ALABAMA.
Tenantry—A Promising Field—Politics.
REV. FLAVEL BASCOM, D.D., MONTGOMERY.
I gave you some first impressions on entering the service of the A. M. A. last autumn, and you now ask for my impressions after three months’ experience and observation.
So brief a residence in a single Southern city does not qualify one to speak with authority on the various questions pertaining to your work among the Freedmen; but it does enable him to test your methods and to examine the results achieved. He can thus judge of the adaptation of means employed to the ends desired, and can forecast the future with more confidence.
There are some things of which I am fully persuaded, by my short residence at the South; one of these is, that the colored people in this country are not dying out. I occasionally hear it said that they are. Possibly the wish is father to the thought. But they are not only here to stay, but they are here to multiply and increase as did the Jews in Egypt; and they are already so large a factor in our population that their character and condition are to affect the character and welfare of our country far more than is generally realized.
I have been happily disappointed in witnessing the industry and thrift of the Freedmen as mechanics and common laborers; the colored men seem to do very nearly all the work which is done, and with the aid of the women, who are equally industrious, they secure an honest and, what is to them, a comfortable living.
The most dependent and least progressive class of the Freedmen are those who work the plantations on shares. The planter dictates his own terms to the tenant—furnishes him team and tools at his own price—sells him provisions on credit at rates far above the cash market price, and then charges interest, fixing the per cent. to suit himself. When the crop is gathered, if the renter does not find himself in debt to his landlord, he is more fortunate than many. He rarely finds himself richer for his summer’s work. The simple rules of arithmetic, thoroughly understood by the tenant, will remedy all this; and when I hear the colored children at school reciting the multiplication table so enthusiastically, I am sure it is a prophecy of a “good time coming” to them.
My observation convinces me that the colored people are very desirous for the education of their children, and that their children acquire learning with as much facility as any other class. Let all the colored children and youth of the Southern States have access to schools conducted by competent teachers, and in a very few years they will solve the political and social problems that are just now so embarrassing. They will not only take care of themselves, but they will be very valuable auxiliaries in taking care of the nation.
I find in the colored churches of different denominations specimens of very estimable Christian character. I find, also, just those infirmities which I should expect if God made the Caucasian and the African of the same blood.
I have found the colored congregations very decorous and eagerly attentive to the preaching of the Gospel. I find them quite accessible for religious conversation, and apparently thankful for the interest manifested in their behalf. They furnish, therefore, a field for Christian effort that is full of promise. If there is another missionary field more inviting, or promising richer harvests to faithful culture, I know not where it is found.
I am profoundly impressed with the importance of the schools, and especially of the higher institutions established by the American Missionary Association, and by the Mission Boards of other Christian denominations. These institutions must train multitudes of competent teachers, who will educate the masses. In these institutions must also be educated a native ministry to meet the wants of their people at home, and to carry the Gospel to the dark continent from which their fathers came. It is difficult to conceive of a work more important, or promising more beneficent results, than that which is being done by the higher educational institutions for the Freedmen. The importance of enlarging their capacity for receiving pupils, and enabling them to aid indigent pupils in defraying the expenses of their education, cannot be over-estimated.
The relation of the Freedmen to politics raises questions that are very perplexing and threatening. The Southern States have, for the present, virtually disfranchised the colored men; and they seem united and firm in the purpose to exclude them from all influence in politics, unless they will vote for the party that so recently sought to perpetuate their bondage by a dissolution of the Union. What, then, should the colored men do, and what should their friends do for them? Many of them are intelligent and patriotic, and worthy to have a share in the government of the State and the nation. But many of them are as utterly unfit, at present, for such responsibility as are the most ignorant classes in our Northern cities; but they are improving. Every year adds to their intelligence, and if the helping hand of Christian philanthropy is not withheld, they will, by education, by temperance, by morality and more intelligent piety, by industry and the accumulation of property, win for themselves a position of respectability. They will not then need soldiers to protect them at the polls. They will take care of themselves. Their ballots will be received and counted. Not only so, among the whites there will be two parties, as of old, that will vie with each other in soliciting the colored vote, by out-bidding each other in the promise of favors in return. Is it not wisdom, then, for the colored man patiently to bide his time, meanwhile striving more earnestly for the qualifications than for the rights of a voter? And is it not wiser for the friends of the Freedmen to furnish him every facility for acquiring the qualifications of a voter, than to wrangle forever about his rights?
Emerson Institute—Early Discouragements, Later Encouragements.
REV. D. L. HICKOK, MOBILE.
For various reasons, among them the sickness of yellow fever, our work here commenced under very unfavorable circumstances. Our school opened the 20th of November, almost two months after the regular time, with only 17 scholars the first week, and with but little prospect of any considerable increase. The teachers were all new except Miss Stephenson, and hence they did not know what to expect, and therefore not enough about the work to be discouraged. Ignorance, sometimes at least, is bliss. If it did not give us faith, it saved us from being faithless. There are some things that are food in a negative way by preventing the usual waste in the system. Knowledge is power. Ignorance is somewhere along there when it saves us from the need of power. We accepted what we found as being all that we had any right in our simplicity to expect, and carefully hid it as leaven in the meal. The leaven, however, seemed wonderfully “little,” and the meal a great deal more than three measures; but God has blessed our work beyond our expectation and faith. The measure, “according to our faith,” was pressed down and running over. Our numbers rapidly increased so that by Christmas we had about 75 scholars, and after the holidays our numbers came up to more than 150. We still have accessions every week, and the prospect is that before the close of the year we shall have more scholars than we have room for. Already the primary room is filled beyond its seating capacity.
The school has at present four departments: the primary, which numbers about 60; the intermediate, which numbers between 40 and 50; the normal, which numbers about the same, and the higher normal, which at present is only a small class studying Latin, geometry and natural philosophy. The “A” class of the normal, which is quite large, will soon be in this department.
We feel that we are having the confidence and co-operation of the colored people. The last few weeks has encouraged us very much. We recently had a literary, musical and social entertainment for the pupils and patrons of the school. It was held in the normal room of our building, which we also use as an assembly room, where we provided extra seats somewhat beyond rather than according to our faith; but not only was every seat filled, many went away because they could not even find standing room. At the close of the literary exercises the pupils brought forward their parents and friends and introduced them to the teachers, when sociability and “the shaking of the hands” became the order for the remainder of the evening.
The history of our school work for the past few months is repeated in our Sabbath-school and church work. We began with scarcely more than five loaves and two fishes. At the first religious meeting which I attended there were just seven present—five colored and two white people. What were they among so many? But God has graciously given us the increase here also. Our Sabbath-school now numbers 60, with 10 teachers, and is increasing every Sabbath. It is yet a small school, indeed, but it is in good working order. The machinery is complete in all its parts. Its lack is inward rather than outward. It needs only the animating power of the Holy Spirit to make it a living body. We have got the dust together and have formed it, and we are praying that God would breathe into its nostrils that it may become a living soul. To this end the teachers have just resolved to hold a half-hour prayer-meeting at the close of the school each Sabbath.
Our church is quite small. Congregationalism makes but little show in this typical Southern city. It will be a good many years before we have New England on the Gulf; yet I believe the leaven is here that is to leaven the lump. Our church contains a few earnest, faithful workers. There are those who have watched with Christ in the dark hour. Their days of vigilance will soon be over, when they may sleep in Jesus and take their rest. May God bless them!
A Revival of Education—A Useful Church.
REV. GEORGE E. HILL, MARION.
I cannot say that we are enjoying a revival of religion, but we are in the midst of a revival of education, which is here at the South, emphatically, the handmaid of the Gospel. The Lincoln Normal Institute, for colored pupils of both sexes, was founded in 1869 by the A. M. A. Six years ago it passed into the hands of the State, which makes an annual appropriation of $4,000 for the teachers’ salaries.
This year the school has taken a fresh start, having enrolled 217 pupils, and a new building is about to be erected for their accommodation. In the Normal Department for the training of teachers, there are classes in Latin, Greek and French, as well as the higher English branches. The order and discipline are equal to the average of our high schools at the North. Its pupils sustain a literary society, for weekly essays and discussions, and also publish a monthly paper. One young man walks ten miles every day to attend the school.
The influence of such an institution is felt in the very atmosphere. The fever for learning is contagious. Men who work hard all day in the field or at their trade are so eager for knowledge that, to meet the demand, classes have just been organized for a night school.
Meanwhile our little church is keeping on the even tenor of its way. There have been several hopeful conversions, and four are about to unite by profession. No falling off in attendance on Sabbath or evening meetings. Four of our young people are this year at Talladega College, and two promising young men have the ministry in view. Nineteen were present at our teachers’ meeting last week.
At the “Home” we have three meetings Sunday evenings: one for women, one for boys, and a girls’ class prayer meeting, with a kindergarten for the little ones during the week.
One of the pleasant incidents in our winter’s work has been the distribution of five barrels of clothing from kind friends at the North. The people are poor, but not penurious. A girls’ sewing class has sent $21, the avails of their handiwork, for the Mendi Mission, and the church appropriates the “weekly offering” once a month towards the pastor’s salary.
It is truly delightful to see the readiness of this people for religious instruction, and to witness the fruits of our labor in their marked elevation. They are quick, industrious, pleasing, and unobtrusive in their manners, with a decided distaste for “loudness” of every sort; showing, too, as much decorum at church, and as proper a regard for the Sabbath, as I have ever seen in any community.
From all which, it may be inferred that here, at least, the uplifting process has already passed the stage of incipiency.