39.

Wros, n. pl. corners, 68. So in the Leg. of S. Margrete, quoted by Dr Leyden:

Sche seiȝe a wel fouler thing

Sitten in a wro;

which Jamieson aptly derives from the Su.-G. wraa, angulus. Cf. Dan. vraa, a nook, corner.

[Wroth], adj. S. wrath, angry, 1117. Wroþe, 2973. See [Wrathe].

Wrouht, pa. t. S. wrought, 2810. Wrouth, 1352. Wrowht, 2453.

Wrth. See [Worthe].

Wunde, n. S. wound, 1980, 2673, &c. Wounde, 1978. Wundes, pl. 1845, 1898, 1986. Woundes, 1977, &c.

Wurþe. See [Worþe].

Y, pron. I. See [Ich].

Ya, adv. S. yea, yes, 1888, 2009, 2607. Ye, 2606. See Rits. note to Yw. and Gaw. l. 43. In l. 2009, we should probably have found yis in a more southern work. See the note to ȝis in Gl. to Will. of Palerne. The distinction between no (l. 1800) and nay (l. 1136) is rightly made.

Yaf. See [Yeue].

Yare, adj. S. ready, 1391, 2788, 2954. Sir Tr. p. 28; Rits. M. R., Web., Chauc., Gl. Lynds.

Yaren, v. S. to make ready, 1350. This word in all the Gloss. has the form of Yarken.

[Yede], pa. t. S. went, 6, 774, 821, &c. Yeden, pa. t. pl. 889, 952.

Yeft. See [Giue].

Yelde, v. S. to yield, 2712; imp. 3 p. requite, 803. Very common formerly in this sense. Yeld, imp. yield (thou), 2717.

Yeme, v. S. to take charge of, govern, 131, 172, 182, 324, &c. Yemede, pa. t. governed, 975, 2276. Sir Tr. p. 115, Rits. M. R., Web., R. Gl., Chauc.

Yen. See [Agen].

Yerne, adv. S. eagerly, anxiously, 153, 211, 880, 925. Web., Rits. M. R., Chauc.

Yerne, v. S. to desire earnestly, 299. Laȝam. l. 4427. K. Horn, 1419; R. Br., Chauc., Gl. Lynds.

Yete, adv. S. yet, 495, 973, 996, 1043.

[Yeue], v. S. to give, 298, &c. Yeueth, pr. t. 3 p. giveth, 459. Yif, imp. give (thou), 674; 3 p. yeue, 22; pl. yeueþ, 911. Yaf, pa. t. gave, or gave heed, 315, 419, &c. Gaf, 218, 418, 1311, &c. Gouen, pa. t. pl. 164 (in phr. gouen hem ille, gave themselves up to grief); Sir Tr. p. 129. Giue, part. pa. 2488; gouen, 220. Youenet = Youen it, given it, 1643. For yaf in l. 1174, see [note on the line].

Y-here. See [Here], v.

Yif, prep. S. if, 126, 377, 1974, &c. Yf, 1189.

Yif. See [Yeue].

Y-lere. See [Lere].

Ynow. See [Inow].

Youenet. See [Yeue].

Ys. See [note to l. 1174].

Yuel, Yuele. See [Iuele].

Yunge, adj. S. young, 368, &c.

Yure, pron. S. your, 171.

[INDEX OF NAMES TO “HAUELOK.”]

---

[In this Index, the references under words in large capitals are in general to the pages of the book; otherwise, the references are to the lines of the poem.]

Athelwold (spelt Aþelwald, l. 1077), is king of England, and governs wisely, pp. 2, 3;

feels he is dying, p. 4;

bequeaths his daughter to the care of Godrich, pp. 6, 7;

dies, p. 8.

Mentioned again in ll. 2709, 2803.)

Auelok, another spelling of Hauelok, 1395, 1793.

Bernard Brun (i.e. Bernard Brown; so called in ll. 1751, 1945),

provides a supper for Havelok, p. 48;

his house attacked by thieves, p. 49;

fights against them, p. 52;

tells Ubbe how well Havelok fought, p. 54.

Bertram (named in l. 2898),

is cook to the Earl of Cornwall, and employs Havelok, pp. 27, 28;

is made Earl of Cornwall, and marries Levive, Grim’s daughter, p. 83.

Birkabeyn (spelt Bircabein, l. 494);

gen. Birkabeynes, 2150, 2209, 2296,

is king of Denmark, p. 11;

commends his three children to Godard, p. 12;

dies, p. 13;

his son Havelok’s resemblance to him, p. 60.

Cestre (Chester), 2607, 2859, 2896.

Cornwayle (Cornwall), 178, 2908;

Cornwalie, 884.

Crist, 16, &c.;

—krist, 22;

gen. kristes, 2797.

Dauy, seint, 2863.

Denemark (Denmark), 340, 381, 386, &c.

Denshe, sing. adj. Danish, 1403;

pl. 2575, 2693, 2938.

Danshe, 2689.

Douere (Dover), 139, 265.

Doure, 320.

Engelond (England), 59, 202, 250, &c.;

—Engellond, 1093;

—Engelonde, 208;

—Englond, 1270;

—Engeland, 108, 610;

—Hengelond, 999;

gen. Engelondes, 63.

Englishe, pl. adj. (followed by men), 2766, 2795;

—Englis (used absolutely), 254;

—Henglishe, 2945.

Giffin [Qu. Griffin] Galle, 2029.

Godard (gen. Godardes, l. 2415),

is made regent of Denmark, pp. 12, 13;

shuts up Birkabeyn’s children in a castle, p. 13;

kills Swanborow and Helfled, p. 15;

spares Havelok, p. 16;

but afterwards hires Grim to drown Havelok, p. 17;

is attacked by Havelok, p. 67;

is taken prisoner, p. 68;

condemned, flayed, drawn, and hung, pp. 70, 71.

Godrich (spelt Godrigh, l. 178),

is Earl of Cornwall, p. 6;

is made regent of England, pp. 7, 8, 9;

shuts Goldborough up in Dover castle, p. 10;

makes Goldborough marry Havelok, p. 33;

raises an army against Havelok, p. 72;

excites his men, p. 73;

marches to Grimsby, p. 74;

fights with Ubbe, p. 75;

fights with Havelok, pp. 77, 78;

is taken prisoner, p. 78;

taken to Lincoln, and burnt alive, pp. 80, 81.

Goldeboru (or Goldeborw, l. 2985),

is daughter of King Athelwold, p. 4;

is committed to the care of Godrich, pp. 8, 9;

shut up in Dover castle, p. 11;

is sent for to Lincoln, p. 33;

is married to Havelok, p. 36;

hears an angel’s voice, p. 39;

encourages Havelok to go to Denmark, p. 41;

rejoices at Godrich’s death, p. 81;

is queen of England, p. 85.

See [Havelok].

Grim, a fisher, is hired by Godard to drown Havelok, p. 17;

discovers Havelok to be the right heir to the crown, p. 19;

takes Havelok over to England, p. 20;

founds Grimsby, p. 23;

sends Havelok to Lincoln, p. 26;

dies, p. 37.

[In l. 2333, there seems to be an allusion to a spectacle, in which the history of Grim is represented.]

Grimes, gen. c. of Grim, 1343, 1392, 2867.

Grimesbi, 745, 2540, 2579, 2617, 2619;

—Grimesby, 1202.

Gunnild (daughter of Grim, marries Earl Reyner of Chester), 2866, 2896.

Gunter (an English earl), 2606.

[Hauelok], son of king Birkabeyn of Denmark, p. 13;

spared by Godard, p. 16;

but given over by him to Grim to be drowned, p. 17;

spared and fed by Grim, p. 20;

goes to England, p. 22;

sells fish, p. 25;

works as a porter, p. 27;

puts the stone, p. 31;

marries Goldborough, p. 35;

returns to Grimsby, p. 36;

his dream, p. 39;

returns to Denmark, p. 43;

trades there, p. 44;

is noticed by Ubbe, p. 45;

defends Bernard’s house against thieves, pp. 48-53;

is known to be heir of Denmark by a miraculous light, p. 60;

is dubbed knight by Ubbe, p. 65;

is king of Denmark, p. 66;

defeats Godard, p. 68;

invades England, p. 72;

defeats Godrich, p. 77;

rewards Bertram and others, p. 82;

lives to be a hundred years old, p. 83;

is crowned king of England at London, p. 84;

is king for sixty years, p. 85.

[The story is called “þe gest of Hauelok and of Goldeborw,” l. 2985.]

Helfled (Havelok’s sister), 411.

Hengelonde (England), 999.

Henglishe (pl. English), 2945.

Humber (the river), 733.

Huwe Rauen (one of Grim’s sons), 1398, 1868, 2349, 2636, 2677;

spelt Hwe, 1878.

Iohan, seint; the patron saint to whom Havelok commits his Danes, 2957;

bi seint Iohan! 1112, 2563.

Spelt Ion, 177.

Iudas, 319, 425, 1133.

Lazarun (= Lazarum, acc. of Lazarus), 331.

Cf. “Lord” —said Guy— “that reared Lazaroun,” &c. Guy of Warwick, in Ellis, Met. Rom. (ed. Halliwell), p. 227.

Leue (Grim’s wife), 558, 576, 595, 642.

Leuiue (Grim’s daughter, married to Bertram), 2914.

Lincolne, 773, 847, 862, 980, 1105, 2558, 2572, 2824.

Lindeseye (N. part of Lincolnshire), 734.

Lundone (London), 2943.

Marz (March), 2559.

Reyner (earl of Chester), 2607.

Roberd þe rede (Grim’s eldest son), 1397, 1686, 1888, &c.;

—Robert, 2405, 2411, &c.;

gen. Roberdes, 1691.

Rokesborw (explained by Prof. Morley to mean Rokeby, but it is surely Roxburgh), 265;

—Rokesburw, 139.

Roxburgh is spelt Rokesburgh in Walsingham, ed. Riley, i. 340, &c.

Sathanas (Satan), 1100, 1134, 2512.

Swanborow (Havelok’s sister), 411.

Ubbe, a great Danish lord, p. 44;

entertains Havelok, p. 45;

takes him to his castle, p. 57;

does homage to Havelok, p. 63;

dubs him knight, p. 65;

his combat with Godrich, p. 75;

is sorely wounded, p. 76.

Willam Wendut (one of Grim’s sons), 1690, 1881, 1892, 2348, 2632;

—Wiliam Wenduth, 1398.

Winchestre, 158, 318.

Yerk (York), 1178.

Ynde, India, 1085.

JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.

[ Transcriber’s Note on Texts:]

This book exists in at least two forms, distinguished by minor differences in the modern (1868) material. The title page(s), verso and introduction give no hint that there were any changes or additions; references to the “former” and “present” edition are to Madden alone (Roxburghe, 1828) contrasted with Skeat (EETS, 1868). For convenience the two 1868 variants will be called “preliminary” and “final”. The 1975 reprint used the “final” version.

Emendations:

p. 24, [l. 784]. Perhaps we should, however, read se-weren, and the note on the line (p. 93) may be wrong. See Weren in the Glossary.

The preliminary version of the Emendations reads:

... Perhaps there should be no stop in the line, and ...

There are no differences in the body text or Note.

The last five Emendations— changes to glossary items Greting, Hal, Shoten (Schoten), [Teyte], Bise— are missing from the preliminary version.

Glossary:

Datheit, interj. ... [from the O.F. hait, pleasure].

In the preliminary version, the bracketed addition reads “possibly from haïr, to hate”.

Pastees ... Al of pasteiis beth the walles.

The preliminary version has the apparent error pasteüs.

Weren ...

The preliminary version is printed without brackets but is otherwise identical.