FOOTNOTES:
[1] In the preparation of this article I have to acknowledge the courtesy of Mr. Joseph Jacobs, of London, whose works in this line are accepted as an authority. In its illustration I have derived invaluable assistance from Dr. S. Weissenberg, of Elizabethgrad, Russia, and Dr. L. Bertholon, of Tunis. Both these gentlemen have loaned me a large number of original photographs of types from their respective countries. Dr. Bertholon has also taken several especially for use in this way. The more general works upon which we have relied are: R. Andree, Zur Volkskunde der Juden, Bielefeld, 1881; A. Leroy-Beaulieu, Les Juifs et l'antisémitisme, Paris, 3e éd. 1893; and C. Lombroso, Gli Antisemitismo, Torino, 1894. For all other authorities to whom reference is made by name and year, consult our comprehensive Bibliography of the Anthropology and Ethnology of Europe, in a forthcoming Special Bulletin of the Boston Public Library. In its index under "Jews" and "Semites" will be found an exhaustive list of authorities given chronologically.
[2] Andree, 1881, pp. 194 et seq., with tables appended; Jacobs, 1886 a, p. 24; and quite recently A. Leroy-Beaulieu, 1893, chapter i, are best on this. Tschubinsky, 1877, gives much detail at first hand on western Russia. In the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Anglo-Jewish Association, London, 1888, is a convenient census, together with a map of distribution for Europe. On America, no official data of any kind exist. The censuses have never attempted an enumeration of the Jews. Schimmer's results from the census of 1880 in Austria-Hungary are given in Statistische Monatsschrift, vii, p. 489 et seq.
[3] This is clearly shown by Schimmer in Statistische Monatsschrift, vii, pp. 489 et seq.
[4] See also map in Kettler, 1880.
[5] J. C. Majer (1862) ascribes the shortness of stature in Furth to this Jewish influence.
[6] 1892.
[7] 1895, p. 577.
[8] 1891.
[9] Glück, 1896; and Weisbach, 1877 and 1895 a.
[10] Majer and Kopernicki, 1877, p. 36, for Ruthenia; Stieda, 1883, p. 70; Anutchin, 1889, p. 114, etc.
[11] Zakrezewski, 1891, p. 38. In the October Monthly our stature map of all Russia brings out the contrast very strongly.
[12] Centralblatt für Anthropologie, iii, p. 66. Uke, cited by Andree, 1881, p. 32, agrees.
[13] Popular Science Monthly, vol. li, p. 20 et seq. (May, 1897), and vol. lii, p. 602 (March, 1898).
[14] Jacobs, 1889, p. 81.
[15] Talko-Hryncewicz, 1892, pp. 7 and 58.
[16] Collignon, 1887 a, pp. 211 and 326; and Bertholon, 1892, p. 41.
[17] Jacobs, 1891, p. 50, shows it to be less common in other parts of Europe. In the United States, Dr. Billings finds the marriage rate to be only 7.4 per 1,000—about one third that of the Northeastern States.
[18] 1877, p. 59.
[19] 1883, p. 71.
[20] 1889, p. 84.
[21] 1896, p. 591.
[22] 1895, p. 374.
[23] On Jewish demography, consult the special appendix in Lombroso, 1874; Andree, 1881, p. 70; Jacobs, 1891, p. 49. Dr. Billings, in Eleventh United States Census, 1890, Bulletin No. 19, gives data for our country. On pathology, see Buschan, 1895.
[24] The Jew as a Life Risk. The Spectator (an actuarial journal) 1895, pp. 222-224, and 233, 234. Lagneau, 1861, p. 411, speaks of a viability in Algeria even lower than that of the natives.
[25] From a lecture delivered at the Field Columbian Museum, November 13, 1897.
[26] Löwenstimm's studies, printed originally in the Journal of the Ministry of Justice in St. Petersburg, have been made accessible to a larger class of readers by being collected and translated into German in a volume entitled Aberglaube und Strafrecht (Berlin: Räde, 1897), with an introduction by Prof. Joseph Kohler, of the University of Berlin.
[27] As the Siberian Railway approached the northern boundaries of the Chinese Empire and surveys were made for its extension through Manchuria to the sea, great excitement was produced in Pekin by the rumor that the Russian minister had applied to the Empress of China for two thousand children to be buried in the roadbed under the rails in order to strengthen it. Some years ago, in rebuilding a large bridge, which had been swept away several times by inundations in the Yarkand, eight children, purchased from poor people at a high price, were immured alive in the foundations. As the new bridge was firmly constructed out of excellent materials, it has hitherto withstood the force of the strongest floods, a result which the Chinese attribute, not to the solid masonry, but to the propitiation of the river god by an offering of infants.
[28] See the case of Bridget Cleary, reported in Appletons' Popular Science Monthly for November, 1895, p. 86. We may add that her husband, Michael Cleary, was tried for murder and sentenced to twenty years' penal servitude.
[29] General Code, vol. xiii, edition of 1892, cited by Löwenstimm.
[30] A full account of the trial is given in a Latin manuscript preserved in the city archives of Nantes.
[31] Dr. Samuel Aughey, Physical Geography of Nebraska, 1880. Prof. J. E. Todd, Science, April 23, 1886, and January 8, 1897. E. H. Barbour, Publication No. V, Nebraska Academy of Sciences. J. A. Udden, The American Geologist, June, 1891, and April, 1893. R. D. Salisbury, Science, December 4, 1896. G. P. Merril, Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 1885.
[32] Medical Times and Gazette, London, England, November 17, 1883.
[33] Whewell also had "the scalp and skull thick." Brain weighed 49 ounces. The Lancet, London, England, March 17, 1866, p. 280.
[34] Medical Times and Gazette, London, England, May 12, 1883, p. 525.
[35] London Medical Gazette, London, England, September 13, 1828, p. 478.
[36] Brain Weight of Man. By Dr. Bischoff. Bonn, Germany, 1880, p. 137.
[37] Authority for this weight is the Medical Army Museum, Washington,D. C.
[38] This brain is kept in and its weight is recorded on the glass jar in the Pathological Museum at Munich, Germany.
[39] Idiocy and Imbecility. By Dr. Ireland. London, 1877, p. 75.
[40] The Human Species. By A. De Quatrefages. D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1884, p. 380.
[41] Dr. Gall's works, Boston, Massachusetts, vol. i, p. 36.
[42] Life of George Combe, London, 1878, vol. ii, p. 381.
[43] Medical News and Gazette, London, June 16, 1888, p. 521.
[44] Morning Herald, Sydney, Australia, February 23, 1884.
[45] Eleven Chinamen, found by Dr. C. Clapham to afford an average of 50.4 ounces, had been killed in a typhoon, and were therefore in no wise wasted by disease. (Journal of the Anthropological Institute, London, England, vol. vii, p. 90.)
[46] The Nervous System, London, 1834, p. 447.
[47] Anatomie comparative du système nerveux, tome i, 1839, p. 506.
[48] Ueber die typischen Verschiedenheiten der Windungen der Hemisphären und über die Lehre vom Hirngewicht, Göttingen, 1860. Also see Pathology and Therapeutics of Mental Diseases, London, 1870, p. 23.
[49] History of Philosophy, London, 1867, vol. ii, p. 433.
[50] The Brain as an Organ of Mind, London, 1880, pp. 276, 277.
[51] Nachrichten, Göttingen, February 29, 1860, p. 75.
[52] Carpenter's Principles of Human Physiology, London, 1881, p. 659.
[53] Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, 1853, vol. lxxix, p. 360.
[54] Idiocy and Imbecility, London, 1877, pp. 216-219.
[55] See The Brain as an Organ of Mind, London, 1880, p. 465; also, The Human Brain, London, 1847, pp. 288, 289.
[56] Eclectic Magazine, December 14, 1863, p. 428.
[57] From an address before the Société des Amis des Sciences.
[58] Vol. xlvii, September, 1895.
[59] The Play of Animals. By Karl Groos. Translated by Elizabeth L. Baldwin. New York: D. Appleton and Company. Pp. 341. Price, $1.75.
[60] A History of Spanish Literature. By James Fitz Maurice-Kelly. New York: D. Appleton and Company. (Literature of the World Series. Edited by Edmund Gosse.) Pp. 433. Price, $1.50.
[61] The American Woods. Exhibited by Actual Specimens. Part I, representing Twenty-five Species. By Romeyn B. Hough: Lowville, N. Y. The Author.
[62] Plant Life considered with Special Reference to Form and Function. By Charles Reid Barnes. New York: Henry Holt & Co. Pp. 428. Price, $1.12.
[63] Electro-Dynamics. The Direct-Current Motor. By Charles Ashley Carus-Wilson. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. Pp. 298.
[64] Applied Physiology. Including the Effects of Alcohol and Narcotics. By Frank Overton, M. D. Primary Grade. Pp. 128. Intermediate Grade. Pp. 188. Advanced Grade. Pp. 432. American Book Company.
[65] Yetta Ségal. By Horace J. Rollin. New York: G. W. Dillingham & Co. Pp. 174.
[66] The Mammalian Anatomy of the Cat. By Horace Jayne, M. D. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company. Illustrated. Pp. 816. Price, $5.00.
Transcriber's Notes:
Obvious typographical errors were repaired. Archaic spellings retained.
Illustrations were relocated to correspond to their references in the text.