Women in the Printing Trades: A Sociological Study.

by Unknown

MACHINE FEEDING.

This is the lowest work in letterpress printing. Girls are employed largely as feeders, and are replacing boys. The managers said that the work was not liked by boys, as leading to nothing, and it was difficult to get them. The wages for a machine feeder are 4s. 6d. to 5s. 6d. initial wage, which rises to 8s. 6d. or 9s. In the best workshops we were told that the firm tried to find better work for machine feeders when they had been some time with them and had proved themselves capable and steady. Other firms did not know what became of machine feeders when they grew dissatisfied with the small wage paid to them.

Employment of Married Women.

It is curious to notice how few married women there are in the printing trade in Birmingham compared to the pen trade, for example. A better class of girl seems to go into the printing trade, coming from better homes than women employed in the hardware trades. It is very exceptional for a girl who marries a skilled artisan in Birmingham to continue her work, and in these trades girls appear to belong more to the skilled artisan class. Several employers refuse married women; one employer told me that he never had had an application for work from a married woman. Only one employer was indifferent as to whether he employed married women, and did not know whether his hands were married or not.

Women and Machinery.

It was very difficult to ascertain whether the machinery introduced meant dismissal of hands. In one business, for example, the thread sewing machine introduced 12 months ago did the work of 12 girls. The machinist was taking 12s. per week in place of 12 girls at 10s. to 12s. 6d. The manager said that they had not dismissed any thread sewers when this machine was introduced, but had absorbed them in other processes. They would, however, engage no more girls as thread sewers.

The new Scotch folding machine for envelopes, which turns out 25,000 per day against 2,000 done by hand, also was said not to have been productive of dismissals.[98]

[98] The only actual cases of dismissal of workers owing to introduction of machinery which I can ascertain is that of the new grinding machines for pens. The employer, who has invented the machine, told me he meant to dismiss about half his grinders and supply their places with girls fresh from school, as very little skill will be needed to work the machine. I hear that the largest pen business has ordered sixty of these machines, but I have not yet ascertained what effect it will have on that business. The employer in the first business mentioned spoke of the grinders as the most indocile of his workers, and as many of them belonged to the Penworkers' Union, he hoped that the machine would help in annihilating the union. In two businesses I was told that the cheapness of women labour retarded the introduction of thread sewing machines, etc.

Continuity of Employment in Printing Trade.

The printing trade in Birmingham is slackest in August and September. The busiest times are November, December, and towards Easter time. In the best businesses the hands are asked to take half-holiday in turns in slack times, or short hours are worked, but the managers appeared to make every effort to keep the workers employed as far as possible, and in no cases actually to dismiss hands. In the worst businesses dismissal in slack times is common.

Overtime and the Factory Laws.

Only one employer considered that the factory laws against overtime militated against women's employment. All spoke of their endeavour to reduce overtime, owing to the fact that their union men asked one and a half and twice usual rate. No employer acknowledged that women were ever kept overtime, although, from the account of one worker, apparently this does sometimes occur.

All concurred that the cheapness of women's work compared to men's outweighed any inconvenience arising from special legislation for women and young persons. In no case was the cheapness of women's work attributed to legislation, but to absence of unionism and different standards of life for men and women, and inferiority of physical strength and mental ingenuity, and also to custom.

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[APPENDIX V.]

The following tables of wages paid to the workwomen as described, form, we believe, a unique record in wages statistics. The occupations and the nature of the wages, e.g., time or piece, are as follows:—

1. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).

2. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).

3. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).

4. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).

5. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).

6. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Time).

7. Learner. Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).

8. Folder and Gatherer in Bookbinding House (Piece).

9. Hand Sewer in Bookbinding House (Piece).

10. Hand Sewer in Bookbinding House (Piece).

11. Machine Sewer in Bookbinding House (Piece).

12. Learner. Sewing and Collating in Bookbinding House (Piece).

13. Folding, Sewing and Collating in Bookbinding House (Time).

14. Collating and Sewing in Bookbinding House (Piece).

15. Plate hand in Bookbinding House (Time).

16. Plate hand in Bookbinding House (Time).

17. Layer on of Gold in Bookbinding House (Piece).

18. Printers' Binding (Piece).

19. Printers' Binding (Time).

20. Printers' Binding (Time).

21. Printers' Binding (Piece).

22. Printers' Binding (Piece).

23. Printers' Binding (Piece).

24. Hand Folder in Printers' Warehouse (Piece).

25. Envelope Packer (Time).

26. Machine Ruler (Time).

1. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE.

Piece Rates.

1898.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
41	14	10	3	16	1½	20	11	8½	37	11	10
42	15	2½	4	14	5	21	7	8½	38	12	9
43	15	7½	5	14	11½	22	11	11½	39	12	9½
44	15	7½	6	15	7½	23	9	1	40	14	2
45	15	0	7	15	0½	24	8	10	41	14	2½
46	15	7	8	15	1½	25	11	10½	42	13	7
47	15	5	9	15	6	26	6	4½	43	14	0½
48	15	0	10	14	10	27	6	2½	44	14	1
49	14	7½	11	13	2½	28	9	9	45	14	0
50	16	1½	12	12	0	29	8	7½	46	13	6
51	16	4½	13	10	10½	30	11	3½	47	9	3½
52	7	11½	14	5	4	31	—	—	48	7	1½
			15	11	2	32	4	0½	49	13	1
1899.			16	9	2½	33	10	9½	50	11	2
Week.			17	9	8½	34	12	7	51	8	10
1	10	10½	18	8	2	35	12	1	52	6	2
2	14	4	19	10	3½	36	12	5

2. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE.

Piece Rates—Quick Hand.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	7	9½	14	16	2	27	7	1	40	13	3
2	9	1	15	12	10	28	9	8½	41	12	8
3	16	9½	16	20	10	29	13	0	42	15	2½
4	19	6	17	17	5	30	12	9	43	14	0
5	14	0	18	10	8	31	12	0	44	11	6½
6	12	3	19	9	7	32	5	11	45	16	2½
7	13	9	20	26	2	33	14	7	46	17	5
8	18	5	21	17	4	34	21	3	47	18	9
9	11	4	22	15	0½	35	16	9	48	15	0
10	7	7	23	10	3	36	15	8	49	—
11	14	4½	24	11	7½	37[x]	—		50	—
12	15	6	25	13	9½	38	13	8	51	—
13	15	5	26	9	1½	39	15	4	52	—

[x] Missing from wage sheets.

3. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE.

Piece Rates—Quick Hand.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	25	0	14	6	1½	27	25	11	40	21	0
2	22	3	15	25	6	28	25	8½	41	23	0½
3	20	3	16	19	0½	29	16	11	42	22	10½
4	23	7	17	23	10	30	16	8	43	22	1
5	19	11	18	24	2	31	8	4	44	20	6
6	26	10	19	28	1	32	6	2	45	17	0½
7	21	6	20	22	4	33	21	6½	46	26	6
8	14	6	21	14	2	34	22	1	47	20	8½
9	23	5½	22	22	3	35	19	11	48	21	3
10	25	11	23	23	4½	36	19	9	49	28	9
11	25	3	24	25	10½	37	20	2	50	24	10½
12	23	0	25	22	11	38	20	0	51	23	4
13	17	9	26	25	0	39	20	8	52	—

4. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE.

Piece Rates—Typical Hand.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	16	9	14	6	8	27	16	1½	40	12	7
2	14	9½	15	13	6	28	17	3	41	15	10½
3	14	5	16	11	6	29	16	0	42	18	0
4	15	1	17	19	5	30	14	8	43	22	10½
5	15	0	18	20	3	31	15	10	44	19	3
6	14	9	19	13	8	32	3	9	45	15	6
7	15	8	20	13	10	33	10	10	46	16	5½
8	11	11½	21	11	2½	34	16	10	47	16	3
9	16	9½	22	19	1	35	17	10	48	17	4
10	16	1	23	17	7½	36	14	11	49	19	2½
11	15	2	24	15	6	37	11	11	50	15	6
12	15	6	25	18	3	38	11	8	51	15	4½
13	9	3	26	18	0½	39	15	0½	52	4	4

5. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE.

Piece Rates—Slow Hand.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	3	4½	14	3	0	27	8	8	40	7	10
2	5	10	15	7	2½	28	9	7	41	8	5
3	7	1	16	7	5½	29	8	3	42	10	0
4	7	6	17	9	7	30	7	3	43	10	0
5	7	4	18	11	8	31	8	10	44	10	7½
6	7	8	19	7	7	32	6	3½	45	7	7
7	7	9	20	8	1	33	11	0½	46	8	1
8	6	5½	21	5	6½	34	8	10	47	9	0
9	8	7	22	10	0	35	9	7	48	9	0
10	7	8	23	8	1	36	2	5½	49	11	1
11	7	8	24	8	10	37	—	50	8	10
12	6	11½	25	8	9	38	3	9	51	10	9
13	5	9½	26	8	11½	39	5	7	52	2	3

6. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE.

Time Rates.

This worker was paid 18s. per week steadily throughout the year 1899.

7. LEARNER. FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE.

Up to week 8 receives Fixed Sum, afterwards Half Earnings at Piece Rates.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	2	0	14	3	1½	27	7	8	40	6	0½
2	2	0	15	6	1	28	5	2½	41	7	3½
3	2	0	16	5	8½	29	5	4½	42	6	0½
4	2	0	17	6	9½	30	4	11	43	6	9½
5	2	0	18	7	7	31	4	10	44	8	0½
6	2	0	19	7	2	32	3	10	45	6	4
7	2	0	20	6	4½	33	6	10½	46	6	4½
8	2	0	21	3	9½	34	2	2	47	6	2
9	6	6	22	6	9½	35	—		48	6	0½
10	7	7	23	6	11½	36	4	2	49	7	4
11	5	9½	24	6	5½	37	6	2½	50	6	3½
12	6	1½	25	5	9½	38	6	1½	51	7	1
13	4	9	26	6	2	39	5	8	52	1	10

8. FOLDER AND GATHERER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE.

Piece Rates.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	7	5½	14	5	9	27	4	3	40	14	0
2	16	4	15	11	3½	28	9	1½	41	13	1
3	10	1	16	21	2	29	13	5	42	16	7
4	18	7	17	20	0	30	17	7	43	14	3
5	14	9	18	12	8½	31	7	0	44	13	5
6	11	8½	19	12	5	32	9	1	45	14	1
7	13	9	20	27	11	33	15	4	46	19	10
8	19	11½	21	15	7½	34	18	8	47	21	11
9	13	3	22	15	11	35	17	9	48	18	2½
10	4	3	23	9	5	36	6	11	49	11	1½
11	14	6	24	14	5	37[x]	—		50	14	7½
12	17	7	25	12	1	38	8	0	51	8	9½
13	19	7½	26	14	3½	39	19	3½	52	8	6

[x] Week missing from wage sheets.

9. HAND SEWER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE.

Piece Rates—Slow Hand.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	3	3½	8	12	2½	15	8	10	22	10	5½
2	5	10	9	10	8½	16	—	—	23	7	5
3	9	10	10	7	6	17	11	5	24	8	6½
4	10	1	11	9	3	18	5	5	25	—
5	11	9	12	8	5	19	6	0½	26	5	5
6	8	4	13	10	3	20	13	1½	27	1	7[x]
7	8	10½	14	6	11	21	9	9½

[x] She left after this.

10. HAND SEWER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE.

Piece Rates—Quick Hand.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	5	10½	14	12	0	27	—	—	40	10	8
2	—	—	15	13	4	28	—	—	41	12	3½
3	15	8½	16	20	6	29	14	3	42	10	3
4	14	3	17	20	3	30	13	11	43	12	5
5	16	11	18	4	11	31	10	6	44	14	3
6	14	8½	19	6	5	32	6	8	45	13	11
7	13	4	20	19	6	33	14	7	46	16	1
8	18	6	21	14	6	34	18	10	47	16	10½
9	16	4	22	14	3	35	19	4	48	13	8
10	10	7	23	10	1½	36	17	4	49	15	7
11	14	5-12	24	12	3½	37[x]	—	—	50	13	6
12	10	7½	25	16	1½	38	16	11	51	12	5
13	16	3½	26	1	5½	39	14	7	52	4	10

[x] Missing from wage sheets.

11. MACHINE SEWER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE.

Piece Rates.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	17	3½	14	8	10	27	18	1	40	20	2½
2	15	0	15	16	6	28	20	1	41	18	8
3	15	7½	16	16	6	29	14	0	42	20	7½
4	15	4	17	17	10	30	—		43	17	11½
5	15	7½	18	19	3	31	12	2	44	19	5½
6	16	7	19	16	8	32	11	2½	45	17	10
7	16	3	20	16	10	33	18	11	46	21	9
8	16	9½	21	10	8	34	18	9	47	20	5
9	18	5½	22	18	2½	35	15	2	48	23	3
10	17	5½	23	16	9	36	14	0½	49	23	5
11	19	9	24	13	6	37	22	2	50	18	4½
12	16	3	25	10	4	38	18	7	51	20	1½
13	13	0	26	17	8	39	18	1	52	6	5½

12. LEARNER. SEWING AND COLLATING IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE.

Receives Half Earnings at Piece Rates.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	—		14	8	10½	27	2	6	40	3	3½
2	4	2½	15	5	1	28	3	7	41	5	5½
3	5	0½	16	5	5	29	4	8½	42	7	4
4	5	1½	17	6	4	30	4	6½	43	7	2
5	8	10	18	6	7½	31	7	2	44	8	5
6	2	10	19	4	6	32	7	5	45	4	5
7	4	6	20	4	10½	33	8	8	46	4	10½
8	4	9½	21	5	4	34	7	7½	47	7	0½
9	6	0½	22	5	8½	35	7	1½	48	6	8
10	5	0½	23	4	0	36	7	1	49	10	9½
11	5	7½	24	9	2½	37	7	6	50	6	4½
12	5	0½	25	7	9	38	9	10½	51	5	2½
13	6	6½	26	3	4	39	8	1	52	1	9½

13. FOLDING, SEWING, COLLATING IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE.

Time Hand.

1898.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
41	19	8	7	19	8	28	15	6	49	18	3
42	19	4½	8	19	4	29	17	4	50	18	7½
43	19	6	9	19	10	30	15	6	51	19	6
44	19	8	10	19	4	31	15	6	52	11	2
45	20	0	11	17	6	32	10	2
46	19	10	12	18	10	33	—		1900.
47	19	6	13	14	0	34	14	2	Week.
48	20	4	14	9	2	35	17	2	1	20	2
49	19	10	15	16	6	36	17	4	2	18	5
50	19	8	16	16	0	37	17	2	3	17	0
51	19	8	17	16	4	38	17	6	4	16	8
52	11	8	18	16	2	39	18	8	5	17	11
			19	16	4	40	18	8	6	17	6½
1899.			20	16	4	41	19	2	7	18	1
Week.			21	10	4	42	19	8	8	12	10½
1	19	10	22	16	4	43	20	11	9	11	6
2	19	10	23	15	6	44	20	11	10	13	4½
3	19	8	24	15	4	45	20	9	11	15	9½
4	19	8	25	16	4	46	19	4	12	15	9
5	19	6	26	15	4	47	19	8	13	11	6
6	19	10	27	12	6	48	19	6

14. COLLATOR AND SEWER.

Piece Rates—Quick Hand.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	20	3	14	10	5	27	18	7	40	18	2
2	18	9	15	15	3½	28	18	3½	41	18	3½
3	18	9	16	18	2	29	15	4½	42	18	11
4	18	4½	17	20	8½	30	16	4	43	21	3
5	18	10	18	22	1	31	15	11	44	21	7½
6	20	1	19	19	10½	32	9	10	45	18	10
7	18	11	20	18	11	33	19	6	46	18	9
8	19	1½	21	12	9	34	17	7½	47	18	0½
9	21	6	22	20	0	35	16	0½	48	19	9½
10	20	4	23	18	9	36	17	6½	49	22	4
11	19	10½	24	17	5	37	18	0	50	19	5
12	19	1½	25	17	11	38	17	10	51	19	6
13	14	4	26	19	1½	39	17	4	52	6	3½

15. PLATE HAND IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE.

Time Rates, 13s. for 54 hours till October, then 14s. Overtime, 3d. an hour.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	12	8	14	7	11	27	11	4	40	13	7½
2	12	5	15	13	9	28	12	8	41	12	8
3	12	8	16	14	4½	29	13	7½	42	14	10½
4	12	8	17	13	6	30	13	0	43	13	9
5	12	10½	18	13	0	31	13	0	44	13	10½
6	12	6½	19	13	0	32	8	2	45	13	7½
7	12	9	20	14	4½	33	12	9½	46	14	7½
8	12	10½	21	9	1½	34	13	0	47	18	6
9	12	10½	22	14	6	35	13	6	48	15	3
10	13	0	23	10	9	36	—		49	13	6
11	13	0	24	12	10½	37[x]	—		50	13	6
12	12	9	25	13	4½	38	13	0	51	13	10½
13	11	7	26	13	0	39	14	10	52	9	5½

[x] Missing from wage sheets.

16. PLATE HAND IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE.

Time Rates, 16s. for 54 hours. Overtime, 3½d. per hour for first 3 hours, 4d. per hour afterwards.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	14	8	14	9	10	27	13	9½	40	15	8
2	14	7	15	16	5½	28	15	5	41	15	8½
3	14	8	16	18	0½	29	15	8½	42	15	7
4	15	1½	17	17	0½	30	15	5	43	15	10½
5	15	5	18	15	7	31	15	7	44	16	2
6	14	10	19	15	0	32	10	3½	45	15	3
7	14	8	20	19	2½	33	15	7	46	17	2½
8	13	4½	21	10	11	34	16	0	47	18	10½
9	15	1½	22	17	4½	35	16	10½	48	16	10½
10	14	3½	23	15	7	36	18	10½	49	15	10½
11	14	8½	24	15	5	37[x]	—		50	15	7
12	14	8½	25	16	10½	38	16	3½	51	15	5
13	15	7	26	15	10½	39	16	3½	52	9	11

[x] Missing from wage sheets.

17. LAYER-ON OF GOLD.

Piece Rates.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	22	0	14	8	4	27	9	7½	40	20	11½
2	19	3	15	18	1	28	19	11	41	20	5
3	17	8	16	15	8	29	7	6½	42	16	11½
4	17	6	17	10	0	30	9	9	43	17	10½
5	19	11	18	1	4	31	19	5	44	15	1½
6	17	10½	19	—		32	16	9½	45	13	9
7	15	10	20	—		33	18	8	46	15	1½
8	11	8	21	—		34	24	6½	47	11	7½
9	22	0	22	11	3½	35	18	7	48	18	8
10	18	8	23	20	11	36	5	3½	49	14	10
11	22	1	24	16	6	37	18	2	50	9	7½
12	19	3	25	16	9½	38	26	3	51	11	8
13	15	10	26	12	4½	39	15	1	52	4	1½

18. BINDING DEPARTMENT IN PRINTING HOUSE.

Piece Rates—Quick Worker.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	18	1	14	16	8	27	21	1	40	19	5
2	17	5	15	15	7	28	21	11	41	14	7
3	17	3	16	21	0	29	25	1	42	13	5
4	12	3	17	18	11	30	24	5	43	19	5
5	14	4	18	16	9	31	—		44	17	1
6	19	8	19	21	1	32	—		45	13	4
7	17	11	20	21	3	33	23	7	46	17	8
8	18	9	21	21	5	34	24	1	47	18	0
9	20	1	22	17	8	35	25	1	48	18	5
10	18	11	23	23	3	36	24	2	49	20	10
11	20	7	24	27	2	37	21	5	50	19	8
12	20	10	25	26	8	38	21	9	51	18	1
13	20	2	26	23	11	39	19	11	52	12	5

19. BINDING DEPARTMENT IN PRINTING HOUSE.

Time Worker at 16s.

1899.			1899.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	14	5	14	12	5	27	16	0	40	15	7
2	17	4	15	13	11	28	13	4	41	14	7
3	15	10	16	16	11	29	14	0	42	15	7
4	15	3	17	15	7	30	18	3	43	15	5
5	16	0	18	16	3	31	16	3	44	15	7
6	2	5	19	15	7	32	—		45	15	9
7	—		20	15	5	33	15	5	46	15	9
8	14	11	21	10	1	34	15	5	47	16	8
9	15	2	22	16	0	35	14	3	48	17	11
10	15	1	23	16	0	36	16	6	49	16	8
11	14	10	24	16	8	37	15	1	50	17	11
12	15	4	25	17	1	38	—		51	16	3
13	11	0	26	15	7	39	10	1	52	10	2

20. QUARTERLY AVERAGES OF A TIME WORKER—PRINTERS' FOLDING AND SEWING, &c.

	s. d.		s. d.		s. d.		s. d.
1886.	14 1	1890.	14 4	1893.	13 10	1896.	15 10
		"	14 8	"	16 0
1887.	15 3	"	11 0			1897.	17 4
"	14 4	"	4 5[x]	1894.	16 0	"	16 0
"	14 1			"	15 8	"	16 7
"	14 3	1891.	14 4	"	17 3	"	16 4
		"	15 3	"	16 11
1888.	15 6	"	14 11			1898.	16 6
"	14 8	"	16 11	1895.	16 10	"	15 11
"	13 11			"	15 6	"	15 9
"	14 3	1892.	15 0	"	10 0[y]	"	19 3
		"	15 2	"	16 0
1889.	15 11	"	15 7			1899.	19 10
"	14 0	"	16 6	1896.	18 6	"	18 9
"	14 2			"	15 0	"	18 8
"	15 9	1893.	15 4	"	17 8	"	18 10
		"	15 8

[x] Absent 9 weeks.

[y] Absent 4 weeks.

21. PIECE HAND IN BINDING DEPARTMENT OF PRINTERS AND STATIONERS.

1895. Week.	s.	d.	1896. Week.	s.	d.	1897. Week.	s.	d.	1897. Week.	s.	d.
44	15	2	21	16	1	1	13	10	33	—
45	18	0½	22	9	10½	2	14	1½	34	—
46	14	6½	23	13	0	3	17	3½	35	14	4
47	18	5½	24	16	1	4	17	1½	36	14	1½
48	17	4	25	11	8½	5	15	4	37	17	8½
49	16	4½	26	15	9½	6	11	9	38	18	0½
50	13	9	27	13	7	7	16	2½	39	14	7
51	15	5½	28	16	1½	8	18	7½	40	14	8
52	7	9	29	6	5½	9	15	4½	41	16	0
			30	17	6	10	20	1½	42	16	7½
1896.			31	19	4	11	15	2½	43	16	6½
Week.	s.	d.	32	13	3½	12	16	0½	44	18	2
1	7	2½	33	—		13	15	5	45	20	5½
2	14	2	34	—		14	16	4½	46	19	11
3	12	9½	35	15	4	15	15	0½	47	19	0½
4	13	0½	36	18	2½	16	15	5	48	17	2½
5	19	0½	37	16	9	17	12	8½	49	17	9½
6	18	1	38	17	0	18	17	6	50	20	1
7	14	5	39	17	0	19	18	8	51	20	6½
8	14	2½	40	15	10	20	19	1	52	20	2
9	14	10	41	16	10	21	18	1
10	17	5	42	19	2	22	18	4½	1898.
11	17	5	43	15	4½	23	14	2	Week.	s.	d.
12	13	7½	44	16	1½	24	9	0½	1	—
13	17	1½	45	16	4	25	7	2	2	—
14	14	0½	46	18	2	26	13	9	3	—
15	11	2½	47	17	4½	27	15	6	4	—
16	15	2	48	14	0½	28	11	11	5	—
17	17	3	49	14	2	29	15	1½	6	—
18	17	1	50	15	2½	30	18	8½	7	—
19	19	4½	51	15	4	31	14	2	8	—
20	11	9½	52	13	0	32	10	5	9	—
21.—Piece Hand in Binding Department of Printers and Stationers—continued.
1898.			1898.			1899.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
10	—	—	39	14	3	12	17	2	41	15	4
11	—	—	40	13	9½	13	15	5	42	14	7½
12	—	—	41	14	5½	14	11	2½	43	19	10½
13	—	—	42	14	9	15	15	8½	44	18	9
14	17	2½	43	16	9	16	17	9	45	19	1
15	16	0½	44	14	11	17	18	3	46	19	6
16	12	3½	45	19	1	18	18	6	47	21	2
17	13	1½	46	18	2	19	18	6	48	18	6
18	14	0½	47	20	3½	20	16	1	49	16	9½
19	18	8½	48	20	3	21	12	7	50	18	0½
20	20	3½	49	20	6	22	16	5	51	19	9
21	20	3½	50	18	2	23	18	2	52	11	10½
22	20	3½	51	16	1½	24	11	10½
23	16	6	52	18	1	25	15	6	1900.
24	17	9	53	10	2	26	20	2	Week.	s.	d.
25	19	1				27	15	8½	1	17	9½
26	20	3½	1899.			28	15	11	2	19	2½
27	20	4½	Week.	s.	d.	29	11	1½	3	18	3
28	15	8	1	20	1½	30	14	9	4	18	5
29	14	1	2	18	1	31	17	1½	5	16	9½
30	16	5½	3	18	7½	32	16	5	6	20	5
31	20	3	4	19	5	33	—		7	20	1
32	14	8½	5	20	2	34	—		8	19	0
33	—	—	6	16	7	35	17	9½	9	19	1½
34	—	—	7	18	4	36	16	4	10	19	5½
35	15	10½	8	18	5½	37	17	10	11	20	5
36	19	0½	9	17	6	38	18	0	12	19	2
37	14	6	10	14	6	39	20	0	13	16	5½
38	15	3	11	16	2½	40	17	2	14	20	2

22. HAND FOLDER AND SEWER IN PRINTING HOUSE.

Piece Rates.

1895.	Half-Pay Earner.	1895.	Half-Pay Earner.	1895.	Full-Pay Earner.	1896.	Full-Pay Earner.
Week.	s. d.	Week.	s. d.	Week.	s. d.	Week.	s. d.
7	2 5½	25	3 9½	42	16 3	5	12 1
8	3 5½	26	5 0½	43	14 3	6	17 8
9	3 9	27	7 4	44	12 3½	7	10 0
10	4 10	28	2 9½	45	14 4	8	10 2
11	3 9	29	3 5½	46	15 4	9	14 5
12	5 4½	30	5 8½	47	14 4	10	14 3
13	6 8	31	6 5	48	16 5	11	8 3
14	5 8	32	3 3½	49	15 4	12	11 8½
15	2 4	33	2 0	50	12 6½	13	10 1
16	2 7	34	3 9½	51	13 9	14	12 7
17	5 11	35	5 1	52	8 1	15	5 6
18	6 11½	36	7 6			16	9 0
19	6 7½	37	3 3	1896.		17	14 7
20	3 4	38	3 3½	Week.	s. d.	18	14 8
21	2 8½	39	5 10	1	12 4	19	17 10
22	5 6	40	6 0	2	9 8	20	18 6
23	4 11½	41	5 3	3	12 7	21	7 3
24	6 6½			4	9 8	22	9 11
22.—Hand Folder and Sewer in Printing House—continued.
1896.	Full-pay Earner.	1897.	Full-pay Earner.	1898.	Full-pay Earner.	1899.	Full-pay Earner.
Week.	s. d.	Week.	s. d.	Week.	s. d.	Week.	s. d.
23	15 1½	21	14 6½	18	16 10½	15	17 9
24	10 4	22	16 3	19	17 9½	16	18 3
25	13 8	23	19 11	20	15 10	17	14 5
26	10 0½	24	15 10	21	11 6½	18	18 3
27	9 4	25	14 2½	22	15 6	19	19 5
28	12 5	26	13 2	23	10 2	20	15 2
29	5 8	27	16 1½	24	8 11	21	5 5½
30	7 0	28	12 10	25	12 5½	22	12 9
31	11 2	29	9 2	26	18 0	23	19 11
32	13 9	30	9 9½	27	17 4½	24	22 2½
33	18 9½	31	6 4	28	8 6	25	18 4
34	9 0	32	12 9	29	15 8½	26	20 7
35	9 8	33	—	30	9 7	27	18 1½
36	13 3	34	—	31	15 11	28	19 9½
37	11 2½	35	—	32	17 10½	29	17 1
38	11 8	36	13 5½	33	—	30	20 0
39	—	37	8 0	34	—	31	16 6
40	4 5	38	6 8	35	15 5½	32	13 10
41	18 3½	39	7 0	36	19 3	33	22 8
42	10 11½	40	11 2½	37	18 4	34	9 5½
43	10 1	41	15 2	38	18 7	35	—
44	16 6½	42	9 9	39	19 3	36	14 0½
45	14 0	43	10 4	40	23 5	37	20 3½
46	14 8	44	10 2½	41	18 8½	38	19 2
47	3 6½	45	16 4½	42	18 5	39	15 9
48	12 4	46	16 10½	43	12 0	40	18 6
49	12 3½	47	15 10	44	16 9	41	20 0½
50	13 5	48	17 6	45	20 3	42	18 11
51	13 10	49	9 1½	46	18 5	43	17 2
52	7 7	50	15 8	47	15 11½	44	20 5
		51	11 6	48	17 9½	45	18 4
1897.		52	8 8½	49	19 0	46	19 7½
Week.	s. d.	53	7 8	50	18 9½	47	18 5
1	10 3			51	14 5	48	19 9
2	14 1	1898.		52	12 3	49	20 0
3	7 4½	Week.				50	19 3½
4	6 4½	1	17 11	1899.		51	16 6
5	10 6	2	5 0	Week. s. d.		52	9 6½
6	15 4	3	7 6	1	19 1½
7	16 9	4	10 5½	2	19 10	1900.
8	15 2	5	16 7	3	17 11½	Week.
9	14 7	6	12 8	4	8 8	1	14 10
10	14 7	7	11 7	5	15 2	2	19 0½
11	15 3	8	12 11	6	19 8½	3	20 9½
12	18 0	9	16 0	7	16 9	4	19 6½
13	12 0	10	17 5	8	8 9	5	18 6
14	12 9½	11	18 0	9	11 7½	6	22 4
15	15 1	12	16 2	10	17 7	7	21 7
16	8 5	13	13 3½	11	17 5	8	22 0
17	9 7	14	16 8	12	15 0½	9	18 9
18	11 4	15	9 10	13	12 9	10	17 5½
19	18 11½	16	—	14	14 0	11	15 3
20	10 3	17	13 3½

23. FOLDER AND SEWER IN BINDING DEPARTMENT OF PRINTING HOUSE.

Piece Rates—Slow Hand.

1898.			1898.			1898.			1899.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
19	6	8	33	6	2	47	3	3	6	6	2
20	7	11	34	9	1	48	8	9	7	5	9
21	7	11	35	8	3	49	8	3	8	7	11
22	7	6	36	8	0	50	10	9	9	8	3
23	8	7	37	8	10	51	11	8	10	7	10
24	8	10	38	8	3	52	4	10	11	11	8
25	6	0	39	8	11				12	10	11
26	7	1	40	7	11	1899.			13	7	0
27	8	1	41	5	1	Week.	s.	d.	14	4	2
28	6	6	42	4	6	1	7	9	15	7	10
29	8	2	43	2	10	2	8	4	16	7	6
30	7	5	44	6	2	3	5	11	17	9	11
31	5	9	45	6	0	4	8	6	18	4	5
32	9	5	46	1	10	5	8	1

24. HAND FOLDER IN PRINTERS' WAREHOUSE.

Piece Rates.

1898.			1898.			1898.			1898.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	19	1	14	15	10	27	29	0	40	14	7
2	22	2	15	16	4	28	26	4	41	20	1
3	20	2	16	20	7	29	19	8	42	18	11
4	17	10	17	22	1	30	29	2	43	21	7
5	22	6	18	23	4	31	18	10	44	22	1
6	19	0	19	29	9	32	19	7	45	20	2
7	22	4	20	27	2	33	22	3	46	18	7
8	21	9	21	27	4	34	19	6	47	18	5
9	19	6	22	20	11	35	19	11	48	21	3
10	20	10	23	27	6	36	19	4	49	24	9
11	19	5	24	20	1	37	19	10	50	27	0
12	19	6	25	21	7	38	20	5	51	21	7
13	23	10	26	24	1	39	—		52	15	5

25. ENVELOPE PACKER.

Time Work, 14s.

1898.			1898.			1898.			1898.
Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.	Week.	s.	d.
1	13	8	14	9	10	27	13	5	40	13	0
2	13	8	15	11	4	28	13	8	41	14	0
3	13	8	16	13	8	29	12	5	42	14	0
4	13	2	17	13	9	30	14	6	43	14	0
5	13	9	18	13	9	31	11	6	44	13	10
6	13	8	19	13	10	32	13	10	45	13	10
7	13	8	20	13	10	33	13	9	46	14	0
8	13	8	21	11	2	34	13	3	47	14	0
9	13	9	22	11	4	35	13	10	48	13	10
10	13	9	23	13	11	36	14	0	49	13	9
11	13	8	24	13	9	37	14	0	50	13	9
12	13	9	25	12	5	38	14	0	51	13	9
13	13	11	26	13	9	39	9	1	52	8	9

26. MACHINE RULER.

The figures in brackets to the left of the wage give the nominal time wage.

Week.	s. d.	s. d.	Week.	s. d.	s. d.	Week.	s. d.	s. d.
1	(4 6)	3 4	1	(6 6)	5 10	1	(7 6)	1 2
2	"	4 9	2	"	6 5	2	"	6 8
3	"	4 6	3	"	6 4	3	"	6 0
4	"	4 6	4	(7 0)	6 10	4	"	7 3
5	"	4 6	5	"	6 11	5	"	7 5
6	(5 0)	5 0	6	"	7 0	6	"	7 6
7	"	4 11	7	"	6 9	7	"	6 2
8	"	5 0	8	"	7 0	8	"	7 8
9	"	3 4	9	"	6 10	9	"	7 6
10	(5 6)	5 6	10	"	5 1	10	"	6 11
11	"	5 6	11	"	6 11	11	"	7 5
12	"	5 6	12	"	6 10	12	"	7 6
13	"	5 6	13	"	6 11	13	"	5 5
14	"	5 6	14	"	5 1	14	"	6 1
15	"	5 6	15	"	4 2	15	"	7 9
16	"	4 0	16	"	6 11	16	"	7 10
17	"	4 7	17	"	6 10	17	"	7 9
18	"	5 0	18	"	6 10	18	"	7 7
19	"	5 5	19	(7 6)	7 5	19	"	7 10
20	"	5 6	20	"	7 4	20	"	7 9
21	"	5 5	21	"	7 5	21	"	6 0
22	"	5 4	22	"	5 11	22	"	7 4
23	"	5 5	23	"	7 11	23	"	7 5
24	"	4 8	24	"	8 0	24	"	7 5
25	"	5 5	25	"	7 4	25	"	7 3
26	"	4 6	26	"	7 6	26	"	5 7
27	(6 0)	5 11	27	"	7 3	27	"	6 6
28	"	6 0	28	"	5 10	28	(8 0)	6 5
29	"	5 11	29	"	7 5	29	"	7 10
30	"	5 11	30	"	7 9	30	"	7 11
31	"	5 10	31	"	5 1	31	"	—
32	"	3 11	32	"	6 6	32	"	6 0
33	"	4 10	33	"	7 2	33	"	7 10
34	"	5 5	34	"	7 6	34	"	7 11
35	"	5 2	35	"	7 6	35	"	8 3
36	"	5 10	36	"	7 6	36	"	7 9
37	"	5 11	37	"	7 5	37	"	7 10
38	"	5 10	38	"	6 8	38	"	7 10
39	"	6 0	39	"	5 8	39	"	7 8
40	"	5 10	40	"	7 5	40	"	7 9
41	"	5 11	41	"	7 4	41	"	7 9
42	"	6 0	42	"	7 5	42	"	8 2
43	"	5 10	43	"	7 6	43	"	8 0
44	"	5 11	44	"	6 10	44	"	8 1
45	(6 6)	6 4	45	"	7 3	45	"	7 11
46	"	6 2	46	"	6 9	46	"	8 0
47	"	6 5	47	"	7 5	47	"	8 2
48	"	6 5	48	"	6 8	48	"	8 5
49	"	6 4	49	"	7 4	49	"	8 3
50	"	6 4	50	"	7 4	50	"	8 1
51	"	6 3	51	"	7 6	51	"	8 2
52	"	4 0	52	"	4 6	52	"	5 0

---

[APPENDIX VI.]

In view of the importance of the preservation of authentic wages figures we reprint the Appendix published in 1849 by Mr. Dunning to his "Reply to a Letter from the Committee of the Southwark Auxiliary Bible Society, &c.," as under:—

No. I.

EARNINGS ON THE PREMISES.

Piece Workers.

1845.	Sept 6th.		Sept. 13th.		Oct. 11th.
	£ s.	d.	£ s.	d.	£ s.	d.
Ashford	0 6	8	0 6	8½	0 6	4
Aggersbury	—		—		0 7	10
Blichenden	0 7	5¾	0 7	1½	0 7	7
Burkitt, Mrs.	0 5	2¾	0 4	3¾	0 4	10½
Brown, M. A.	0 6	9	0 7	1	0 6	5½
Berridge	—		—		0 5	7½
Bozankae	0 1	8½	0 4	8	0 4	0½
Betherston	0 0	9½	—		—
Carpenter, Mrs.	0 4	5¾	—		0 4	3½
Carpenter, M. P.	0 7	0	0 7	9¾	0 6	6¾
Cooper, Ann	0 5	4½	0 5	0½	0 4	8
Diggles	0 7	4¾	0 7	9½	0 7	3
Day, Mary	0 7	2	0 6	11½	0 7	3¾
Elliott, E.	0 4	9	—		—
Facey	0 1	7½	0 4	3¼	0 6	4½
Hart, E.	—		0 6	2	0 5	0½
Joyce, M. A.	0 7	7	0 7	8¼	—
Leggatt, Mrs.	—		—		0 3	5½
Pepper	0 7	10¼	0 8	5½	0 8	11¼
Rogers, E.	0 6	6½	0 6	4½	0 6	7¼
Richardson	0 8	1¼	0 7	8¼	0 8	4
Spencer	—		—		0 4	10
Satchell, A. E.	0 6	0½	0 5	11¼	0 5	9¼
Such, E.	—		—		0 6	10
Smith, Mrs.	0 3	1½	0 7	8½	—
Speak, Mrs.	0 6	2½	0 7	10¾	0 8	5¼
Touse, M. A.	0 4	10	0 5	0¾	0 4	9½
Wilkins, A.	0 12	2	0 11	0¼	0 12	3¼
Wilkins, E.	0 7	0½	0 7	9¾	0 8	11¼
	——		——		——
	£6 15	11	£7 3	7	£8 3	5

Time Workers.

1845.	Sept 6th.		Sept. 13th.		Oct. 11th.
	£ s.	d.	£ s.	d.	£ s.	d.
Osborne, C. (10s. per week)	0 11	6	0 10	6	0 10	0
Burrows, E. (12s. per week)	0 12	0	0 12	11½	0 12	0
Aurnett (12s. per week)	0 14	2	0 12	7	0 11	10
Holloway (learner)	0 4	4	0 4	0	0 3	10
Dew (7s. 6d. per week)	0 8	1½	0 7	9½	0 7	7
Bocking (learner)	0 3	0	0 3	0	0 3	0
Routledge (4 days' work)	0 9	4	—		—
Emery, A. (learner)	—		0 1	0	0 1	0
Mills. M.	—		—		0 10	0
	——		——		——
	£3 2	5½	£2 11	10	£2 19	3

WOMEN WHO WORKED AT THEIR OWN HOMES.

1845.	Sept 6th.		Sept. 13th.		Oct. 11th.
	£ s.	d.	£ s.	d.	£ s.	d.
Atchiller, S.	0 8	1	—		—
Anstead, Mrs.	—		0 8	1	0 7	8
Aldred	—		—		0 7	1
Bruce, C.	0 4	11¼	—		0 4	3½
Bullmore	0 5	9	0 3	7¼	0 3	8½
Birch, Mrs.[x]	0 8	6½	0 8	9	0 16	7¾
Bell, Mrs.	—		—		0 2	2
Burton, S.	—		—		0 6	4¼
Clarke, M.	—		—		0 4	8½
Cauline, E.	0 10	3¾	0 7	10	0 11	0½
Cox, Mrs.	0 6	5½	0 5	1	—
Collier, A.	—		0 3	8½	—
Fothergill	—		0 2	11	—
Fisher	—		—		0 7	0
Foster, Mrs.	—		—		0 2	1
Green, Mrs.	0 7	8½	0 4	0	0 5	6¾
Gulliers	0 11	3¼	0 7	7¾	0 4	5½
Glover, M. A.	—		0 9	3¾	0 3	5
Haydram, Mrs.	—		—		0 2	6
Hayes, Mrs.	0 9	1¾	0 8	9½	0 9	4½
Hartopp	0 4	1	0 3	5¼	—
Hearn, Mrs.	—		0 3	8	0 2	8¾
Humphreys, Mrs.	—		0 6	9¾	0 6	4¼
Hobdell	—		0 6	7½	0 3	7¾
Hatfield	—		—		0 5	2¾
Hall, Mrs.	—		—		0 6	10½
Joyce, M. A.	—		—		0 8	9½
Knight, H.[x]	0 9	1	0 9	1¼	0 7	8
	—		—		—
Carried forward	£4 5	4½	£4 19	4½	£6 19	4¼

[x] Bills marked thus were for work done by more than one person.

Women who worked at their own Homes—continued.

1845.	Sept 6th.		Sept. 13th.		Oct. 11th.
Brought forward	£4 5s.	4½d.	£4 19s.	4½d.	£6 19s.	4¼d.
	£ s.	d.	£ s.	d.	£ s.	d.
Knight, E.	0 6	1¼	0 6	6½	0 3	11
Kelly, or Skelly, Mrs.	—		—		0 7	1¾
Lawrance, Mrs.	0 4	10	0 4	4¼	0 6	10½
Latham	0 5	3	0 3	10¼	0 1	8
McDaniell	—		—		0 5 1½
Matthews	0 7	3½	0 5	0¼	0 7	3½
Mills, Mrs.	0 8	9¾	0 7	7½	0 4	2½
Mozer, E.	0 6	8¼	0 5	0½	0 6	2½
Margetts	—		0 7	2½	0 5	5¼
Mayes	—		0 1	6½	0 5	5
Moseley	—		0 0	9½	—
Neascomp	0 6	8	—		—
Norris, M. A.	—				0 7	8
Nichols, Mrs.	—		—		0 1	7½
Pottiee	—		—		0 4	6½
Parker, Mrs.	0 3	0½	0 3	11¾	0 4	10½
Pool	0 2	4½	—		—
Potter, E.	0 5	7½	0 5	7¾	0 7	0¼
Pontifex, A.	—		0 6	6¾	0 7	7½
Pearce, C.	—		0 5	1½	—
Rumball, Mrs.[x]	0 12	1¼	0 11	2	0 7	9½
Rudge	—		0 6	8½	0 4	8½
Ross, Mrs.	—		—		0 1	7½
Scott, Mrs.	—		—		0 4	0
Sleap	—		—		0 2	2¾
Slater	0 10	5¼	0 11	3¼	0 6	4½
Sharp, C.	—		—		0 3	1½
Such, E.	0 9	4	0 4	7½	—
Smout, M.	—		0 4	3¾	0 5	1
Sumner, Mrs.	0 10	1½	0 8	2	0 7	2¾
Tucker, Mrs.	0 4	10	0 3	4½	—
Truscoat, A.	0 5	6½	0 3	10½	—
Tattersall	—		—		0 8	4¾
Todd	—		—		0 7	5¾
Wichelam	—		—		0 3	0½
West, Mrs.	0 4	2½	0 4	1½	0 2	11¾
Weedon	—		0 3	5	0 5	3¼
Williams, Eliz.	—		—		0 3	7¼
Williams, Eleanor	—		—		0 4	8½
Woods, Mrs.	—		—		0 5	11¾
Wacey	—		—		0 1	5¼
	——		——		——
	£9 18	7¾	£11 3	8½	£15 11	0¾

[x] Bills marked thus were for work done by more than one person.

No. II.

The following names are a transcript, as far as it extends, of the Wages' Book of July 28th, 1849:—

FOLDERS.
	s. d.
Stone	6	10¼
Carroll	6	10
Donald	7	6½
Fenning	10	1¾
Nalty	6	0
Zugg	9	8
Read	5	6¼
Thomson	5	3¾
Frazier	4	7
Parker	7	2
Philpots, Mrs. (2 weeks)	9	1
Salter	7	1
Routledge	10	2¾
Giles	7	11½
Name not known	8	7½
Hodnett	7	10½
Measor	6	6
Moss	7	1½
Smith	3	2¼
York	6	6¼
Ainsworth	6	5
Smith	5	10
Surridge	5	0¾
Read	5	11¼
Hone	6	11¾
Stroud (2 weeks)	14	11¼
Pritlove	6	1½
Jolly	7	10¾
Thomas	6	10½
Olpin	8	7¾
Brown	7	0½
Desaper	7	0¾
Harlow	3	11¼
Glynn	7	0¾
Haywood	7	5¾
Cooper	6	1
Charles	7	11¾
Gauntry	5	5½
Leat	4	4½
Beattie	7	2½
Lockwood	8	7½
Burton	5	9¾
Cook	6	11¼
Spall	5	0¼
Name not known	6	2½
Shay	6	10
Hockley	8	4¼
Hodson	4	2
Coghan	3	9½
Charles	4	9¼
Donovan	6	6¼
Newham	3	9½
Brown, O.	7	9¾
Cleaver	6	9¾
Mallison	6	8
Chelsom	3	8¼
Griffiths	6	4½
Timlett	7	0
Guyon	5	4¾
Johnson	5	4
Smith	5	7
Daniells	3	4
Paris	5	10½
Rawlings	7	11½
Long	3	11¼
Macintosh	5	7
Cracknell	5	4
Old	7	2
SEWERS.
	s. d.
Clarke	5	9½
Trimnell	8	3¾
Abbott	7	0¾
Hawkins	5	7½
Hubbard	5	3¾
Deacles	6	6
Norcutt	6	3¼
Time Workers.
	s. d.
Mrs. Brinton (Lewis)	15	9
Mary Shea	7	6
Mary Carpenter	9	0
Anne Cooper	8	10½
E. Manvill	10	11
Hardy	10	11
Norris	9	1
Aldred	8	11
Collis	8	11
Hayes	10	0
Kinder	10	11
Wilkins	10	0
Joyce	7	3
Dew	7	3
M. Joyce	7	4½

No. III.

FOLDERS' WAGES FOR THE FOUR WEEKS BEFORE THE DISPUTE.

—	Aug. 4th.	Aug. 11th.	Aug. 18th.	Aug. 23rd.
M. E. Zugg	£0 10s. 6¼d.	£0 8s. 3¼d.	£0 9s. 8d.	£0 7s. 1¾d.
A. Harlow	—	—	—	0 3s. 11½d.
M. A. Long	£0 8s. 4d.	£0 8s. 6d.	£0 7s. 11d.	£0 5s. 0d.
S. Olpin	£0 8s. 3¾d.	£0 7s. 6½d.	£0 8s. 9d.	£0 5s. 11d.
M. Fowler	£0 6s. 0d.	£0 5s. 11d.	£0 6s. 1d.	£0 2s. 7½d.
M. Morris	—	—	—	£0 5s. 1d.
M. Beatie	£0 7s. 4d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 7s. 0½d.	£0 3s. 2d.
M. Parker	£0 8s. 0¼d.	£0 8s. 4d.	£0 7s. 9d.	£0 5s. 9d.
M. A. Jolly	£0 9s. 3½d.	£0 8s. 9d.	£0 7s. 5d.	£0 5s. 3d.
M. Thomas	£0 8s. 3d.	£0 7s. 1d.	£0 6s. 10½d.	£0 4s. 5½d.
E. Carroll	£0 6s. 7d.	£0 6s. 4½d.	£0 6s. 7d.	£0 4s. 6d.
M. Sheay	£0 6s. 9d.	£0 6s. 1¾d.	£0 6s. 5d.	£0 2s. 11½d.
H. Donovan	£0 6s. 4d.	£0 6s. 1¾d.	£0 7s. 0¼d.	£0 4s. 0d.
E. Hone	£0 8s. 4d.	£0 7s. 3¼d.	£0 6s. 11¾d.	£0 4s. 11½d.
S. Moss	£0 6s. 6d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 6s. 10d.	£0 7s. 1½d.
E. Hainsworth	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 7s. 7d.	£0 8s. 3d.	£0 4s. 3d.
E. Timlett	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 6s. 11½d.	£0 7s. 2d.	£0 6s. 11½d.
M. Cracknell	£0 6s. 0d.	£0 5s. 9d.	£0 5s. 6d.	£0 6s. 0d.
C. Guyon	£0 6s. 4d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 7s. 2d.	£0 1s. 11d.
Mrs. Philpot	£0 4s. 2d.	£0 4s. 0d.	£0 4s. 6d.	£0 2s. 8d.
P. Measor	£0 7s. 8d.	£0 6s. 11d.	£0 6s. 5d.	£0 5s. 10½d.
M. Cooke	£0 6s. 1d.	£0 4s. 6d.	£0 6s. 4d.	£0 1s. 4d.
M. Stone	£0 6s. 4d.	£0 6s. 6d.	£0 6s. 10d.	£0 3s. 6¾d.
M. Cleaver	£0 6s. 4¾d.	£0 6s. 7d.	£0 6s. 6d.	£0 4s. 0d.
M. E. Reide	£0 6s. 3½d.	£0 6s. 8½d.	£0 6s. 4d.	£0 4s. 0d.
M. Foweraker	£0 9s. 11d.	£0 12s. 0d.	£0 8s. 7¾d.	£0 5s. 11d.
A. Hodnett	£0 8s. 6d.	£0 9s. 6d.	£0 7s. 4d.	£0 5s. 0½d.
M. Smith	£0 6s. 7½d.	£0 6s. 4d.	£0 6s. 6d.	£0 2s. 10½d.
A. Smith	£0 7s. 2d.	£0 5s. 4d.	£0 6s. 2½d.	£0 1s. 9¾d.
M. Frazier	£0 6s. 5d.	£0 4s. 3d.	£0 4s. 6½d.	£0 4s. 3½d.
M. Roach	£0 6s. 3d.	£0 4s. 2d.	£0 5s. 9d.	£0 3s. 3d.
C. Mallison	£0 5s. 6d.	£0 5s. 0d.	£0 5s. 9d.	£0 3s. 2½d.
S. Macintosh	£0 4s. 4d.	£0 5s. 0d.	£0 4s. 11d.	£0 2s. 0½d.
B. J. Salter	£0 9s. 6d.	£0 9s. 0¼d.	£0 8s. 1½d.	£0 6s. 1¾d.
M. J. Smith	£0 7s. 0¼d.	£0 6s. 11½d.	£0 5s. 6d.	£0 3s. 0d.
E. Daniels	£0 5s. 3½d.	£0 4s. 6¼d.	£0 3s. 6¾d.	£0 1s. 11½d.
M. Brown	£0 7s. 0¼d.	£0 6s. 0¾d.	£0 5s. 6d.	£0 3s. 2¼d.
E. Rallians	£0 7s. 3½d.	£0 7s. 6¼d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 5s. 0d.
W. Reide	£0 8s. 4d.	£0 8s. 1¼d.	£0 7s. 7¾d.	£0 5s. 0d.
M. A. Lockwood	£0 5s. 0¾d.	£0 8s. 1½d.	£0 7s. 1½d.	£0 6s. 8d.
E. Spall	£0 7s. 5¾d.	£0 6s. 1d.	£0 5s. 6d.	£0 4s. 0d.
J. Griffith	—	£0 4s. 8½d.	£0 4s. 3d.	£0 2s. 8½d.
8½	£0 6s. 9d.	£0 6s. 3½d.	£0 6s. 4d.	£0 4s. 1½d.
L. Farris	£0 4s. 6½d.	£0 5s. 1d.	£0 3s. 4d.	£0 1s. 9½d.
M. Glyn	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 6s. 7½d.	£0 6s. 9d.	£0 3s. 10½d.
L. Yorke	£0 6s. 4d.	£0 6s. 0¼d.	£0 6s. 3d.	£0 4s. 1d.
C. Brown	£0 8s. 3½d.	£0 8s. 0d.	£0 7s. 0½d.	£0 4s. 10½d.
M. Fenning	£0 8s. 7d.	£0 8s. 3½d.	£0 8s. 0d.	£0 6s. 4½d.
E. Burton	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 6s. 3½d.	£0 6s. 0d.	£0 5s. 2½d.
—	—	—	—	—
—	£16 4s. 6¾d.	£15 18s. 2½d.	£15 7s. 10½d.	£10 7s. 3½d.

SEWERS' WAGES FOR THE FOUR WEEKS BEFORE THE DISPUTE.

—	Aug. 4th.	Aug. 11th.	Aug. 18th.	Aug. 23rd.
M. Richardson	£0 6s. 4d.	£0 6s. 10d.	£0 7s. 1½d.	£0 4s. 9d.
M. Touse	£0 5s. 10d.	£0 6s. 0d.	£0 5s. 11d.	£0 4s. 6d.
E. Hawkins	—	—	—	£0 4s. 8¼d.
A. Hanson	£0 6s. 0¼d.	£0 5s. 10d.	£0 5s. 11d.	£0 5s. 1d.
M. Clements	£0 6s. 0d.	£0 6s. 3d.	£0 6s. 1d.	£0 4s. 7½d.
L. Thomson	£0 6s. 4½d.	£0 6s. 10d.	£0 7s. 4½d.	£0 5s. 2d.
E. Webb	£0 7s. 7d.	£0 7s. 3d.	£0 8s. 3d.	£0 8s. 0d.
E. Wigmore	£0 6s. 10½d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 7s. 2½d.	£0 4s. 8½d.
H. Gammon	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 6s. 6d.	£0 6s. 0d.	£0 2s. 6d.
A. Butcher	£0 1s. 0d.	£0 10s. 4d.	£0 10s. 10d.	£0 9s. 7½d.
E. Taylor	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 7s. 6d.	£0 7s. 1½d.	£0 2s. 0d.
M. Wheatley	£0 7s. 2d.	£0 6s. 5d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 5s. 11d.
E. Harris	—	£0 5s. 0d.	£0 5s. 4½d.	£0 3s. 1¾d.
J. Williams	£0 7s. 3d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 7s. 1d.	£0 2s. 6d.
H. Hutchinson	£0 6s. 9d.	£0 6s. 9¼d.	£0 6s. 2½d.	£0 5s. 2½d.
E. Ashford	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 7s. 6d.	£0 7s. 10d.	£0 8s. 1d.
R. Howell	£0 8s. 8d.	£0 6s. 8d.	£0 6s. 4d.	£0 4s. 2½d.
M. Hubbard	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 6s. 10d.	£0 6s. 6d.	£0 5s. 0½d.
M. Abbott	£0 8s. 0d.	£0 8s. 4d.	£0 8s. 1d.	£0 6s. 8d.
M. Akerman	£0 8s. 0d.	£0 8s. 6d.	£0 8s. 6d.	£0 7s. 2d.
A. Hall	£0 7s. 4d.	£0 7s. 2d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 5s. 6d.
E. Ellis	£0 3s. 11d.	£0 4s. 5d.	£0 5s. 6d.	£0 1s. 6d.
M. Gildbody	£0 7s. 1d.	£0 7s. 4d.	£0 7s. 6d.	£0 3s. 6d.
M. Mack	£0 10s. 7d.	£0 10s. 1d.	£0 10s. 4d.	£0 9s. 10d.
E. Potter	£0 7s. 6d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 7s. 4d.	£0 6s. 6d.
C. Collier	£0 9s. 0d.	£0 8s. 6d.	£0 7s. 9d.	£0 7s. 0d.
M. Smiley	£0 5s. 2d.	£0 4s. 10d.	£0 5s. 0d.	£0 4s. 3d.
A. Clarke	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 5s. 3d.	£0 6s. 1d.	£0 4s. 5d.
B. Mealoney	£0 6s. 8½d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 6s. 0d.	£0 4s. 6d.
M. A. Sullivan	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 7s. 5d.	£0 8s. 3d.	£0 6s. 6d.
M. Diggles	£0 6s. 6½d.	£0 6s. 5½d.	£0 6s. 3d.	£0 6s. 1d.
J. Purvey	£0 6s. 0d.	£0 6s. 1¾d.	£0 6s. 3d.	£0 5s. 6½d.
M. Reding	£0 9s. 9½d.	£0 9s. 2d.	£0 9s. 4d.	£0 8s. 2½d.
L. Tattersall	£0 6s. 10d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 6s. 6d.	£0 7s. 0d.
E. Treacher	£0 5s. 3½d.	£0 5s. 6d.	£0 5s. 2½d.	£0 3s. 8½d.
M. Davis	£0 9s. 1½d.	£0 9s. 0d.	£0 9s. 7d.	£0 7s. 0¼d.
E. Griffiths	£0 7s. 5d.	£0 7s. 3½d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 7s. 0½d.
M. Clarke	£ 0 8s. 10½d.	£ 0 9s. 3½d.	£ 0 9s. 0d.	£ 0 7s. 1½d.
M. Perkins	£0 7 s. 3½d.	£0 6s. 10d.	£0 7s. 7½d.	£0 5s. 0½d.
E. Marshall	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 6s. 1½d.	£0 6s. 6d.	£0 4s. 8½d.
G. Trimnell	£0 6s. 2½d.	£0 5s. 5¾d.	£0 4s. 2½d.	£0 2s. 11d.
H. Night	£0 6s. 1½d.	£0 5s. 10½d.	£0 6s. 0d.	£0 4s. 3d.
M. Norcott	£0 5s. 10d.	£0 6s. 0¼d.	£0 6s. 0d.	£0 6s. 5½d.
M. Goldwin	£0 6s. 3½d.	£0 6s. 6¾d.	£0 6s. 5d.	£0 5s. 4½d.
E. Ainyouns	£0 6s. 5½d.	£0 6s. 0d.	£0 5s. 3d.	£0 4s. 1d.
M. Newnham	£0 6s. 0d.	£0 6s. 1½d.	£0 6s. 0d.	£0 5s. 8d.
M. Rodgers	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 6s. 10½d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 6s. 0½d.
C. Greentree	£0 7s. 0½d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 7s. 5d.	£0 4s. 11d.
J. Greenaway	£0 7s. 5¾d.	£0 8s. 6d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 3s. 11d.
E. Carrington	£0 7s. 1½d.	£0 7s. 7¼d.	£0 7s. 6d.	£0 5s. 11½d.
S. Greenaway	£0 6s. 2½d.	£0 6s. 1½d.	£0 6s. 6d.	£0 4s. 3d.
M. Key	£0 7s. 6d.	£0 7s. 0d.	£0 5s. 2d.	£0 5s. 9¼d.
S. Williams	£0 8s. 4d.	£0 5s. 1½d.	£0 7s. 1d.	£0 6s. 0¼d.
—	—	—	—	—
	£18 1s. 10¾d.	£17 18s. 9½d.	£17 19s. 11¼d.	£14 4s. 2¼d.

These tables are also valuable on account of the light they throw upon the organisation of the bookbinding trade in the middle of last century. It will be seen for instance that the week indicated by "October 11" in Table I was a specially busy week, and that in consequence the payments made to the home workers were much above those made for September 6th or 13th. Under September 6th, twenty-eight home workers were engaged, and next week thirty-nine, but under October 11th the number had risen to fifty-seven. It is also worthy of note that E. Such was an indoor worker under October 11th, but a home worker during the other two weeks, whilst M. A. Joyce worked at home in the third week, but in the workshop during the other two. This condition of disorganisation has now fortunately almost disappeared from the trade.

It should also be noted that slight errors of a few farthings in the additions have crept into the totals of some of the columns, but as they do not affect the accuracy of the wage figures the Appendix has been copied exactly as it was published.

FIRM D.—WAGES WEEK BY WEEK IN 1899.

1. Looker-over (time, 14s. 6d.).

3. Folder and Sewer (piece).

FIRM G.

1896. Dispatch (piece).

---

APPENDIX VII.

TABLE from Census, 1901, stating the number of males and females employed in the trades enumerated at various ages in England and Wales, and showing that the number of females employed between 15 and 20 is nearly twice as great as at any other age.

PAPER MANUFACTURE.

AGE.		FEMALES.		MALES.
	Unmarried	Married or Widow'd	Total.
10 -	163	--	163	335
14 -	378	--	378	616
15 -	2,995	15	3,010	3,079
20 -	1,814	224	2,038	2,328
25 -	856	504	1,360	3,583
35 -	301	564	865	2,504
45 -	124	446	570	1,690
55 -	56	289	345	897
65 -	15	95	110	277
75 and upwards	3	9	12	50
Total	6,705	2,146	8,851	15,359

PAPER STAINERS.

AGE.		FEMALES.		MALES.
	Unmarried	Married or Widow'd	Total.
10 -	19	--	19	57
14 -	21	--	21	90
15 -	97	1	98	396
20 -	41	5	46	290
25 -	22	18	40	520
35 -	7	21	28	365
45 -	4	19	23	202
55 -	1	7	8	81
65 -	0	3	3	28
75 and	-	-	-	-
upwards	0	1	1	3
Total	212	75	287	2,032

STATIONERY MANUFACTURE.

AGE.		FEMALES.		MALES.
	Unmarried	Married or Widow'd	Total.
10 -	84	--	84	36
14 -	297	--	297	107
15 -	1,921	1	1,922	811
20 -	1,237	41	1,278	709
25 -	603	107	710	1,209
35 -	185	56	241	732
45 -	55	54	109	483
55 -	15	28	43	217
65 -	2	10	12	65
75 and	-	-	-	-
upwards	0	2	2	12
Total	4,399	299	4,698	4,381

ENVELOPE MAKERS.

AGE.		FEMALES.		MALES.
	Unmarried	Married or Widow'd	Total.
10 -	103	--	103	5
14 -	254	--	254	13
15 -	1,276	--	1,276	72
20 -	654	26	680	62
25 -	339	98	437	84
35 -	99	98	197	76
45 -	41	74	115	33
55 -	22	36	58	18
65 -	7	16	23	7
75 and	-	-	-	-
upwards	0	0	0	0
Total	2,795	348	3,143	370

PAPER BOX AND BAG MAKERS.

AGE.		FEMALES.		MALES.
	Unmarried	Married or Widow'd	Total.
10 -	780	--	780	144
14 -	1,727	--	1,727	192
15 -	10,062	51	10,113	784
20 -	5,342	628	5,970	476
25 -	2,304	1,339	3,643	714
35 -	547	1,094	1,641	481
45 -	171	724	895	304
55 -	58	271	329	144
65 -	9	91	100	65
75 and	-	-	-	-
upwards	0	11	11	6
Total	21,000	4,209	25,209	3,310

OTHER WORKERS IN PAPER, &c.

AGE.		FEMALES.		MALES.
	Unmarried	Married or Widow'd	Total.
10 -	88	--	88	107
14 -	168	--	168	138
15 -	1,139	4	1,143	676
20 -	687	36	723	516
25 -	330	87	417	1,097
35 -	73	63	136	796
45 -	24	53	77	617
55 -	8	25	33	381
65 -	0	11	11	169
75 and	-	-	-	-
upwards	2	1	3	31
Total	2,519	280	2,799	4,528

PRINTERS.

AGE.		FEMALES.		MALES.
	Unmarried	Married or Widow'd	Total.
10 -	394	--	394	1,309
14 -	988	--	988	3,362
15 -	4,898	7	4,905	18,692
20 -	1,999	76	2,075	15,360
25 -	730	120	850	26,051
35 -	146	112	258	16,155
45 -	42	65	107	9,514
55 -	21	56	77	4,584
65 -	4	23	27	1,256
75 and	-	-	-	-
upwards	1	11	12	205
Total	9,223	470	9,693	96,488

LITHOGRAPHERS, COPPER AND STEEL PLATE PRINTERS.

AGE.		FEMALES.		MALES.
	Unmarried	Married or Widow'd	Total.
10 -	35	--	35	97
14 -	97	--	97	243
15 -	518	4	522	1,721
20 -	198	21	219	1,616
25 -	91	20	111	2,966
35 -	19	12	31	2,022
45 -	5	12	17	1,170
55 -	3	7	10	616
65 -	0	1	1	214
75 and	-	-	-	-
upwards	0	0	0	17
Total	966	77	1,043	10,682

BOOKBINDERS.

AGE.		FEMALES.		MALES.
	Unmarried	Married or Widow'd	Total.
10 -	364	--	364	108
14 -	1,204	--	1,204	311
15 -	7,623	20	7,643	2,107
20 -	4,310	222	4,532	1,933
25 -	2,190	653	2,843	3,146
35 -	647	692	1,339	2,340
45 -	291	525	816	1,575
55 -	101	250	351	811
65 -	30	83	113	281
75 and	-	-	-	-
upwards	7	11	18	52
Total	16,767	2,456	19,223	12,664

TYPE CUTTERS AND FOUNDERS.

AGE.		FEMALES.		MALES.
	Unmarried	Married or Widow'd	Total.
10 -	8	--	8	17
14 -	31	--	31	32
15 -	97	--	97	237
20 -	30	--	30	187
25 -	11	2	13	345
35 -	1	1	2	216
45 -	1	0	1	141
55 -	1	0	1	75
65 -	0	0	0	35
75 and
upwards	0	0	0	2
Total	180	3	183	1,287

[INDEX.]

AGES OF WORKERS, 203

Apprenticeship, 55-62

BIBLE SOCIETY CONTROVERSIES, 32-36

Birmingham, Trades in, 179-183

Blackbordering Described, 12

Bond, Mrs., 38

Bookbinders' Agreement, 7-9

Bookbinders and Tea Half-hour, 31

Bookbinding Described, 3

Bookfolders' Union, 38

Bookfolding, 3

CENSUS FIGURES, 17-21, 203

Character in Relation to Work, 11, 67, 85

(footnote), 111

Children's Employment Commission, 1862-66 ... 69-71

Compositors, Women:

Apprenticeship, 62

Birmingham, 179

Edinburgh, 29, 45, 47

(footnote), 48

(footnote), 49

(footnote), 74

Glasgow, 172

Historical, 24-25

Legislation, 74, 75

London, 27-28

Miscellaneous Places, 46

Perth, 29, 45-46, 47

Work done by, 46, 47

Conditions of Employment, 1866 ... 69-71

DINING ARRANGEMENTS AT WORKS, 161

EMPLOYERS AND WOMEN'S UNIONS, 37, 42

Envelope-making Described, 11

FACTORY LAW. See Legislation.

Family Health and Women's Work, 112

See also Health

Family Life and Women Workers, 67, 102-106

"Folding-houses," 76-78

GENTILITY, 67

Girls v. Women, 53, 96

Glasgow, Trades in, 170-178

HEALTH, 10, 11, 16, 66, 88-89, 112

See also Sections under Typical Firms, 141-169

Home-work, 99-101, 152, 157, 176, 181

Nos. Employed, 21, 99

and Legislation, 75-76

and Machinery, 99, 148

and Organisation, 202

Hours in Glasgow, 171, 172, 175, 177, 178

Hours in Birmingham, 180, 181, 183

See also Sections under Typical Firms, 141-169

ILLUMINATING DESCRIBED, 13

JOB HANDS, 3, 79, 137, 169

Wages, 137

LEGISLATION:

Conditions before Legislation, 69-71, 84-86

Economic and Industrial Effects, 73-93, 147, 151, 166, 171, 179, 183

Employers' Opinions, 81-84, 91-93

Employees' Opinions, 84-86, 87

Forewomen's Opinions, 86

Home-work, 75-76, 101

Limitation of Employment, 75, 89

Machinery, 73-74

Married Women, 84

Nightwork, 71, 78, 80, 81, 82, 89, 152

Provisions of the Law, 71-73

Wages, 79, 90, 91

Want of Elasticity, 91-93

Women Compositors, 74

See also Overtime.

Letterpress Printing Described, 2

Lithography Described, 10

Health, 10

London Society of Compositors and Women, 26, 27-28

London Trades Council and Women, 36

MACHINE-RULING DESCRIBED, 9

Machinery:

Effect of Women's Labour upon, 46 (footnote), 97, 98

Effect on Women's Employment, 1, 48, 94-98, 148, 157, 160, 161, 162, 165, 167, 169, 173, 182

Folding, 48, 94, 95, 182

Home Work, 99

Machine-ruling, 97

Paper colouring, 96

Re-introduction of Men's Labour, 95, 173

Sewing, 95

Stamping, 48 (footnote)

Typography, 96, 173

Manchester and Salford Society of Women Employed in Bookbinding, 40

Marriage as an Industrial Influence, 64, 67

Married Women as Workers, 84, 102, 106-112, 147, 151, 166, 168, 171, 175, 182

Family Health, 112

In Birmingham, 182

In Bristol, 110

In Leeds and Bradford, 111

In London, 108-109

Moral Influence, 111

Nos. Employed, 203

Wages, 106-108, 171, 175

Men and Women, 11, 44-52

As Competitors, 12, 14, 45, 49-52, 156, 168, 173

Bookbinders, 36, 38, 44 (footnote), 51, 175

Compositors, 25, 26, 45, 173-174

Division of Work between, 7-9, 11, 148, 152, 166, 175, 180

Effect of Machinery, 95, 96 (footnote)

Machine Rulers, 177

Men's View, 47, 173-174

Methods of Work, 81 (footnote)

Nightwork, 79, 88, 89

Paper Colouring, 97

Relative Skill, 46-47, 50, 52, 58

NATIONAL BOOKFOLDERS' UNION, 39

Nightwork, 14, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84-86, 88, 89

See also Overtime.

Numbering Described, 10

Organisation of Women:

Bookbinders, 30-41

Compositors, 29, 41

Miscellaneous Trades, 41-42, 180

Women's Views upon, 42

Overtime, 78-79, 81, 82, 84-89, 146, 183

And Wages, 78, 87, 88

See also Nightwork.

PAGING DESCRIBED, 10

Paper-bag Making, 101

Paper Making Described, 1

Paterson, Mrs. Emma, 36

Perforating Described, 10

Perth Dispute, 45

Piece Rates of Wages, 137

Premiums, 55, 56, 59-60, 62

Printers' Folding Described, 3

Prospects, See Sections under Typical Firms, 141-169

REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT, 183

See also Sections under Typical Firms, 141-169

SCOTTISH TYPOGRAPHICAL ASSOCIATION, 29, 45, 173

Show Card Mounting Described, 13

Society of Women Employed in Bookbinding, 36-38

TECHNICAL CLASSES, 63, 66

Training for Women, 52, 53

Time and Piece Wages, 137

Trade Union Congress, Women at, 36, 37

Trade Unionism and Women:

Attitude of Bookbinders, 30-32

Conflicts with Compositors, 25-30, 179

See also Organisation of Women

Training for Women, 55-68, 144, 149, 153, 165, 167, 170, 179, 180

Lack of and Marriage Prospects, 64

Typefounding Described, 14

Typical Firms, Conditions in, 141-169

Typographical Association, 25, 26, 47

Scottish, 29, 45, 173

"USE AND WONT" IN WOMEN'S WORK, 52

WAGES 113-137

Birmingham, 179, 180, 181, 182

Bookbinders' (1834-50), 33-35, 196-202

Earnings of Individuals, 136-137, 184-195

Effect of Legislation upon, 79, 90

1840-1890 ... 91 (footnote)

1866 ... 90

1885-1900 ... 134

Glasgow, 171, 172, 174-175, 176, 177, 178

How far Supplementary, 103-106

Kept up Without Unions, 41

Learners, 55-62

Married Women's Influence upon, 106-108, 171, 175

Men's and Women's, 47 (footnote)

Time and Piece Rates, 137

Why Low, 46, 50-51, 105

Women v. Boys, 15, 47, 50

Women's Competitors, 11

See also Men and Women; Women v. Boys; Girls v. Women.

Women Compositors.

See Compositors, Women.

Women Workers, Number, 17-23, 203

Ages of, 203

Ambition, 11, 64, 65, 66

Domestic Sphere Predominant, 67

Gentility, 67

Irregularity, 50, 66

Women's Work, Characteristics of, 51, 63-64