FOOTNOTES:
[1] Bala Murgháb, where Sir P. Lumsden and his party have passed the winter, is apparently built on the site of the old city of Abshín, which was the capital of the Shárs of Gharshistan, a line of princes of great celebrity in Oriental history. The family was of Persian descent, and reigned in Gharshistan (the upper valley of the Murgháb) for nearly two centuries during the Samanide and Ghaznevide dynasties, the Shar Abu Nasar, who was defeated by Mahomud and died in captivity at Ghazni in A.H. 406, being one of the most learned men of his time.
[2] See Pall Mall Gazette, March 2, 1885.
[3] I may mention as an example, the township of Freudenstadt, at the foot of the Kniebis, in Baden. Not a single farthing of taxation has been paid since its foundation in 1557. The commune possesses about 5000 acres of pine forest and meadow land, worth about £10,000 sterling. The 1,420 inhabitants have each as much wood for their building purposes and firing as they wish for, and each one can send out to pasture, during the summer, his cattle, which he feeds during the winter months. The schools, church, thoroughfares, and fountains are all well cared for, and every year considerable improvements are made. 100,000 marks were employed in 1883 for the establishment in the village, of a distribution of water, with iron pipes. A hospital has been built, and a pavilion in the market-place, where a band plays on fête-days. Each year a distribution of the surplus revenue is made amongst the families, and they each obtain from 50 to 60 marks, or shillings, and more still when an extraordinary quantity of timber has been sold. In 1882, 80,000 marks were distributed amongst the 1,420 villagers. What a favored country, is it not?
[4] A shilling a head from every person above fourteen years old.
[5] Tyler, “being at work in the same town tyling of an house, when he heard” of the insult offered to his daughter, “caught his lathing staff in his hand and ran reaking home; when reasoning with the collector who made him so bold, the collector answered with stout words and strake at the tylar; whereupon the tylar, avoiding the blow, smote the collector with the lathing staff that the brains flew out of his head. Wherethrough great noise arose in the street, and the poor people being glad, every one prepared to support the said John Tylar.”—Stowe’s “Chronicle.”
[6] Some will say that this is legend; but the illustration nevertheless may stand.
[7] Other authorities make Essex the chief scene of Ball’s ministrations. See “Lives of English Popular Leaders,” 2nd Series, by C.E. Maurice, 1875.
[8] The contemporary poet, Gower, has described one aspect of the rebellion in some Latin verses which amusingly indicate the names most common among the populace:—
Watte vocat, cui Thome venit, neque Symme retardat,
Bette que, Gibbe simul, Hykke venire jubet,
Colle furit, quem Gibbe juvat, nocumenta parantes,
Cum quibus ad damnum Wille coire vovet,
Grigge rapit, dum Davve strepit, comes est quibus Hobbe,
Larkin et in medio non minor esse putat,
Hudde ferit, quos Judde terit, dum Tebbe juvatur,
Jakke domos virosque vellit, et ense necat.
Some of the chroniclers represent “Jack Straw” as only an alias of Wat Tyler, but they were evidently two different persons.
[9] “Vir versutus et magno sensu præditus.”—Walsingham, i. 463.
[10] “It was said that the insurgents as they went along were killing all the lawyers and jurymen; that every criminal who feared punishment for his offences had joined himself to them; that masters of grammar-schools had been compelled to forswear their profession, and that even the possession of an inkhorn was dangerous to its owner. Most of the rumors were, no doubt, the mere inventions of the excited imaginations of the chroniclers or their informants. The orderly conduct of the army of Tyler when it was first admitted into London, and the definiteness of the demands which formed the basis of the charter granted by Richard, make the atrocities and absurdities of these acts alike improbable.”—C. E. Maurice, p. 164.
[11] It is possible that some of the points above mentioned were among these reserved demands. If so, the king conceded them to Tyler, verbally, before the catastrophe. But this is uncertain. The concessions are enumerated in Rymer’s “Fœdera,” vol. vii. p. 317.
[12] Green’s “History of the English People,” vol. 1. p. 475.
[13] For this information we are indebted to Mr. Overall, the courteous Librarian of the Guildhall Library.
[14] “L’ère des révolutions est fermée! Je suis devenu Ministre, et le peuple entier entre au pouvoir avec moi.”
[15] A play upon the title of “Contes Fantastiques d’Hoffmann”—a book which is popular in France.
[16] “Tu es le plus cachotier des bavards.“
[17] Clément Laurier used to be Gambetta’s chief political henchman. During the war he was sent to London to negotiate the Morgan Loan. But the Commune sickened him of Republicanism and he joined the Royalist ranks. He died in 1878, being then one of the Deputies for the Indre. His change of politics never impaired his private relations with Gambetta.
[18] The Scrutin de Liste Bill was rejected in the Chamber of Deputies on the 27th January, 1882, by 282 to 227.
[19] “Le ton fait la chanson, et Jules chantait faux.”
[20] “L’Ouvrier,” “L’Ouvriére,” “L’Ouvrier de huit ans,” “Le Travail,” “La Peine de Mort,” &c., works couched in the purest philanthropy and which remind the working-man of all his grievances against society.
[21] M. Wallon was the mover of the resolution: “that the Government of France be a Republic.” It was carried in the National Assembly, 1875, by a majority of one vote.
[22] There were mistakes all round in that 15th May business. The Conservatives should have allowed the Republicans a little more rope. If the Simon Cabinet had been overthrown by a vote of the Left, and if another Liberal Administration had been put up to meet with the same fate—then would have been the time to dissolve the Lower House. But the Royalists were too impatient. They called for a national condemnation of Republicanism before the nation had grown tired of Republican dissensions. The 16th May was the making of Gambetta as a leader, for up to that time he had only been a free lance—“un fou furieux,” as Thiers called him. He stepped into the place which ought to have been Simon’s.
[23] M. Cochéry has been Minister of Posts and Telegraph under six successive Administrations.
[24] Thus Kirchenoff has said (Prorectoratsrede, Heidelberg, 1865), “The highest object at which the natural sciences are constrained to aim is the reduction of all the phenomena of nature to mechanics;” and Helmholtz has declared (Populaer Wissenschaft liche Vorträge, 1869), “The aim of the natural sciences is to resolve themselves into mechanics.” Wundt observes (Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen), “The problem of physiology is a reduction of vital phenomena to general physical laws, and ultimately to the fundamental laws of mechanics;” while Haëckel tells us (Freie Wissenschaft und freie Lehre) that “all natural phenomena without exception, from the motions of the celestial bodies to the growth of plants and the consciousness of men ... are ultimately to be reduced to atomic mechanics.”
[25] In his work on The Unconscious, a translation of which has been lately published by Messrs. Trübner & Co.
[26] Mr. Darwin tells us that two topknotted canaries produce bald offspring, due probably to some conflicting actions analogous to the interference of light.
[27] See The Cat (John Murray, 1881), p. 7.
[28] See Archives de Zool. expér. vol. ii. p. 414 vol. v. p. 174, vol. vi. p. 31; also Ann. des Sci. Nat. 4 séries, Zoologie, vol. iii. p. 119, vol. xv. p. 1, vol. xvii. p. 243; and his work Recherches sur la production artificielle des Monstruositées ou essais de Tératogénie expérimentale.
[29] See Quarterly Journal of Micros. Soc., New Series, (1873), vol. xiii. p. 408, and vol. xvi. (1876) p. 27.
[30] Tropical Nature, pp. 254-259.
[31] Nature, 1576, June 8, p. 133. Schmankevitsch at Odessa.
[32] In the mathematical sense of the word.
[33] The existence of internal force must be allowed. We cannot conceive of a universe consisting of atoms acted on indeed by external forces, but having no internal power of response to such actions. Even in such conceptions as those of “physiological units” and “gemmules” we have (as the late Mr. G. H. Lewes remarked) given as an explanation that very power the existence of which in larger organisms had itself to be explained.
[34] Problems of Life and Mind, ii. iii. iv. of Third Series, p. 85.
[35] Life and Habit, p. 55.
[36] Unconscious Memory, p. 30.
[37] Thus a man wishing to aid another, but who by miscalculation causes his death, does an action which is “materially” homicidal, though “formally” his action is a virtuous one. Similarly a man may be “materially” a bigamist but not “formally,” as when he has married a second wife being honestly convinced that his first wife was dead.
[38] Lessons from Nature, ch. xii. p. 374. John Murray, 1876.
[39] Kamilaroi and Kurnai, p. 254.
[40] Autobiographic Sketches, p. 337.
[41] Rink, Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo, p. 43.
[42] “And all the house showed clear as in the light of dawn.”—Theoc. xix. 30-40, ed. Ahrens.