The Visigothic code

by Unknown

CONTENTS.

BOOK I.
CONCERNING LEGAL AGENCIES.
Title I.—The Lawmaker.
		Page
I.	What the Method of Making Laws Should Be	[1]
II.	How the Lawmaker Should Act	[2]
III.	What Should be Required of the Lawmaker	[2]
IV.	What the Conduct of the Lawmaker Should Be in hisDaily Life	[2]
V.	How the Lawmaker Should Impart Advice	[3]
VI.	What Manner of Speech the Lawmaker Should Use	[3]
VII.	How the Lawmaker Should Act in Rendering Judgment	[3]
VIII.	How the Lawmaker Should Comport Himself in Publicand Private Affairs	[3]
IX.	What Instruction it is Fitting That the LawmakerShould Give	[4]
Title II.—The Law.
I.	What the Lawmaker Should Observe in Framing the Laws	[5]
II.	What the Law Is	[5]
III.	What the Law Does	[5]
IV.	What the Law Should Be	[5]
V.	Why the Law is Made	[6]
VI.	How the Law Should Triumph over Enemies	[6]
BOOK II.
CONCERNING THE CONDUCT OF CAUSES.
Title I.—Concerning Judges, and Matters to be Decided in Court.
I.	When Amended Laws Should come in Force	[11]
II.	The Royal Power, as well as the Entire Body of thePeople should be Subject to the Majesty of the Law	[12]
III.	It is Permitted to No One to be Ignorant of the Law	[13]
IV.	The Business of the King shall First be Considered,then that of the People	[13]
V.	How the Avarice of the King should be Restrained inthe Beginning, and How Documents Issued in theName of the King should be Drawn Up	[14]
VI.	Concerning Those who Abandon the King, or thePeople, or their Country, or who Conduct themselveswith Arrogance	[17]
VII.	Of Incriminating the King, or Speaking Ill of Him	[19]
VIII.	Of Annulling the Laws of Foreign Nations	[20]
IX.	No One shall presume to have in his Possession anotherBook of Laws except this which has just been Published	[20]
X.	Concerning Feast Days and Festivals, during which NoLegal Business shall be Transacted	[21]
XI.	No Cause shall be Heard by the Judges which is notSanctioned by the Law	[22]
XII.	When Causes have once been Determined, at no Timeshall They be Revived, but They shall be Disposedof according to the Arrangement of this Book; theAddition of Other Laws being One of the Prerogativesof the King	[23]
XIII.	It Shall be Lawful for No One to Hear and DetermineCauses except Those Whom either the King, theParties by Voluntary Consent, or the Judge, shallhave Invested with Judicial Powers	[23]
XIV.	What Causes shall be Heard, and to what PersonsCauses shall be Assigned for a Decision	[24]
XV.	Judges Shall Decide Criminal as well as Civil Causes	[24]
XVI.	Concerning the Punishment of Those who Presume toAct as Judges, Who have not been Invested withJudicial Power	[24]
XVII.	Concerning Those who Ignore the Letters of the Judge,or His Seal, Calling Them to Court	[25]
XVIII.	Where a Judge Refuses to Hear a Litigant, or DecidesFraudulently or Ignorantly	[27]
XIX.	Where a Judge, either through Convenience to Himselfor through Want of Proper Knowledge, Decidesa Cause Improperly	[28]
XX.	Where a Judge, either through Deceit or Cunning,imposes Needless Costs upon Either or Both theParties to a Suit	[29]
XXI.	What, First of All, a Judge should be Familiar With,in order that he May Understand a Case	[29]
XXII.	Where the Integrity of a Judge is said to be Suspectedby Anyone of Honorable Rank, or where a Judgepresumes to render a Decision Contrary to Law	[30]
XXIII.	How a Judge should render Judgment	[31]
XXIV.	Concerning the Emoluments and the Punishment ofthe Judge, and of the Bailiff	[32]
XXV.	Everyone who is Invested with Judicial Power shallLegally bear the Title of Judge	[33]
XXVI.	Every Bond which is Exacted by a Judge, after anUnjust Decree, shall be held Invalid	[34]
XXVII.	An Unjust Decree, or an Unjust Interpretation of theLaw, Prompted by Fear of the Throne, or Made byOrder of the King, shall be Invalid	[34]
XXVIII.	Concerning the Power Conferred upon Bishops, ofRestraining Judges who Decide Wrongfully	[35]
XXIX.	The Judge, when Inquired of by a Party, should beable to give a Reason for his Decision	[35]
XXX.	Concerning the Punishment of Judges who Appropriatethe Property of Others	[36]
XXXI.	Concerning Those who Treat the Royal Order withDisdain	[36]
XXXII.	How the Judge should Inquire into Causes by theOrdeal of Hot Water	[37]
Title II.—Concerning Causes.
I.	No One can Refuse to Answer because the PlaintiffNever Presented his Claim to Him	[38]
II.	The Court must be Disturbed by no Clamor or Tumult	[38]
III.	Where there are Many Litigants, Two may be Chosenwho shall have Power to carry on the Suit	[39]
IV.	Both Parties may be Compelled by the Judge or theBailiff, to be Present in Court on the Day when theCase is to be Heard	[39]
V.	Those whose Affairs have been brought before aTribunal for a Decision, shall under no Circumstancesenter into a Compromise before the Casehas been Decided	[40]
VI.	Both Parties shall be Required to Furnish Testimony	[41]
VII.	Concerning the Journey which Anyone Compels anInnocent Person to Make	[42]
VIII.	Where Anyone Residing in the District of one Judgehas a Cause of Action against a Party Living in theDistrict of another Judge	[42]
IX.	Concerning Those who Venture to Defend the Suits ofOthers	[44]
X.	No Freeman shall Refuse to Answer the Slave ofanother in Court	[45]
Title III.—Concerning Constituents and Commissions.
I.	Princes and Bishops should not Conduct their Casesin Court in Person, but through their Subjects orSubordinates	[47]
II.	The Judge must inquire of a Litigant, whether theSuit brought by Him is his Own, or that of Another	[48]
III.	He who cannot conduct his Cause Himself must giveWritten Authority to his Attorney	[48]
IV.	Torture shall in no Case be inflicted upon Persons ofNoble Birth who are acting as Representatives ofOthers; and, In what way, a Freeman of the LowerClass, or a Slave, may be subjected to Torture	[49]
V.	If He who has Appointed an Attorney Suffers Delay,He can revoke his Commission	[50]
VI.	It shall not be Lawful for a Woman to Act as anAttorney, but She may Conduct her Own Case inCourt	[50]
VII.	The Constituent shall receive the Benefit, and bear theLoss, resulting from Proceedings Instituted by hisAttorney	[51]
VIII.	If an Attorney should die, his Heirs shall be entitledto his Fees	[51]
IX.	What Persons those in Power, and those that arePoor, may appoint to Conduct their Cases	[52]
X.	Those who have Charge of the Royal Treasury, whenthe Suit is brought for its Benefit, have authorityto appoint whom they wish to represent them	[52]
Title IV.—Concerning Witnesses and Evidence.
I.	Concerning Persons who are not Permitted to Testify	[54]
II.	Witnesses shall not Testify except under Oath; Whereboth parties offer Witnesses which shall be Believed;and Where a Witness Testifies Falsely	[54]
III.	Where a Witness Testifies Orally, and Written EvidenceContradicts Him	[54]
IV.	A Slave shall not be Believed unless he Belongs to theCrown; and When Royal Slaves shall be Believed	[56]
V.	A Witness shall not give his Testimony in Writing, butOrally, and How Testimony should be Given	[57]
VI.	Concerning Those who give False Testimony	[58]
VII.	Concerning Those who are Proved to have given FalseTestimony; and Concerning the Space of SixMonths in which a Witness may be Declared Infamous.It shall not be Lawful to give Testimonyconcerning One who is Dead	[58]
VIII.	Concerning Those who Induce Others to give FalseTestimony, or Encourage the Slaves of Others toSeek their Liberty	[60]
IX.	In what Causes Slaves can Testify	[61]
X.	Concerning Those who Bind Themselves in Writing,not to give True Testimony in the Cause of Others	[62]
XI.	At what Age Minors can Testify	[62]
XII.	A Near Relative or a Kinsman of a Party to a Suit,cannot give Testimony against a Stranger	[62]
Title V.—Concerning Valid and Invalid Documents and How WillsShould be Drawn Up.
I.	What Documents are Valid in Law	[64]
II.	No Witness shall Testify as to the Contents of a Documentof which He is Ignorant	[64]
III.	Concerning the Drawing Up of Contracts, and OtherLegal Documents	[65]
IV.	Neither Children, nor Other Heirs, shall contest theFinal Disposition of Property by their Ancestors	[65]
V.	Concerning the Penalties to which those are Liablewho attempt to Repudiate their Written Contracts	[65]
VI.	Contracts and Agreements made by Slaves are Invalid,unless Ordered by Their Masters	[65]
VII.	Concerning Dishonorable and Illegal Contracts	[66]
VIII.	No One shall be Liable in Person or Property, underthe Terms of any Contract, where Deception hasbeen Practised; nor shall He be Liable to anyPenalty provided by the same	[66]
IX.	Every Obligation, or Contract, which has been Extortedby Force, or Fear, shall be Void	[66]
X.	What Contracts entered into by Minors shall be Valid	[66]
XI.	How Wills shall be Drawn Up and Proved	[67]
XII.	How the Wills of those who Die during a Journey shallbe Proved	[68]
XIII.	A Will must be Published in the Presence of a Priest,or of Witnesses, within Six Months	[69]
XIV.	Concerning the Comparison of Handwriting whereDoubt attaches to any Document	[69]
XV.	Concerning Holographic Wills	[70]
XVI.	Concerning the Comparison of Documents, and theInfliction of Penalties prescribed by Wills	[70]
XVII.	No Testator shall be Permitted to Dispose of Propertyin One Way, in the Presence of Witnesses, and inAnother by a Written Will	[72]
BOOK III.
CONCERNING MARRIAGE.
Title I.—Concerning Nuptial Contracts.
I.	Marriage shall not be Entered Into without a Dowry	[75]
II.	It shall be as Lawful for a Roman Woman to Marry aGoth, as for a Gothic Woman to Marry a Roman	[76]
III.	Where a Girl Marries against the Will of her Father,while she is Betrothed to Another	[76]
IV.	When a Gift is made by way of Pledge, a NuptialContract cannot be Rescinded	[77]
V.	Women Advanced in Years shall not Marry Young Men	[77]
VI.	What Property the Dowry shall consist of	[79]
VII.	The Father shall Exact, and Keep, the Dowry of hisDaughter	[79]
VIII.	In case of the Death of the Father, the Disposition ofthe Children of both Sexes, in Marriage, shall belongto the Mother	[81]
IX.	Where Brothers Defer the Marriage of their Sister, orWhere a Girl Marries Beneath her Station	[81]
X.	Where the Items of a Dowry, relating to any kind ofProperty, are reduced to Writing, it shall not beContested	[82]
Title II.—Concerning Unlawful Marriages.
I.	Where a Woman Marries within a Year after theDeath of her Husband	[83]
II.	Where a Freeborn Woman Marries a Slave, or her ownFreedman	[83]
III.	Where a Freeborn Woman Marries the Slave ofAnother, or a Freeborn Man the Female Slave ofAnother	[84]
IV.	Where a Freedwoman, or a Freedman, Marries theSlave of Another	[85]
V.	Where Anyone gives in Marriage his Slave, of EitherSex, to the Slave of Another	[85]
VI.	Where a Woman contracts a Second Marriage in theAbsence of her Husband	[86]
VII.	Where a Master Marries one of his Slaves to a Freewomandeclaring him to be a Freeman	[86]
VIII.	Where a Freewoman Marries without the Consent ofher Parents	[87]
Title III.—Concerning the Rape of Virgins, or Widows.
I.	Where a Freeman carries off a Freewoman by Force,he shall not be permitted to Marry her, if she was aVirgin	[88]
II.	Where Parents remove their Daughter from the Powerof a Ravisher	[89]
III.	Where the Parents of a Girl, who has been Betrothed,consent that she should be Carried Away by Another	[90]
IV.	Where Brothers, either during the Life of their Father,or after his Death, consent that Anyone shouldCarry Away their Sister by Force	[90]
V.	Where Anyone Carries Away by Violence a Womanwho was Betrothed to Another	[90]
VI.	Where a Ravisher is Killed	[91]
VII.	Within what Time it is Lawful to Prosecute a Ravisher;and Whether any Marriage Contract can be enteredinto with Him by the Girl or her Parents	[91]
VIII.	Where a Slave carries off a Freewoman by Force	[92]
IX.	Where a Slave carries off a Freedwoman by Force	[92]
X.	Where a Slave carries off the Female Slave of Anotherby Force	[92]
XI.	Concerning those who Deceive Girls, or the Wives ofOthers, or Widows; and Concerning those whoCompel by Force, and without the Royal Command,any Freeborn Girl or Widow to take a Husband	[93]
XII.	Concerning Freemen and Slaves who are Proved tohave been Implicated in the Crime of Rape	[93]
Title IV.—Concerning Adultery.
I.	Where a Woman Commits Adultery, with or withoutthe Connivance of her Husband	[95]
II.	Where a Girl or a Woman who has been Betrothed, isfound Guilty of Adultery	[95]
III.	Concerning the Adultery of a Wife	[96]
IV.	Where an Adulterer, along with an Adulteress, areKilled	[96]
V.	Where her Father, or her Relatives, Kill a Girl whohas been Guilty of Adultery in their House	[96]
VI.	It is not Lawful for Slaves to put Persons to Deathwho are taken in Adultery	[97]
VII.	Where a Girl, or a Widow, goes to the House ofAnother, in order to Commit Adultery, and theMan should wish to Marry Her	[97]
VIII.	Where a Freeborn Woman commits Adultery withAnyone	[97]
IX.	Where a Freeborn Woman commits Adultery with theHusband of Another	[98]
X.	Slaves of Both Sexes may be Tortured to Reveal theAdultery of their Masters	[98]
XI.	Whether it shall be Lawful to set a Slave at Liberty,in order to Conceal the Crime of Adultery	[98]
XII.	Concerning the Property of Persons who have CommittedAdultery	[99]
XIII.	Concerning those Persons who have a Right to bringAccusations of Adultery, and what Proof of theCrime should be Made	[100]
XIV.	Where a Freedman, or a Slave, has been Convicted ofhaving committed Adultery, with Violence, upon aFreeborn Virgin, or Widow	[101]
XV.	Where a Freeman, or a Slave, without the Knowledgehis Master, commits Adultery with the FemaleSlave of Another	[102]
XVI.	Where a Female Slave is proved to have committedAdultery with Another by Force	[102]
XVII.	Concerning Freeborn Women, or Female Slaves, ofBad Character, and Where Judges Refuse toInvestigate, or Punish their Crimes	[102]
XVIII.	Concerning the Impurity of Priests and other Ministersof Religion	[104]
Title V.—Concerning Incest, Apostacy, and Pederasty.
I.	Concerning Incestuous and Adulterous Marriages inGeneral	[106]
II.	Concerning Incestuous and Adulterous Marriagesand Debauchery, either with Holy Virgins, or withWidows and other Women while doing Penance	[107]
III.	Concerning Men and Women who Illegally Assumethe Tonsure and Dress of Religious Orders	[108]
IV.	Concerning the Restraint of Fraud Peculiar to Widows	[109]
V.	Concerning Pederasty	[110]
VI.	Concerning Sodomy, and the Manner in which theLaw should be Enforced	[111]
VII.	Concerning Adultery committed with the Concubine ofa Father or a Brother	[111]
Title VI.—Concerning Divorce, and the Separation of Persons whohave been Betrothed.
I.	Where a Woman, justly or unjustly, is Separated fromher Husband	[113]
II.	There shall be No Divorce between Married Persons	[114]
III.	There shall be No Divorce between Persons who areBetrothed	[116]
BOOK IV.
CONCERNING NATURAL LINEAGE.
Title I.—Concerning the Degrees of Relationship.
I.	The Nature of the First Degree	[117]
II.	The Affinity of the Second Degree	[117]
III.	The Relationship of the Third Degree	[118]
IV.	The Consanguinity of the Fourth Degree	[118]
V.	The Origin of the Fifth Degree	[118]
VI.	The Limits of the Sixth Degree	[119]
VII.	The Persons in the Seventh Degree who are not Mentionedby the Laws	[119]
Title II.—Concerning the Laws of Inheritance.
I.	Brothers and Sisters shall Share Equally in theInheritance of their Parents	[121]
II.	The Children shall Come First in the Order of Succession	[121]
III.	Where there are no Heirs in the Direct Line, CollateralHeirs shall Inherit the Property	[121]
IV.	Who shall Succeed to the Property of Those who haveleft no Written Wills, or have made no Dispositionof their Possessions in the Presence of Witnesses	[121]
V.	Concerning Inheritance by Brothers and Sisters, andby such of these as are not descended from thesame Parents	[122]
VI.	Where he who Dies leaves Grandfathers or Grandmothers	[122]
VII.	Where he who Dies leaves Aunts	[122]
VIII.	Where he who Dies leaves Nephews	[122]
IX.	A Woman shall be entitled to a Share in an EntireInheritance	[123]
X.	As a Woman has a Right to a Share of an EntireInheritance, so he who is next in Succession shallinherit the Remainder of the Property	[123]
XI.	Concerning the Inheritance of Husband and Wife,Respectively	[123]
XII.	Concerning the Inheritance of Property from Clerksand Monks	[123]
XIII.	After the Death of their Mother, Children shall remainunder Control of their Father; and What Dispositionhe shall make of their Property	[123]
XIV.	Where a Mother remains a Widow, she shall have anEqual Portion of the Inheritance with her Children;and How a Mother ought to Dispose of the Propertyof her Children	[125]
XV.	No Wife can lay Claim to what her Husband hasGained by the Labor of her Slaves	[126]
XVI.	Concerning such Property as the Husband and Wifetogether have Accumulated during their MarriedLife	[126]
XVII.	In what way a Child may Inherit Property	[127]
XVIII.	How the Parents of a Child can Inherit from Him	[128]
XIX.	Concerning Posthumous Children	[129]
XX.	He who leaves no Children, has full Power to Disposeof his Property as he Pleases	[130]
Title III.—Concerning Wards and Their Guardians.
I.	What a Minor Is	[131]
II.	From what date Time is to be Computed in BringingLawsuits relating to Minors	[131]
III.	How the Guardianship of Wards should be Enteredupon; what Portion of their Property they shallReceive, and what Portion shall be given to theirGuardians	[132]
IV.	Guardians shall have no Right to Exact from Wardsin their Charge any Instruments in Writing whatever	[133]
Title IV.—Concerning Foundlings.
I.	Where anyone Casts Away, or Abandons, a FreebornChild, he shall Serve as its Slave	[135]
II.	Where a Male or Female Slave shall be Proved tohave Cast Away a Child, with or without theKnowledge of his or her Master	[135]
III.	What Compensation for Support anyone shall Receivefor the Bringing up of a Child Committed to hisCare by its Parents	[136]
Title V.—Concerning Such Property as is Vested by the Laws ofNature.
I.	Concerning the Disinheriting of Children; and WhatDisposition Parents should make of their Property	[137]
II.	What Part of her Dowry a Woman has a Right toBequeath	[139]
III.	What Property Parents should Bestow upon theirChildren, at the Time of their Marriage	[140]
IV.	Concerning Children Born of Different Parents; andWhat Distinctions Parents may Make in the Dispositionof their Estates	[141]
V.	Concerning such Property as Children may haveAcquired during the Lives of their Parents	[142]
BOOK V.
CONCERNING BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS.
Title I.—Ecclesiastical Affairs.
I.	Concerning Donations to the Church	[143]
II.	Concerning the Preservation and Restoration of PropertyBelonging to the Church	[144]
III.	Concerning Sales and Gifts of Church Property	[144]
IV.	Concerning Church Property in Charge of ThoseDevoted to the Service of the Church	[145]
V.	Concerning the Repairs of Churches, and Divers OtherMatters	[145]
VI.	Concerning the Arbitrary Conduct of Bishops	[147]
VII.	Emancipated Slaves of the Church, who are stillBound to Render it Service, shall not be Permittedto Marry Persons who are Freeborn	[150]
Title II.—Concerning Donations in General.
I.	A Donation Extorted by Violence is Void	[152]
II.	Concerning Royal Donations	[152]
III.	Concerning Property Given to a Husband or a Wifeby the King	[152]
IV.	Concerning Property, in Addition to the Dowry, Givento a Wife by her Husband	[153]
V.	Concerning Property Given to a Husband by his Wife;and Where a Wife has been Convicted of Adultery	[153]
VI.	Concerning Property Donated Verbally, or Conveyedby Instruments in Writing	[154]
VII.	Concerning Gifts Bestowed upon one Another byHusband and Wife	[155]
Title III.—Concerning the Gifts of Patrons.
I.	Where Anyone who has been Placed under the Controlof Another, or of the Son of that Person,Deserts either his Patron, or the Children of theLatter	[156]
II.	Concerning Arms given to Bailiffs who have beenAppointed for the Defence of Anyone, and theAcquisitions of said Bailiffs	[158]
III.	Concerning Property Acquired through the Appointmentof a Patron, or which has been Donated byHim	[158]
IV.	Concerning Property Accepted and Acquired throughthe Office of Patron	[158]
Title IV.—Concerning Exchanges and Sales.
I.	What Constitutes a Valid Exchange, and what a ValidPurchase	[160]
II.	If the Vendor is not a Person of Good Character, hemust give a Surety	[160]
III.	Any Sale made under Compulsion shall be Void	[160]
IV.	In Case the Price should not be Paid, after EarnestMoney has been Given	[160]
V.	Where only Part of the Price is Paid	[161]
VI.	Where Fraud is Committed in Stating the Price ofwhatever is Sold	[161]
VII.	Where Anyone says that he Sold his Property for Lessthan it was Worth	[161]
VIII.	Concerning Those who Sell, or Give Away, the Propertyof Others	[162]
IX.	It shall not be Lawful to Sell, or Give Away, Propertywhose Ownership is in Dispute	[162]
X.	Where a Freeman Allows Himself to be Sold	[162]
XI.	Concerning Free Men and Free Women sold by Slavesor Freemen	[163]
XII.	It shall be Illegal for Parents to Sell their Children or,by any Contract whatsoever, to Place Them in thePower of Others	[163]
XIII.	Concerning Sales by Slaves	[164]
XIV.	Where a Slave, who has been Sold, Accuses his FormerMaster of Crime	[165]
XV.	A Master may Claim the Property of a Slave whomhe has Sold	[165]
XVI.	Whether a Slave may be Redeemed with his ownPrivate Property	[166]
XVII.	No One, against his Will, shall be Compelled to Sellhis Slaves	[166]
XVIII.	Where a Slave, on Account of a Crime he has Committed,is Transferred to the Possession of Another	[167]
XIX.	Concerning Property Belonging to Private Persons,and to the Courts, which may not be Alienated	[167]
XX.	Where Anyone Sells or Gives Away Property, whosePossession should first have been Transferred byJudicial Decree	[169]
XXI.	Of Slaves Captured and Sold by the Enemy	[169]
XXII.	For what Price this Book shall be Bought	[169]
Title V.—Concerning Property Committed to the Charge of, or Loanedto, Another.
I.	Concerning Animals Hired to Another	[171]
II.	Concerning Animals Loaned for the Purpose of Labor	[172]
III.	Concerning Things which have been Loaned, and afterwardsDestroyed by Fire, or Lost by Theft	[172]
IV.	Concerning Lost Money, and the Interest on the Same	[173]
V.	Concerning Property Committed to the Charge ofAnother, and Lost by Accident at Sea	[173]
VI.	Concerning Property Entrusted to a Slave without hisMaster’s Knowledge	[174]
VII.	Where a Slave Fraudulently Demands Property Entrustedby his Master to Another	[174]
VIII.	Concerning Legal Interest	[175]
IX.	What shall be Paid for the Use of Fruits of the Soil	[175]
X.	Who are Entitled to Wills, or Instruments in Writing,which have been Entrusted to the Keeping of Anyone	[176]
Title VI.—Concerning Pledges and Debts.
I.	Where Articles are not Pledged	[177]
II.	Where Pledges are Deposited, and afterwards Stolen	[177]
III.	Where Articles are Pledged as Security for Debts	[177]
IV.	Where a Pledge is not Restored when the Debt is Paid	[178]
V.	Where a Person is Liable for many Debts, or has Committedmany Crimes	[179]
VI.	In what way the Debt of a Person who is Dead, or anyInjury he has Committed, shall be Inquired into	[180]
Title VII.—Concerning the Liberation of Slaves, and Freedmen.
I.	Where Slaves are Liberated, either by Instruments inWriting, or in the Presence of Witnesses	[182]
II.	Where a Slave Belonging to One, or to Several Persons,is set at Liberty	[182]
III.	Concerning Those who Declare that they are Free	[183]
IV.	Whether he who is enjoying Liberty, can be Returnedto Slavery	[183]
V.	Whether he who is sought to be Returned to Slavery,can be Deprived of any of his Property	[183]
VI.	Whether he who has been Declared to be Free by hisMaster, in Court, can be again Reduced to Slavery,on the Demand of said Master	[184]
VII.	Where anyone, Influenced by Fear, Asserts that he isa Slave	[184]
VIII.	Where a Freeman is Claimed as a Slave; or Where aSlave Declares Himself to be Free	[184]
IX.	For what Reasons Freedom, once Given, shall be Revoked	[185]
X.	Where a Freedman Inflicts Injury upon him who Gavehim his Freedom	[185]
XI.	A Freedman shall not be Permitted to give Testimonyagainst his Former Master, or against the Children ofthe Latter	[186]
XII.	Freedmen shall not be Permitted to Testify in Court	[186]
XIII.	Concerning the Disposition of the Property of a Personwho has been set Free, should he Die withoutLeaving Legitimate Children	[186]
XIV.	Concerning the Conditions Imposed by a Master, whereSlaves are Liberated by an Instrument in Writing	[187]
XV.	Concerning the Liberation of Slaves belonging to theCrown	[188]
XVI.	Concerning the Property of Slaves belonging to theCrown, who have been Liberated	[188]
XVII.	Neither Freedmen, nor their Descendants, shall eitherMarry into, or Act Insolently towards, the Family oftheir Patron	[189]
XVIII.	Freedmen who have Entered any Religious Order, shallnot be Returned to the Service of their Masters	[190]
XIX.	In what manner Royal Freedmen and their Descendantsshall Defend the King, while Serving in theArmy; and with whom Those in the Public Serviceshall March	[190]
XX.	Concerning Freedmen who are Guilty of Transgressions	[191]
BOOK VI.
CONCERNING CRIMES AND TORTURES.
Title I.—Concerning the Accusers of Criminals.
I.	A Slave, Accused of a Crime, may be Demanded ofhis Master by the Officials of the District	[193]
II.	For what Offences, and in what Manner, FreebornPersons shall be put to the Torture	[194]
III.	For what Offences, and in what Manner, Slaves, ofEither Sex, shall be put to the Torture, on accountof the Crimes of their Masters	[196]
IV.	For what Offences, and in what manner, a Slave, or aFreedman, shall be Tortured	[197]
V.	In what way an Accusation shall be Brought to theNotice of the King	[200]
VI.	How Kings should Practise the Duties of Mercy	[201]
VII.	He Alone shall be Considered Guilty who Committedthe Crime	[201]
Title II.—Concerning Malefactors and their Advisers, and Poisoners.
I.	Where a Freeborn Man Consults with a SoothsayerConcerning the Health, or the Death of Another	[203]
II.	Concerning Poisoners	[204]
III.	Concerning Malefactors and their Advisers	[204]
IV.	Concerning Those who are Guilty of any Illegal Acts,or any Injury, towards Men, Animals, or any Kind ofProperty Whatsoever	[205]
Title III.—Concerning Abortion.
I.	Concerning Those who Administer Drugs for the Productionof Abortion	[206]
II.	Where a Freeborn Man Causes a Freeborn Woman toAbort	[206]
III.	Where a Freeborn Woman Causes another FreebornWoman to Abort	[207]
IV.	Where a Freeborn Man Produces Abortion upon aSlave	[207]
V.	Where a Slave Produces Abortion upon a Freeborn Woman	[207]
VI.	Where a Slave Produces Abortion upon a Female Slave	[207]
VII.	Concerning Those who Kill their Children before, orafter, they are Born	[207]
Title IV.—Concerning Injuries, Wounds, and Mutilations, Inflicted upon Men.
I.	Concerning the Injury of Freemen and Slaves	[209]
II.	Concerning Insolent Persons and their Acts	[210]
III.	Concerning the Law of Retaliation, and the Amountto be Paid in Lieu of the Enforcement of said Law	[211]
IV.	Where a Person Deprives a Traveler of his Liberty,against the Will of the Latter, and with Intent todo him Injury	[214]
V.	He who Violates the Law by Inflicting Injury uponAnother, shall undergo the same Punishment whichhe Himself Inflicted	[215]
VI.	He shall not be Considered Guilty who Struck Another,when the Latter was about to Strike Him	[215]
VII.	Where a Slave Insults a Freeborn Person	[216]
VIII.	Where one Freeborn Person Strikes Another	[216]
IX.	Where the Slave of Another is Mutilated by a Freeborn Person	[216]
X.	Where a Slave Strikes a Freeborn Person	[217]
XI.	Where One Slave Mutilates Another Slave	[217]
Title V.—Concerning Homicide.
I.	Where One Kills Another without Knowing it	[218]
II.	Where One Kills Another without Seeing Him	[219]
III.	Where One, being Pushed, Kills Another	[219]
IV.	Where One, Seeking to Strike Another, Kills a Third Person	[219]
V.	Where One is Killed while Interfering in a Quarrel	[220]
VI.	Where One, Intending to Inflict a Slight Injury, Kills Another	[220]
VII.	Where One, in Sport, or Recklessly, Kills Another	[220]
VIII.	Where One Kills Another through Immoderate Punishment	[221]
IX.	Where a Freeman Kills a Slave by Accident	[221]
X.	Where a Slave Kills a Freeman by Accident	[221]
XI.	Where One Man Intentionally Kills Another	[221]
XII.	No Master shall Kill his Slave without Good Reason;and Where One Freeman Kills Another	[222]
XIII.	No One shall Deprive a Male or Female Slave of a Limb	[225]
XIV.	Any Person may bring an Accusation of Homicide	[226]
XV.	Both Relatives and Strangers have a Right to Accusea Person of Homicide	[227]
XVI.	Where a Homicide Takes Refuge in a Church	[227]
XVII.	Concerning Parricides, and the Disposition of theirProperty	[228]
XVIII.	Concerning Those who Kill Others Related to Themby Blood	[229]
XIX.	Where One Blood-Relative is Accidentally Killed byAnother	[230]
XX.	Where One Slave Kills Another by Accident	[230]
XXI.	Concerning those who Destroy their Souls by Perjury	[230]
BOOK VII.
CONCERNING THEFT AND FRAUD.
Title I.—Concerning Informers of Theft.
I.	Concerning Informers and Persons who give Informationof Theft	[233]
II.	A Slave, Acting as Informer, must not be Believed,unless the Testimony of his Master is also Given	[234]
III.	Where the Informer Knew of the Commission of theTheft	[284]
IV.	Concerning the Compensation of an Informer	[235]
V.	Where an Innocent Person is Accused of Crime by anInformer	[235]
Title II.—Concerning Thieves and Stolen Property.
I.	He who is Searching for Stolen Property must Describe it	[238]
II.	Where a Slave Commits a Theft Before or After hehas Received his Freedom	[238]
III.	Where a Slave, who has Become the Property ofAnother Master, Commits an Unlawful Act	[238]
IV.	Where a Freeman Commits a Theft in Company withthe Slave of Another Person	[239]
V.	Where a Master Commits a Theft in Company with hisSlave	[239]
VI.	Where a Slave, Belonging to Another Person, is Instigatedby Anyone to the Commission of Unlawful Acts	[239]
VII.	Concerning Those who Knowingly Associate with Thieves	[240]
VIII.	Where Anyone, Ignorantly, Buys Stolen Property of a Thief	[240]
IX.	Where Anyone, Knowingly, Buys Stolen Property of a Thief	[241]
X.	Concerning Money, and Other Property, Stolen from the King	[241]
XI.	Concerning the Stealing of Bells from Cattle	[241]
XII.	Concerning the Theft of Mill Machinery	[242]
XIII.	Concerning the Punishment of a Thief	[242]
XIV.	A Thief, when Taken, shall be Brought Before theJudge; and Where a Freeman Commits a Theft inCompany with a Slave, Both shall Undergo theSame Penalty	[242]
XV.	Where a Thief, Defending Himself with a Sword, isKilled	[243]
XVI.	Where a Thief is Killed at Night, while he is Being Taken	[243]
XVII.	Concerning Property Injured or Destroyed; and theReparation to be Made for what has been Damagedor Stolen	[243]
XVIII.	Concerning Property Rescued from Shipwreck	[243]
XIX.	Concerning the Property and the Heirs of Thieves	[244]
XX.	Concerning Those who Rescue Thieves and OtherCriminals, after their Capture	[244]
XXI.	Where a Slave Steals from his Master, or from aFellow-Slave	[245]
XXII.	Within what Time, after his Arrest, a Thief must beBrought Before the Judge	[245]
XXIII.	Where Anyone Secretly Kills an Animal Belonging toAnother	[246]
Title III.—Concerning Appropriators and Kidnappers of Slaves.
I.	Where Anyone Seizes the Slave of Another	[247]
II.	Where a Freeman is Convicted of Having Stolen theMale or Female Slave of Another	[247]
III.	Concerning Kidnapped Children of Freeborn Persons	[248]
IV.	Where one Slave Kidnaps Another Belonging to aPerson not his Master	[248]
V.	Where a Slave, at the Command of his Master, Kidnapsa Freeborn Person	[249]
VI.	Where a Slave, without the Knowledge of his Master,Kidnaps a Freeborn Person	[249]
Title IV.—Concerning the Custody and Sentence of Condemned Persons.
I.	Where a Judge is Asked to Punish Crime, and is AfterwardsTreated with Contempt	[250]
II.	The Governor of the City shall Aid the Judge in theArrest of Persons Accused of Crime	[250]
III.	Where a Person Breaks out of Prison, or Influences theJailer for that Purpose	[251]
IV.	Concerning the Compensation which may be Receivedfrom those in Custody	[251]
V.	Where a Judge who is Lenient to Offenders Againstthe Law, Releases a Criminal	[252]
VI.	Concerning the Punishment of a Judge who ImproperlyDischarges a Criminal	[252]
VII.	A Person Guilty of Crime shall receive the Sentence ofthe Law not Secretly, but in Public	[252]
Title V.—Concerning Forgers of Documents.
I.	Concerning Those who Forge Royal Orders and Mandates	[253]
II.	Concerning Those who Forge Documents, or Attemptto Forge Them	[254]
III.	Concerning Those who Forge, or Serve, False Orders inthe Name of the King, or a Judge	[255]
IV.	Concerning Those who Falsify a Will against the Consentof a Party while Living, or Disclose the Contentsof the Same	[256]
V.	Concerning Those who Attempt to Forge, or Conceal,the Will of a Person Already Deceased	[256]
VI.	Where Anyone Assumes a Fictitious Name, or Adoptsa False Lineage or Relationship	[256]
VII.	Concerning Documents Fraudulently Dated, Prior totheir Execution	[257]
VIII.	Concerning Later Documents Fraudulently Executed	[258]
IX.	Concerning those who Falsely Write, or Publish,Decrees and Edicts of the King	[259]
Title VI.—Concerning Counterfeiters of Metals.
I.	Concerning the Torture of Slaves, in Order to Convicttheir Masters of Counterfeiting Money; and theReward of Witnesses who have given Informationof the Same	[261]
II.	Concerning Those who Debase Solidi, or Other Coins	[261]
III.	Concerning Those who Debase Gold by a Mixture ofOther Metals	[262]
IV.	Where Artificers of Metals are Found to have Abstracteda Portion of what was Entrusted to Them	[262]
V.	No One shall Refuse to Accept a Golden Solidus ofLegal Weight	[262]
BOOK VIII.
CONCERNING ACTS OF VIOLENCE AND INJURIES.
Title I.—Concerning Attacks, and Plunder of Property.
I.	The Patron, or the Master, shall Alone be Held Guilty,if, by his Orders, a Freeman or a Slave shouldCommit any Unlawful Act	[264]
II.	Where a Party in Possession is Expelled by Force	[264]
III.	Where Many Persons Unite in Causing Bloodshed	[264]
IV.	Where a Person is Shut up by Violence, Inside his OwnHouse, or Within his Gate	[265]
V.	Property, while in the Possession of Another, shallnot be Seized, Except Under Legal Process	[266]
VI.	Where a Person is Guilty of Asking Others to CommitDepredations	[267]
VII.	A House shall not be Entered in the Absence of theMaster, or while he is on a Public Expedition	[267]
VIII.	Where the Slaves of a Person who is Absent on aPublic Expedition Commit Unlawful Acts	[268]
IX.	Concerning Those who, while on an Expedition, CommitRobbery or Other Depredations	[268]
X.	He in whose Possession Stolen Property has beenFound, shall be Compelled to name his associates inthe Crime	[269]
XI.	Concerning Those who are Guilty of Giving Directionsto Others for Purposes of Robbery	[269]
XII.	Concerning Those who Rob, or Inflict Annoyanceupon Anyone, while he is on a Journey, or at Workin the Country	[269]
XIII.	Whether a Person Caught in the Act of Robbery maybe Killed	[270]
Title II.—Concerning Arson and Incendiaries.
I.	Concerning Those who set Fire to Houses either Withinor Without a City	[271]
II.	Where Forests are set on Fire	[272]
III.	Where a Conflagration Results from the SmoulderingCampfire of a Traveller	[273]
Title III.—Concerning Injuries to Trees, Gardens, or Growing Cropsof any Description.
I.	Concerning the Compensation for Cutting Down Trees	[274]
II.	Where Anyone Destroys the Garden of Another	[275]
III.	Where Injury, or Homicide, Results from the CuttingDown of a Tree	[275]
IV.	Where a Tree is Partially Cut Down, or is Injured by Fire	[276]
V.	Concerning the Cutting Down, Tearing up, or Burningof Vines; and the Seizure of Growing Crops	[276]
VI.	Where Fences are Cut Down, or Burned	[277]
VII.	Where Fence Posts are Cut	[277]
VIII.	Where Anyone is Caught with a Vehicle, in a WoodBelonging to Another	[278]
IX.	Concerning the Unreasonable Enclosure of Orchards,Vineyards and Pastures	[278]
X.	Where Animals are Voluntarily Loosed in Fields wherethere are Crops, or in Vineyards	[278]
XI.	Where Animals Damage Growing Crops	[279]
XII.	Where an Enclosed Field is Ruined by Flocks	[279]
XIII.	Where Fruits of any Kind are Destroyed by Animals	[279]
XIV.	Where, while Anyone is Driving Cattle out of CultivatedFields, Another Person Rescues them, orTakes Possession of them afterwards Secretly or byForce	[280]
XV.	Concerning Animals Found in Vineyards, Fields ofGrain, or Meadows	[281]
XVI.	Where Animals Depart from Fields of Growing GrainBefore they are Driven Out	[282]
XVII.	Where Anyone Mutilates an Animal found in a Fieldof Grain	[282]
Title IV.—Concerning Injuries to Animals, and Other Property.
I.	Where a Horse, or any other Animal, which has beenTied Up, is Removed, or Injured, in any Way,Without the Consent of the Owner	[284]
II.	Where any Animal which has been Loaned, is Usedagainst the Directions, or Will of the Owner, or isAbused	[285]
III.	Where the Mane or Tail of a Horse, or any OtherAnimal, is cut off by Anyone	[285]
IV.	Where Anyone Castrates an Animal Belonging toAnother	[285]
V.	Where Anyone Produces an Abortion upon a Beast ofBurden Belonging to Another	[286]
VI.	Where Anyone Produces an Abortion upon any kind ofAnimal Belonging to Another	[286]
VII.	Where Animals of any kind Injure One Another	[286]
VIII.	Where a Person Kills an Animal Belonging to Another,whether he has been Injured by said Animal, or Not	[286]
IX.	Where an Ox, Belonging to Another, is Used forLabor, without the Consent of its Owner	[287]
X.	Where Animals, of any kind, Belonging to Another,are Overworked in the Threshing of Grain	[287]
XI.	Where Cattle, which have done no Injury, are Shut Up	[287]
XII.	Where an Animal Causes Injury to Anyone	[288]
XIII.	Where an Animal is Injured, or Killed, by a Blow	[288]
XIV.	Where Cattle, Belonging to Another, with or withoutthe Knowledge of the Owner, are Mingled with theHerd or Flock of the Latter	[288]
XV.	Where Anything Intended to Frighten an Animal isFastened to it, and it should be either Injured, orKilled, in Consequence	[289]
XVI.	Where a Vicious Animal, while on the Premises of itsOwner, Kills Anyone	[289]
XVII.	Where Anyone Rids himself of a Vicious Animal, orStill Retains it in his Possession	[290]
XVIII.	Where Anyone Teases an Animal and is Injured by it,he Alone shall be Responsible for the Injury	[290]
XIX.	Where a Dog that has been Irritated, whether theProvocation was Wanton or not, is Proved to haveInjured, or Killed Anyone	[291]
XX.	Concerning a Vicious Dog	[291]
XXI.	Concerning Injuries to Clothing	[291]
XXII.	Where a Trespasser Falls into a Trap set for WildAnimals	[292]
XXIII.	He who sets Snares or Traps for Wild Beasts, mustInform his Neighbors of the Places where saidSnares are Set	[292]
XXIV.	Concerning Injuries Resulting from the Obstructionof Highways	[293]
XXV.	Of the Space that is to be Preserved along PublicHighways	[293]
XXVI.	Where the Animals of Persons Traversing Fields thatare not Enclosed, are Driven Away	[294]
XXVII.	Animals Driven along the Highway Cannot be Excludedfrom Open Pastures	[295]
XXVIII.	He who has Land under Cultivation along the Bankof a River, has a Right to Enclose the Same	[295]
XXIX.	Concerning the Right to Enclose Streams	[295]
XXX.	Concerning Those who Damage Mills, and Ponds	[296]
XXXI.	Concerning Those who Steal Water from StreamsBelonging to Others	[296]
Title V.—Concerning the Pasturage of Hogs, and Concerning Strays.
I.	Where Hogs are Pastured on Acorns, Either withoutAuthority, or under Contract	[298]
II.	Where Hogs are Fed on Acorns on Land Belonging toSeveral Persons	[299]
III.	Where Hogs Turned on Land to be Fed on Acorns,under Contract, are Taken away by Stealth, Beforethe Tenth Part of said Hogs are Delivered	[299]
IV.	Where Hogs are Found Wandering in Woodland	[300]
V.	Where a Drove of Animals, of any Kind, Enter uponthe Pasture-land of Another Person	[300]
VI.	Public Notice shall be given of Strays by him whoFinds them	[301]
VII.	Whoever Finds any Strays shall take Proper Care ofthe Same	[301]
VIII.	No Stray Animal shall be Either Sheared, Branded,or Appropriated by Anyone	[301]
Title VI.—Concerning Bees, and the Damage they Cause.
I.	Where a Person Finds Bees on his Property	[303]
II.	Where Bees Cause any Damage	[303]
III.	Concerning the Theft of Bees	[303]
BOOK IX.
CONCERNING FUGITIVES AND REFUGEES.
Title I.—Concerning Fugitives, and Those who Conceal, and Assistthem in Their Flight.
I.	Where a Freeman or a Slave is Found to have Concealeda Fugitive	[306]
II.	Where a Fugitive is Released from his Chains by anyPerson	[306]
III.	Within what Time a Fugitive Slave that has beenFound, shall be Produced Before the Judge	[307]
IV.	Where Anyone, Ignorantly, Receives a FugitiveSlave, and Cares for Him	[307]
V.	Where Anyone Persuades the Slave of Another toFlee, or Shows him Hospitality	[308]
VI.	Where a Man, Unknown to be a Slave, is Received byAnother, and Remains with him Several Days	[308]
VII.	Where a Slave, Knowingly, Directs a Fugitive Slavein his Flight	[309]
VIII.	Concerning the Reception of Fugitive Slaves; andWhether a Master or a Slave may receive a FugitiveSlave Belonging to Another	[309]
IX.	Where a Fugitive Slave Comes to the House of anyPerson, Notice of the Fact must be Given to theNeighbors and Authorities of the District	[311]
X.	Where a Slave that has been Sold into a ForeignCountry, Returns as a Fugitive, and is Sold a SecondTime, he shall be Entitled to his Freedom	[311]
XI.	Where a Fugitive Slave Takes Refuge with AnotherPerson, an Investigation must be Made, to Ascertainwhether he was not Sent by his Master, inOrder that the Latter might Receive Compensationfrom the Person who Received said Slave	[312]
XII.	Where a Slave, Falsely Declaring that he is Free,Serves Another for Hire	[312]
XIII.	Where a Fugitive Slave is Found in the House of anyPerson	[313]
XIV.	Concerning the Reward for Arresting a Fugitive Slave	[313]
XV.	Where a Fugitive Slave Falsely Declares that he isFreeborn	[314]
XVI.	Where a Fugitive Slave, Declaring that he is Freeborn,Marries a Freeborn Woman	[314]
XVII.	Concerning Property Acquired by Fugitive Slaves	[315]
XVIII.	Concerning Those who Refuse to Restore FugitiveSlaves to their Masters	[315]
XIX.	Where a Freeman, or a Slave, Undertakes the Concealmentof Robbers	[316]
XX.	A Judge must Surrender a Fugitive Slave, with all theProperty Found in his Possession, to his Master	[316]
XXI.	Concerning Fugitive Slaves and those who ShelterThem	[316]
Title II.—Concerning Those who Refuse to go to War, and Deserters.
I.	Where an Officer of the Army, Corrupted by a Bribe,Permits a Soldier to Depart, or does not Compelhim to Leave his Home	[320]
II.	Where Conscription Officers Appropriate the Propertyof Those they Call to Arms	[321]
III.	Where an Officer of the Army Abandons the War, andReturns Home, or Permits Others to do so	[321]
IV.	Where an Officer of the Army, Deserting the Service,Returns Home, or Compels Others to do so	[322]
V.	Where a Conscription Officer Receives a Bribe to PermitSoldiers who are not Ill, to Remain at Home	[323]
VI.	Concerning those who Appropriate Army Rations, orare Guilty of Fraud in the Distribution of the Same	[323]
VII.	What Reward he who Rescues Slaves, or Property,from the Possession of the Enemy, shall be Entitledto	[324]
VIII.	What Conduct shall be Pursued when Public ScandalArises within the Bounds of Spain	[324]
IX.	Concerning Those who Fail to Enlist at the AppointedTime or Place, or Desert; and What Proportion ofthe Slaves Belonging to any Person shall join theArmy	[327]
Title III.—Concerning Those who Seek Sanctuary in a Church.
I.	No One, Claiming the Privilege of Sanctuary in aChurch, shall be Taken from Thence by Force,Unless he Defends himself with Arms	[331]
II.	Where a Person Seeks Sanctuary in a Church, and isKilled, while Defending himself with Arms	[331]
III.	Concerning the Penalty for Removing a Man from aChurch by Force	[331]
IV.	A Debtor, or a Criminal, Cannot be Forcibly Removedfrom a Church, and must Pay such Debts, or Penalties,as are Due	[332]
BOOK X.
CONCERNING PARTITION, LIMITATION AND BOUNDARIES.
Title I.—Concerning Partition, and Lands Conveyed by Contract.
I.	A Partition Once Made, shall Remain Forever in Force	[334]
II.	No Partition Made Between Brothers shall be Revoked,Even if it was not Made in Writing but Onlyin the Presence of a Competent Witness	[334]
III.	Where a Partition is Made Among Many Persons bythe Majority and those Entitled to the Larger Share,it shall not be Changed by any Act of the Minority	[334]
IV.	One Heir shall have the Right to Act for all theOthers, either as Plaintiff or Defendant	[335]
V.	Where Anyone Violates a Contract Establishing aPartition, and Seizes a Portion of the Property	[335]
VI.	Where an Heir Plants a Vineyard, or Erects a House,on Land Belonging to his Co-Heirs	[336]
VII.	Where one Person Plants a Vineyard on the Land ofAnother, to which he has no Title	[336]
VIII.	Concerning the Division of Lands Made BetweenGoths and Romans	[337]
IX.	Concerning Forests Still Undivided Among Goths andRomans	[337]
X.	Whatever Acts a Slave may Perform, without theOrder of his Master, shall be Void, except whenOtherwise Provided by Law	[337]
XI.	Whoever Enters upon Land under a Lease, mustComply with his Contract	[337]
XII.	Where Lands are Leased, by a written Contract, for aTerm of Years	[338]
XIII.	Where he who Rents Land under Contract, Cultivatesa Greater Area than he has a Right to do, under theConditions of the Same	[338]
XIV.	Where a Dispute Arises Between Landlord and Tenant,Concerning Arable Lands, or Forests, which areLeased	[339]
XV.	Both Tenants must Pay the Rent for Land which hasbeen Sublet	[339]
XVI.	Where Goths have Appropriated any of the ThirdPart of Land Belonging to Romans, they shallRestore the Entire Amount to the Romans, underOrder of Court	[339]
XVII.	Concerning the Partition of Property Among theBlood-Relatives of Slaves, and the Distribution oftheir Personal Estates	[340]
XVIII.	All Personal Property shall be Classed under One Title	[341]
XIX.	Where a Contract is not Complied With according toits Terms	[341]
Title II.—Concerning the Limitations of Fifty and Thirty Years.
I.	After the Lapse of Fifty Years, Neither Goths norRomans can Assert a Claim to Property	[343]
II.	No Fugitive Slave shall be Again Reduced to Servitude,after the Lapse of Fifty Years	[343]
III.	No Suit at Law shall be Brought Thirty Years Afterthe Cause of Action has Arisen	[343]
IV.	The Limitation of Thirty Years shall Run in all CasesExcepting those where Slaves of the Crown are Concerned	[344]
V.	Concerning Claims made within Thirty Years	[344]
VI.	The Limitation of Thirty Years shall not Run whilePersons are Exiled	[346]
VII.	Within what Time Slaves Belonging to the Crown canAgain be Reduced to Slavery	[347]
Title III.—Concerning Boundaries and Landmarks.
I.	How Boundaries and Landmarks shall be Preserved	[348]
II.	Concerning the Destruction and Removal of Landmarks	[348]
III.	What is to be Done when a Dispute Arises ConcerningBoundaries	[348]
IV.	Where One Person makes a Claim to Land Includedwithin the Boundaries of Another	[349]
V.	Where any Change was made in the Boundaries ofLand During the Time of the Romans, no ClaimBased upon Other Boundaries shall Prevail	[350]
BOOK XI.
CONCERNING THE SICK AND THE DEAD, AND MERCHANTSWHO COME FROM BEYOND SEAS.
Title I.—Concerning Physicians and Sick Persons.
I.	No Physician shall Presume to Bleed a Woman, in theAbsence of her Relatives	[353]
II.	No Physician shall Visit Persons Confined in Prison	[354]
III.	Where a Physician Treats Disease under a Contract	[354]
IV.	Where a Sick Person Dies, while a Physician is Treatinghim under a Contract	[355]
V.	Where a Physician Removes a Cataract from the Eye	[355]
VI.	Where a Freeman or a Slave Dies from Being Bled	[355]
VII.	Concerning the Compensation to be Received for theInstruction of a Student in Medicine	[355]
VIII.	No Physician shall be Imprisoned without a Hearing	[355]
Title II.—Concerning Those who Disturb Sepulchres.
I.	Concerning Persons who Deface or Injure Tombs	[356]
II.	Where a Coffin is Removed from a Grave	[356]
Title III.—Concerning Merchants who Come from Beyond Seas.
I.	Where Foreign Merchants are Detected Selling StolenProperty	[357]
II.	Foreign Merchants shall be Judged by their own Magistrates,and According to their own Laws	[357]
III.	Where a Foreign Merchant Carries Away with him,from our Kingdom, a Person whom he has Hired	[358]
IV.	Where a Foreign Merchant takes Away a Slave forPurposes of Commerce	[358]
BOOK XII.
CONCERNING THE PREVENTION OF OFFICIAL OPPRESSION,AND THE THOROUGH EXTINCTION OF HERETICAL SECTS.
Title I.—Concerning the Exercise of Moderation in Judicial Decisions,and the Avoiding of Oppression by Those Invested with Authority.
I.	Concerning the Admonition of the King, by whichJudges are Ordered to Display Moderation in theAdministration of Justice	[359]
II.	No Official, Invested with Power Over the People andSupervision Over their Acts, shall Subject them toUnnecessary Expense, or Other Impositions	[360]
Title II.—Concerning the Eradicationof the Errors of all Heretics and Jews.
I.	Laws Having Been Given to True Believers, it is NowNecessary to Place Restraints upon Infidels	[363]
II.	Concerning the Renunciation of the Errors of all Heresies	[364]
III.	Concerning the Laws Promulgated on Account of theWickedness of the Jews	[365]
IV.	Concerning the Extirpation of the Errors of the Jewsin General	[366]
V.	Jews shall not Celebrate the Passover According totheir Custom	[367]
VI.	Jews shall not Contract Marriage According to theirCustom	[367]
VII.	Jews shall not Perform the Rite of Circumcision	[367]
VIII.	Jews shall not Divide their Food into Clean andUnclean, According to their Custom	[367]
IX.	No Jew shall Subject a Christian to Torture	[368]
X.	No Jew shall Testify Against a Christian; and Underwhat Circumstances the Descendants of Jews mayTestify	[368]
XI.	No Jew shall Circumcise a Christian Slave	[369]
XII.	Concerning the Penalties to be Inflicted for OffencesCommitted by Jews	[369]
XIII.	Concerning Christian Slaves who are Known to havebeen Sold or Liberated by Jews	[369]
XIV.	Under no Circumstances shall Christian Slaves Attachthemselves to Jews, or be Admitted into theirSect	[371]
XV.	All Christians are Forbidden to Defend or Protect aJew by Either Force or Favor	[374]
XVI.	Memorial of the Jews Presented to the King	[375]
XVII.	Concerning Judaizing Christians	[376]
XVIII.	Concerning the Perfidy of the Jews	[377]
Title III.—Concerning New Laws against the Jews, in which Old Onesare Confirmed, and New Ones are Added.
I.	Concerning Old Laws Enacted Against the Transgressionsof the Jews, and the Confirmation of theSame	[382]
II.	Concerning Blasphemers Against the Holy Trinity	[384]
III.	Jews shall not Absent themselves, or Remove theirChildren or Slaves, to Avoid the Blessing of Baptism	[385]
IV.	Jews shall not Celebrate the Passover According totheir Custom, or Practice Circumcision, or Induceany Christian to Renounce the Church of Christ	[385]
V.	Jews shall not Presume to Keep the Sabbath, or CelebrateFestival Days, According to their Ritual	[386]
VI.	Every Jew shall Cease from Labor on Sunday, andon all Appointed Holidays	[387]
VII.	Jews shall not make any Distinction in their Food,According to their Custom	[388]
VIII.	A Jew shall not Marry a Person Nearly Related tohim by Blood, or Contract Marriage without theBenediction of a Priest	[388]
IX.	Jews who Insult our Religion, while Attempting toDefend their own Sect, shall not Betake themselvesElsewhere; nor shall Anyone Shelter them whileFugitives	[389]
X.	No Christian shall Accept a Gift from a Jew, to theDetriment of the Christian Faith	[390]
XI.	Jews shall not Dare to Read Such Books as the ChristianFaith Rejects	[391]
XII.	Christian Slaves shall not Serve, or Associate with,Jews	[392]
XIII.	Where a Jew Declares that he is a Christian, and, forthis Reason, does not Wish to Dispose of a ChristianSlave	[393]
XIV.	The Confession of Jews; and, In What way Each Oneof Them, who is Converted, must Write Down theProof of his Conversion	[395]
XV.	Conditions under which Jews must Make Oath, when,having been Converted, they give in their Confessionof Faith	[397]
XVI.	Concerning the Christian Slaves of Jews, who have notProclaimed themselves Christians, and those whoExpose Them	[401]
XVII.	No Jew, under any Authority whatever, shall Dare toOppress, Punish, or Imprison a Christian, Exceptby Order of the King	[401]
XVIII.	If Slaves of Jews, not yet Converted, should Claim theGrace of Christ, they shall be Liberated	[402]
XIX.	Jews shall not Rule Christians under the Authority ofMayors of Towns, or of Superintendents of Estates;and Concerning the Penalties to be Imposed uponSuch as Appoint them to Office	[402]
XX.	Where a Jew comes from Another Country into any ofthe Provinces of Our Kingdom, he must, at once,Present himself before a Bishop, a Priest, or aJudge; and What shall be Done under the Circumstances	[403]
XXI.	How Assemblies of Jews shall Visit the Bishop onAppointed Days	[404]
XXII.	Where Anyone has a Jew in his Service, and a PriestDemands him, the Master shall not have a Right toRetain said Jew	[405]
XXIII.	All Restraint of, and Control over, the Jews shall beVested in the Priesthood	[405]
XXIV.	Concerning the Penalties to be Imposed upon Priestsand Judges who Neglect to Enforce the Laws againstthe Jews	[406]
XXV.	No Judge shall Presume to Investigate the Offencesof the Jews without the Knowledge of an Ecclesiastic	[407]
XXVI.	Bishops shall be Immune from Punishment when theirPriests do not Inform them of such Things as shouldbe Corrected	[407]
XXVII.	Concerning the Mercy to be Shown by Princes towardsThose who have been Truly Converted to the ChristianFaith	[408]
XXVIII.	Bishops shall Give to all Jews a Copy of this Book,which has been Published for the Purpose of Correctingtheir Errors; and their Confessions and aRecord of their Conversion shall be Depositedamong the Archives of the Church	[408]

LAWS OF THE JUDGES.

BOOK I.
CONCERNING LEGAL AGENCIES.