NEW PUBLICATIONS.
Life of T. Théophane Vénard, Martyr in Tonquin. Translated from the French by Lady Herbert. London: Burns, Oates & Co. 1870. Pp. 215. For sale by the Catholic Publication Society, 9 Warren Street, New York.
China is the land of modern martyrdom. She continues the work of Nero and Diocletian. Within a few days the newspapers have contained a brief account of the latest massacre. These persecutions have been constant since her soil first drank the blood of a Catholic missionary. Incited by their pagan priests, secretly encouraged by government officials, and sustained by the approbation of the mandarins, the ignorant and barbarous mobs of China are only too ready for the murder of those whom they term "Foreign Devils." Throughout the world there is at least partial toleration for the teacher of the Christian religion; in China there is only certain death. Father Vénard, then, went to China with the hope and expectation of martyrdom. This was tempered, indeed, by the thought that he was unworthy of this singular grace, but still it was the constant thought of his life. In early childhood it was his delight to read the "Annals of the Propagation of the Faith" with his dear sister Mélanie; and once, when he had scarcely reached his ninth year, he was heard to exclaim, "And I too will go to Tonquin; and I too will be a martyr!" Those childish lips were speaking a prophecy. Let twenty-two years pass away, and the little French lad will be found in a wooden cage, the prisoner of barbarians, and awaiting sentence of death. Sweet bird of paradise that he was, it is not strange that even a pagan mob should be touched by his misfortunes. He hears the crowd about his prison saying, "What a pretty boy that European is!" "He is gay and bright, as if he were going to a feast!" "He is come to our country to do us good." "Certainly he can't have done any thing wrong." But in China, as in more civilized nations, popular sympathy has little influence over the authorities who administer the government. Doubtless there was some law to be vindicated, and so, on February 3d, 1860, at the age of thirty-one, Father Vénard was beheaded. His execution was not remarkable for any great tortures, though it was cruel enough. But this was due to an unskilful headsman and a dull sword; and as these accidents are frequent in the execution of our criminals, it would be unjust to make it a reproach to those who caused the death of the young martyr. But his life does not require the heroic endurance of tortures to make it interesting. He wins our love simply because he was so full of love himself. He was a tender and affectionate son, a warm and devoted brother, an unfailing friend. Perhaps the greatest of his sacrifices was made when he left the sister to whom he was so warmly attached that he might labor among the heathen. It may have been a more glorious triumph for the martyr to renounce his idolized relatives than to meet death bravely. We cannot, therefore, see the appropriateness of Lady Herbert's remark, that Vénard "was no ascetic saint, trembling at every manifestation of human or natural feeling." If he did not tremble at human affections, at least he knew how to renounce them; indeed, he saw that perfection could only be gained by their renunciation. But as Lady Herbert's sentence reads, it conveys a reproach to the ascetics. We might imagine that "an ascetic saint trembling at every manifestation of human or natural feeling" was something greatly to be deplored. But when we remember that St. Aloysius was so careful in this matter that he would not raise his eyes to look upon his own mother, we may very fairly question the wisdom of Lady Herbert's insinuation. She has evidently used the word ascetic in a Protestant sense; deriving it from the word similar in sound, but totally different in meaning—acetic. It would be very difficult to assign exactly the part which human affections play in Christian perfection. Perhaps there is no rule which will apply to all. The lives of the saints show that they have looked upon it in very different lights. Some have completely broken all family ties; others have cherished and sanctified the love borne to their relations. It is only fair, then, to conclude that God has directed these souls in different ways. If F. Vénard yields up his life for Christ and the Catholic faith, we will not quarrel with him when he calls his sister "part of his very life," or tells her that she is his "second self." Yet such language could not come from St. Aloysius, or St. Francis Borgia, or St. Ignatius. Their piety was cast in a more austere mould. But coming from this dear martyr of Tonquin, these words do not seem inappropriate. No one would wish them changed. They are the expression of his innocent and childish disposition. They prove our hero, though a priest and a man of thirty, to be the worthy companion of gentle St. Agnes. Of all the martyrs none have resembled her more closely than this heroic priest; all that imagination has painted her will be found in the reality of Father Vénard's life.
Notes on the Physiology and Pathology of the Nervous System. With reference to Clinical Medicine. By Meredith Clymer, M.D., University Pennsylvania; Fellow of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia. D. Appleton & Co. Pp. 53.
This brochure fulfils the promise of its learned author in the introduction, in which he "proposes to summarize the recent investigations into the physiology and pathology of the nervous system which have a bearing on clinical medicine."
The labor has been faithfully and skilfully performed, and the history of the scleroses of the brain and spinal cord is carefully collected from the English, German, and French—collated, compared, and analyzed. The summary is one of the utmost importance to physicians, and is interesting to men of general knowledge capable of appreciating this class of subjects.
It is difficult to over-estimate the value to science and society of the investigations and studies into the physiology and pathology of the nervous centres which are being conducted all over the world. Among the students of these interesting subjects Dr. Clymer ranks high as an observer, and chief in this country as annalist and critic. He holds a position in the world of medicine analogous to that held by Brownson in the domain of philosophy and theology, and his services are of inestimable value in correcting the hasty, crude, and ill-advised speculations of men who have neither acquired knowledge nor powers of original observation and reflection.
It is obviously out of place to pursue the subject in its medical aspects in this place, but we commend the pamphlet to physicians, scientists, and jurists, and also to theologians.
From this class of works they can learn the basis on which medicine rests as a science, and the essential immorality of all forms of quackery.
Out of the Past. (Critical and Literary Papers.) By Parke Godwin. New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons. 1870.
This is a collection of nineteen articles written for different magazines—principally for the Democratic Review and Putnam's Monthly—at various periods from 1839 to 1856. The experiment of publishing in book form an author's fugitive essays is seldom successful. True, it was so in the cases of Carlyle and Macaulay. How far Mr. Godwin may resemble them in this respect remains to be seen. Should any reviewer come to the treatment of this book strong in the Vicar of Wakefield's celebrated canon of criticism—that the picture would have been better if the painter had taken more pains—he will find himself disarmed by Mr. Godwin's prefatory apology, that these essays "are more imperfect than they would have been with a larger leisure at my command." The subjects are generally interesting, and their treatment instructive. The style of these essays is excellent, and their author's opinions and criticisms on literature and art generally of a healthy tone. We cannot precisely agree with Mr. Godwin when he credits a certain work of Dutch art (p. 375) with the inspiration of patriotism, but are glad to see with his eyes that Thackeray
"Took no satyr's delight in offensive scenes and graceless characters; that he was even sadder than the reader could be at the horrible prospect before him; that his task was one conscientiously undertaken, with some deep, great, generous purpose; and that, beneath his seeming scoff and mockeries, was to be discovered a more searching wisdom and a sweeter, tenderer pathos than we found in any other living writer. We saw that he chastised in no ill-natured or malicious vein, but in love; that he cauterized only to cure; and that, if he wandered through the dreary circles of Inferno, it was because the spirit of Beatrice, the spirit of immortal beauty, beckoned him to the more glorious paradise."
A Compendium of the History of the Catholic Church. By Rev. Theodore Noethen. Baltimore: John Murphy & Co. 1870. Pp. 587.
A hasty glance through the contents of this work seems to justify these conclusions: The chief merit of the book is its numerous anecdotes. These illustrate the particular customs and dangers of Christians in different nations and centuries. Compendiums usually fatigue the mind with dates and uninteresting details. Father Noethen has carefully avoided this fault. He leads us into the homes and by the hearth-side of the Catholics of former times. Nothing can be more useful than this. History cannot be learned until we imagine ourselves living at that very time and taking our part in the scenes which are described. So the words of a martyr, or a sentence from a letter, or a pious custom will often throw more light upon history than whole pages of detailed facts and speculations. In regard to those more delicate questions which every writer of a church history must solve in some way, Father Noethen appears to have acted with great discretion. We were particularly pleased with the remarks concerning Origen. In this work that illustrious hero of the early church is given the praise which he has so long deserved, but which has been so long denied him. By an oversight, however, there is one unfortunate sentence in this book. It speaks of Constantine as "convening a general council." Without doubt this expression is incorrect; the Christian emperors aided the meeting of œcumenical councils; they never convened them. That power was always reserved to the sovereign pontiff alone. But apart from this clerical error the book is very praiseworthy, and will do good both to Catholics and to Protestants.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] De l'Avenir du Protestantisme et du Catholicisme. Par M. l'Abbé F. Martin. Paris: Tobra et Haton. 1869. 8vo, pp. 608.
[2] Cicero, Legg. ii. 23.
[3] Plutarch in Pompey. Seneca, Epis. 64.
[4] Mother of Caligula, and grandmother of Nero, by her daughter Agrippina Julia.
[5] To produce a gladiator in the arena was to edit him.
[6] Pliny, Epis. iii. 21.
[7] Mary Queen of Scots and her Accusers. Embracing a Narrative of Events from the Death of James V., in 1542, until the Death of the Regent Murray, in 1570. By John Hosack, Barrister-at law. William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh and London. 1869.
Histoire de Marie Stuart. Par Jules Gauthier. Vol. i. Paris. 1869.
[8] This translation, which first appeared in the Democratic Magazine thirty years ago, is now republished at the request of the [author, G. J. G.]
[9] By the late Otto George Mayer, student of the Congregation of St. Paul.
[10] Instead of these three lines we sometimes find the following:
Fac me cruce custodiri,
Morte Christi præmuniri,
Confoveri gratia.
The former version of the Latin is followed in the Greek, the latter in the English translation.
[11] The Origin and Development of Religious Belief. By S. Baring-Gould, M.A., author of Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, The Silver Store, etc. Part I. Heathenism and Mosaism. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 90, 92, and 94 Grand street. 1870.
[12] "And some indeed he gave to be apostles, and some prophets and others evangelists, and others pastors and teachers."
"That we may not now be CHILDREN, tossed to and fro, and carried about with every wind of doctrine, in the wickedness of men, in craftiness by which they lie in wait to deceive." (St. Paul to the Ephesians, iv. 11, 14.)
[13] The Christian World. The Bible in the Schools. February, 1870. New York: Bible House.
[14] We desire to call attention to another point which could not be discussed in the foregoing article, and to which we can at present only allude in the briefest manner. Large sums of money have been granted by legislatures to universities and colleges which are controlled by the clergy of different Protestant denominations, in which they teach their religious opinions without restraint, and which they make, as far as they can, training-schools for their theological seminaries. Now, if the outcry against any grant of public funds to schools in which the Catholic religion is taught is taken up and sustained by Protestants, it follows that they must advocate the total secularization of all institutions, without exception, which enjoy any state subsidies, and, if they wish to keep control of religious instruction in any of the above-mentioned colleges, must refund to the state every thing which they now possess by grant from the state, and give up all claim to receive any further endowments. Catholics would never disendow or despoil these Protestant institutions, even if they had full power to do it; but if the party of infidelity ever gains, by the help of Protestants, full sway over our legislation, the latter may prepare themselves for a wholesale spoliation.
[15] New Englander, January, 1870. Article entitled, "Moral Results of the Romish System."
Handbuch der vergleichenden Statistik. Leipzig. 1868.
Historisch-politische Blätter. Neuntes Heft, Munich. 1867. Article entitled, "Allgemeine und confessionelle Statistik in Preussen."
[16] Including kingdom of Saxony, Brunswick, Hanover, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Altenburg, Hesse, and Bremen.
[17] Including Schleswig-Holstein.
[18] Saxony, Brunswick, Hanover, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Altenburg, Hesse, and the city of Bremen.
[19] We have studiously avoided entering on the specific subjects of the debate among the fathers. So far as they have come to our knowledge, we are of course not allowed to speak of them, at least at present. But we trust we shall not be held as violating any confidence when we repeat a statement made to us on the best authority. Many of the fathers of the Vatican Council seem well acquainted with our Second Plenary Council of Baltimore. More than once it was referred to with special commendation as having thoroughly seized the character of this modern age in which we live. And the desire was expressed that its special regulations on one or two points for the church in the United States could be made universal laws for the whole church.
[20] When it shall have been established with the evidence required by the Congregation of Rites that it has pleased God to work two miracles, of the first class, after the death of this venerable servant, through his intercession, a decree may be issued stating that fact, and allowing his beatification. When two other miracles of the same class shall have been proved with the same certainty to have occurred, after his beatification, the blessed servant of God may be canonized and enrolled among the saints of the church.
[21] Chiesa e Stato: Rapsodie di C. Cantù, dalla Rivista Universale. Corretto e riveduto dall' Autore. 1867. 8vo, pp. 94.
[22] Suetonius, Aug. 39. The forum, where gladiators had often bled, was becoming less and less used for that purpose.
[23] It is well known that Trajan exhibited shows in which ten thousand gladiators fought, but this monstrous development of cruelty came long after our date.
[24] A school of gladiators. Suet Jul. 26; Aug. 42; Tacit. Hist. ii. 88.
[25] This German expedition took the same direction as that of the Austrian armies which endeavored to dislodge Bonaparte from the siege of Mantua, and came pouring down both sides of Lake Guarda.
[26] Cic. Fam. xiii. 59; Dion. iii. 22; Cæsar. Bell. Cir. iii. 20.
[27] The malignant innkeepers mentioned by Horace, "Sat. lib. 1, Sat. 5," kept a low class of houses in comparison with this notable hostelry.
[28] Pliny, Ep. x. 14, 121.
[29] Cic. Qu. Fr. ii. 14; Plautus, Pœn. v. 1, 22, 2, 92; Cist. 2, 1, 27.
[30] Libertus, freedman of such or such a family; libertinus, freedman in general, or son of one.
[31] Zothecula, a small apartment, one side of which was formed by a curtain. Pliny, Epis. ii. 17; v. 6. Suetonius, Claud. 10.
[32] Flutes, etc. Juvenal v. 121; xi. 137.
[33] Something in this language may seem out of keeping. I would therefore remind the reader that the most learned, accomplished, studious, and highly-cultivated minds among the Romans were very frequently found in the class of slaves and freedmen.
[34] A question that used to be urged as a test of fitness for membership, and an affirmative answer required. The custom has now become obsolete.
[35] The evening star.
[36] The Prose Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, New and revised edition. Boston: Fields, Osgood & Co. 1870. 2 vols. 16mo.
[37] Mary Stuart. Her Guilt or Innocence. An Inquiry into the Secret History of her Times. By Alexander McNeel Caird. Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black. 1869.
[38] Bothwell: A Poem in Six Parts. By W. Edmonstoune Aytoun, D.C.L. Author of Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, Bon Gaultier's Ballads, etc. Boston: Ticknor & Fields.
[39] Mr. Froude, by "reactionary," means that he was not a disciple of John Knox; by "dangerous," that he was a man who would defend his religion.
[40] The said undertakers shall not devise or lease any part of their lands at will, but shall make certain estates for years, for life, in tail or in fee simple.—Art. 12th, charter of A.D. 1613.
[41] "In the number of farms, from one to five acres, the decrease has been 24,147; from five to fifteen acres, 27,379; from fifteen to thirty acres, 4274; while of farms above thirty acres, the increase has been 3670. Seventy thousand occupiers with their families, numbering about three hundred thousand, were rooted out of the land. In Leinster, the decrease in the number of holdings not exceeding one acre, as compared with the decrease of 1847, was 3749; above one and not exceeding five, was 4026; of five and not exceeding fifteen, was 2546; of fifteen to thirty, 391; making a total of 10,617. In Munster, the decrease in the holdings under thirty acres is stated at 18,814; the increase over thirty acres, 1399. In Ulster, the decrease was 1502; the increase, 1134. In Connaught, where the labor of extermination was least, the clearance has been most extensive. There in particular the roots of holders of the soil were never planted deep beneath the surface, and consequently were exposed to every exterminator's hand. There were in 1847, 35,634 holders of from one to five acres. In the following year there were less by 9703; there were 76,707 holders of from five to fifteen acres, less in one year by 12,891; those of from fifteen to thirty acres were reduced by 2121; a total depopulation of 26,499 holders of land, exclusive of their families, was effected in Connaught in one year."—Captain Larcom's report for 1848, as quoted in Mitchel's Last Conquest of Ireland, (Perhaps.) Dublin, 1861.
[42] The productiveness of the land when properly tilled is four times greater than when under pasture.
[43] Among those who yielded to his fatal and seductive influence was Fra Bartolomeo Coni, guardian of the monastery of Verona, who afterward became a heretic.
[44] Letters in Sir Henry Ellis's Collec.
[45] Letter of Lascelles to Earl Shrewsbury.
[46] Stratford.
[47] Wotton Reliq. (Sir Henry Wotton, once secretary to Raleigh.)
[48] Ellis Collec.
[49] Howell.
[50] Hardwicke State Papers.
[51] Letter of John Porry in Ellis Col.
[52] History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth. By James Anthony Froude, late Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. 12 vols. New York: Charles Scribner & Co.
[53] See Edinburgh Review for January and October, 1858.
[54] Mr. Froude's reference for this citation is Knox's History of the Reformation, which is somewhat too general. The reader is advised to look for it in vol. ii. p. 382.
[55] We regret that we have not room for the short discourse Knox made to Murray on the occasion of their parting.
[56] The reader may see at p. 376, vol. viii., where he tells of the murder of Darnley, how effectually Mr. Froude cites his own invention as an historical fact: "So at last came Sunday, eleven months exactly from the day of Ritzio's murder; and Mary Stuart's words, that she would never rest until that dark business was revenged, were about to be fulfilled."
[57] His style is never so sparkling with bright enjoyment as when recounting some insult or outrage to Mary Stuart.
[58] "The moon was clear and full." "The queen with incredible animosity was mounted en croup behind Sir Arthur Erskine, upon a beautiful English double gelding," "the king on a courser of Naples;" and "then away, away—past Restalriug, past Arthur's Seat, across the bridge and across the field of Musselburgh, past Seton, past Prestonpans, fast as their horses could speed;" "six in all—their majesties, Erskine, Traquair, and a chamberer of the queen." "In two hours the heavy gates of Dunbar had closed behind them, and Mary Stuart was safe."
[59] His name was Randall—not Randolph, as he was, and is, usually called.
[60] Greek, we may observe, was to the Romans of that age about as familiar as, and far more necessary than, French is to us. It was the vehicle of all philosophy, and the condition of all higher education. The fashionable Romans used Greek phrases in conversation through vanity.
[61] Juvenal, vi. 61.
[62] See Dublin Review for January.
[63] Rev. Dr. Scheeben in his pamphlet. Part iii.
[64] The negative account given in pp. 63-69 as the "ancient constitution of the church" takes nothing from our argument.
[65] London edition, 1840, vol. ii. pp. 204, 220.
[66] H. E. v. 24, 25.
[67] H. E. v. 22.
[68] Hæret. fab., ii. 8, edit. Mansi, tom. i. p. 1003 sqq.
[69] Adv. Prax. i.
[70] Epiph. Hæres. 42.
[71] Socrat. H. E. ii. 15.
[72] See Philipps's Compend. of Can. Law, vol. i. p. 45.
[73] Galland, Bibl. t. viii. p. 569 sq.
[74] See Ballerini, De Antiq. Collect. and Biblioth. Juris-Can. tom. ii.
[75] Died 536 A.D.
[76] Migne, Patrol. tom. 84, gives this collection.
[77] Denziger's Enchiridion, p. 29.
[78] See Denziger, p. 47.
[79] In the Augsburg Gazette, and in a separate pamphlet since issued.
[80] See Döllinger's History of the Church, vol. ii. sect. iii. p. 221.
[81] Denzig. Enchir. p. 48.
[82] Athanas. Apol. ad Constant. n. 31. Le Quien, Oriens Christian. tom. ii. p. 642.
[83] Vol. ii. pp. 29, 35 sq.
[84] H. E. 8. edit. Vales. tom. ii. p. 70, ch. 415.
[85] H. E. ii. 15.
[86] Cæl. Symbol. ad Zosim. Mansi, tom. iv. pp. 325, 370.
[87] August. Serm. 132, n. 10.
[88] Ep. ad. Leon. 98, c. i. iv. Ball. edit. Harduin, tom. ii. pp. 655-660.
[89] Ep. 104, ad. Marc. c. iii.
[90] (Vigil. Epist. ad Univ. Eccles. apud Mansi, tom. ix. pp. 50-61.)
[91] Or petition, libellus.
[92] Mansi, tom. ix. p. 62.
[93] See Dölling. Ch. H. vol. ii. pp. 204, 205.
[94] He died 1524. Agnes Strickland's Lives of the Queens of England, vol. v. 143.
[95] Cardinal Bembo, Secretary of Leo X. and Librarian of St. Mark's, Venice; author of various pieces in Latin and Italian. Born 1470. Died 1547.
[96] Cardinal Sadolet, Bishop of Carpentras, Secretary of Leo X.; author of several works in Latin prose and verse. Born 1477. Died 1547.
[97] Lingard's History of England, A.D. 1531.
[98] Froude, History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth. Vol. vi. 88.
[99] Lingard, vol. iv. appendix, note 8, 3. Poli Defensio, fol. 77, 78.
[100] Pole to Prioli. Epist. vol. 1. p. 446.
[101] December 20, 1536. Froude, iii. 187.
[102] Lingard, v. 45.
[103] Froude vi. 333.
[104] Miss Strickland's Lives, v. 208.
[105] Epist. Reg. Pol. vol. iii. pp. 37-39.
[106] April, 1539.
[107] May 27, 1541. (33 Henry VIII.)
[108] Pole to the Cardinal of Burgos. Epist. iii. 36, 76.
[109] Vol. i. p. 402.
[110] Life of Pole. London, 1767, i. 354.
[111] Conc. Trident. Sessio VI.
[112] Flanagan, History of the Church in England, vol. ii. 122, 127-8.
[113] See Lingard, vol. v. 198.
[114] February 6th, 1554.
[115] Mason to Queen Mary, October 5th, 1554.
[116] Froude, vol. vi. 395 and 517.
[117] Phillips's Life of Pole, vol. ii. 172, note.
[118] Lingard, vol. v. 224.
[119] March 23d, 1555.
[120] Hist. Ref. vol. ii. p. 156.
[121] Vita Poli, fol. 33.
[122] Poli Epist. Phillips's Life, vol. ii. p. 222.
[123] The number of persons put to death in Queen Mary's reign was, as stated above, not over 400. From the year 1641 to 1659, 826,000 persons perished, were exiled or sold as slaves in Ireland, through the religious persecution of the English Protestant government. (O'Reilly's Memorials, p. 345.)
[124] Lingard, v. 254. Phillips, ii. 256-7. Froude, vi. 477, 481.
[125] Greenwich. March 30th, 1558.
[126] "Without straining too far the license of imagination, we may believe that the disease which was destroying him was chiefly a broken heart." (Froude, vi. 526.)
[127] History of England, vol. vi. 531.
[128] Vol. ii.
[129] The skins of young calves are so named by New-England dairy-men.
[130] We could not say the human nature is divine, nor could we say the human nature is God, or vice versa; but we can only predicate the concrete terms of the concrete. The metaphysical reason is, that the foundation of this interchange of names and properties of both natures lies in their being both concrete in the subsistence of the Word. If we consider them abstractly, they are separate, and consequently cannot interchange attributes.
[131] St. John, ch. xvii., passim.
[132] The idea comprehends other conditions which it is not necessary to unfold now.
[133] "Dico Deum primaria intentione, qua voluit se creaturis communicare, voluisse mysterium Incarnationis et Christum Dominum ut esset caput et finis divinorum operum sub ipso Deo." (Suarez, De Incarnatione, Disp. v. sect. ii.)
[134] Suarez, Ubicum.
[135] Prov. ch. viii.
[136] St. Paul Colos. ch. v. 16.
[137] De Civit. Dei, lib. xv. cxxiii.
[138] M. Souvestre's note to this passage is, "En Bretagne, aux yeux des paysans, la corpulence est une grande beauté; c'est un signe de distinction, de richesse, de loisir," etc.
[139] See Catholic World, Nos. 45 and 46.
[140] Is lix. 21.
[141] Conc. Later. IV. c. 1. Firmiter.
[142] Sap. viii. 1.
[143] Cf. Hebr. iv. 13.
[144] Rom. i. 20.
[145] Hebr. i. 1, 2.
[146] 1 Cor. ii. 9.
[147] Conc. Trid. Sess. IV. Decr. de Can. Script.
[148] Hebr. xi. 1.
[149] Marc. xvi. 20.
[150] 2 Petr. i. 19.
[151] Syn. Araus. II. can. 7.
[152] Is. xi. 12.
[153] Ioan. i. 17.
[154] 1 Cor. ii. 7, 8, 10.
[155] Matth. xi. 25.
[156] 2 Cor. v. 6, 7.
[157] Conc. Lat. V. Bulla Apostolici regiminis.
[158] Coloss. ii. 8.
[159] Vinc. Lir. Common, n. 28.
[160] Suetonius, Pliny, and Seneca all attest the currency of this and similar jokes against Tiberius during his very lifetime.
[161] See State Papers concerning the Irish Church in the Time of Queen Elizabeth, etc. By W. Maziere Brady, D.D. London: Longmans. 1868. Page 90.
[162] Ibid. page 92.
[163] Ibid. page 91.
[164] Frey Luis de Sonsa, in the History of the Dominican Order in Portugal, relates this legend. The legend of the Infant Saviour coming to play with a child has been embodied in the poetry of many languages, especially the German.
[165] Now Bishop of Exeter. He was the author of an ingenious but whimsical essay, styled, "The Education of the World," in Essays and Reviews, where he parcelled out the elements of our present civilization among different nations of antiquity. He almost seems to have thought that Turner owed his knowledge of painting, in some vague way, to Zeuxis and Parrhasius.
[166] To give Calvin his due, he was only for chopping off the head of Servetus. He called eagerly for his blood; but he was willing to temper justice with so much mercy as lies in substituting the axe for the fagot.
[167] Professor Jowett, Essays and Reviews, ninth ed. p. 377. This essay contains several jokes, which to us seem rather out of place. "Even the Greek Plato," says the professor, (p. 390,) "would have 'coldly furnished forth' the words of 'eternal life.'" The reader will remember the words of Shakespeare,
"The funeral baked meats
Did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables,"
meaning (as is shown by the preceding words, Thrift, thrift, Horatio!) that the marriage had followed so close upon the funeral that the pasties which had been hot at the one came up cold at the other. The new turn given by Mr. Jowett to his original has, we admit, a very humorous effect; but we cannot help thinking that he has been unseasonably witty.
[168] Hor. Bk. ii. Sat. 5. Both birth and virtue, without money, are more worthless than seaweed.
[169] De Eccl. Milit. lib. iii. cap. 2.
[170] De Rom. Pontif. lib. iii. capp. 2, 3, 5.
[171] Theol. Wirceburg. tom. i. De Princip. Direct. n. 190.
[172] De Rom. Pontif. lib. iv. cap. 5. edit. Venet. 1 vol. p. 779.
[173] The Authority of Doctrinal Decisions. By Dr. Ward. Pp. 50, 51.
[174] The Galaxy. December, 1869, to June, 1870.
[175] Lothair. By the Right Honorable B. Disraeli. Pp. 218. D. Appleton & Co. 1870.
[176] The Invitation Heeded; or, Reasons for a Return to Catholic Unity. By James Kent Stone, late President of Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, and of Hobart College, Geneva, New York; and S. T. D. 1 vol. 12mo, pp. 340. New York: The Catholic Publication Society, 9 Warren street. 1870.
[177] History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth. By James Anthony Froude, late Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. 12 vols. New York: Charles Scribner & Co.
[178] See Catholic World for June, 1870.
[179] In all his volumes Mr. Froude cites Buchanan by name but once.
[180] Mary Queen of Scots and her Accusers. By John Hosack, Barrister at Law. Edinburgh. 1869.
[181] He had previously denounced his sovereign from the pulpit as an incorrigible idolatress and an enemy whose death would be a public blessing. Randolph writes to Cecil February, 1564, "They pray that God will either turn her heart or send her a short life;" adding, "of what charity or spirit this proceedeth, I leave to be discussed by the great divines." And yet we must not hastily condemn Knox, although a man fifty-eight years of age, of indiscriminate sourness and severity to all young women. He was at that very time paying his addresses to a girl of sixteen.
[182] "The attempt to make one's self the interpreter of the secret sentiments of historical personages is always dangerous and frequently ridiculous."
[183] See "Calendar of the State Papers relating to Scotland, preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office. 2 vols. quarto. London, 1858."
Copy in Astor Library. This calendar gives the date and abstract of the contents of each document. There is no record of any letter of Randolph to Cecil of Oct. 5th, 1565, but there is one of Oct. 4th.
[184] A copy of this rare poem in the original Italian may be found in the Astor Library.
"These puissant legions, whose exile
Hath emptied heaven."
Paradise Lost, Book i.
"Into our room of bliss thus high advanced
Creatures of other mould."
Par. Lost, Book iv.
[187] See Paradise Lost, Book ix. line 705.
"Shall that be shut to man which to the beast
Is open?"
Paradise Lost, B. ix.
"Or is it envy? and can envy dwell
In heavenly breasts?"
Paradise Lost, B. ix.
"Henceforth to speculations high and deep
I turned my thoughts; and with capacious mind
Considered all things visible in heaven
Or earth."
Paradise Lost, B. ix.
"Eve. O me! lassa ch'io sento
Un gelido tremor vagar per l'osa
Che mi fa graccio il core.
Serpent. E la parte mortal che già incomincia
A languir, sendo dal divin gravata,
Che sovra le tue chiome
In potenza sovrasta."
[192] See Paradise Lost, Book iv. line 940.
[193] A Lecture delivered before the Young Men's Christian Association of Boston, by the late Rev. Dr. Cummings, pastor of St. Stephen's Church, New York.
[194] It was some fifty years before, at the siege of Modena, that the first recorded instance, so far as I am aware, occurred of making the pigeon a letter-carrier.
[195] I am aware of an apparent anachronism here of some four or five years, according to Dio, Tacitus, Suetonius, and others; but Caligula was, I think, a few years older than these authors represent; for Josephus furnishes a somewhat different calendar from theirs.
[196] La Physique Moderne. Essai sur l'Unité des Phénomènes Naturels. Par Emile Saigey. Paris: Germer-Baillière. 1867.
Les Problèmes de la Nature—les Problèmes de la Vie. Par Laugel. Paris. 1867.
De la Science et de la Nature. Essai de Philosophie première. Par Magy. 1867.
Eléments de Mécanique Moléculaire. Par le P. Bayma.
Physique Moléculaire. Par l'Abbé Moigno. 1868.
Revue des Deux Mondes: la Nature et la Physiologie idéaliste. Par Ch. Lévêque. 15 Janvier, 1857.
Le Spiritualisme Français au dix neuvième siècle. Par P. Janet. 15 Mai, 1868.
[197] See for further details: Recueil des Rapports sur les Progrès des Lettres et des Sciences; la Philosophie en France au dix-neuvième siècle. Par Felix Ravaisson. Revue des Cours Littéraires, No. 24; art. by M. E. Beaussire.
[198] This system has been formulated with great talent by M. Emile Saigey, who advocated it, first in several very remarkable articles in the Revue des Deux Mondes; and afterward in his book, La Physique Moderne. Essai sur l'Unité des Phénomènes Naturels.
[199] The swiftness of molecules and the vibratory motion of ethereal atoms are astonishing, and surpass all imagination. The former, measuring two thousand metres, give eight millions of collisions in a second; while the latter, within the same space, produce every second several hundreds of millions more of undulations.
[200] M. Saigey.
[201] According to the very curious experiments of M. Hirn, the unity of heat or caloric in man, as well as in inorganic matter, corresponds to four hundred and twenty-five unities of mechanical labor—that is to say, to four hundred and twenty-five kilogrammes raised one metre high. Man gives in work twelve per cent of the heat produced, which is almost equal to the labor of our most perfect machines.
[202] Revue des Deux Mondes, 15 Mai, 1863.
[203] Ibid. 15 Janvier, 1867.
[204] Elements de Mécanique Moléculaire.
[205] M. Magy, De la Science, etc.
[206] Ch. Lévêque, Revue des Deux Mondes, 15 Janvier, 1867.
[207] Ch. Lévêque, Revue des Deux Mondes, 15 Janvier, 1867.
[208] The Life and Works of Gerald Griffin. 10 vols. 12mo. New York: D. & J. Sadlier & Co.
[209] P. 69.
[210] Thomassin, Vet. et Nov. Eccl. Disc. l. i. capp. vii. xlv.
[211] See Canon vi. Council of Nice in 325, which recognizes the patriarchal rights of Antioch and Alexandria, in the east, introduced by ancient custom. (τὰ ἀρχαῖα ἔθη.)
[212] Schelestrate, Eccl. Afric. sub prim. Carthag. Thomass. l. c. c. xx. n. 8.
[213] Constant. Ep. Rom. Pontif. Inn. I. ep. 13. Bonif. I. ep. 4. Coelest. I. ep. 3. Sixt. III. ep. 10.
[214] "Vices enim nostras ita tuæ credidimus caritati, ut in partem sis vocatus sollicitudinis, non in plenitudinem potestatis." Ep. 14. ad Anast. Thessal. edit. Ball. tom. i.
[215] The name of patriarch is first mentioned in the Council of Chalcedon, Act 3, where Pope St. Leo is thus addressed: "Sanctissimo et universali Archiepiscopo et Patriarchæ magnæ Romæ." (Labbe, Col. tom. iv.)
[216] Leo M. ep. 14, cap. 11.
[217] "Quum omnium par esset electio, uni tamen datum est, ut cæteris præemineret."
[218] Mansi, xv. col. 202.
[219] Cf. canon ix. of the same council.
[220] That is, in the East. Pithœus, Codex Canon. Vetus, p. 102, (edit. Paris.)
[221] Mansi. l. c. p. 688.
[222] Thomassin, Ballerini, Devoti, Walter, Philipps, Schulte, Döllinger, Blondel, Luden, Schönemann, the last three Protestants, all of whom, says Janus, betray a very imperfect "knowledge of the decretals." (P. 78.)
[223] Launoy, Arnould, Febronius, Baluze, De Marca.
[224] Held A.D. 447.
[225] Epist. 47.
[226] See Epist. 45, ad Antonian.
[227] Döllinger, Church Histor. vol. i. pp. 260, 261, 262.
[228] Named after the ambitious Bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia, an ardent follower of Arius.
[229] P. 66.
[230] Apud Constant. Epist. Rom. Pontif. Epist. 37, ad Felic. col. 910.
[231] Epist. I. ad Episc. Gall. col. 938.
[232] Epist. ad Episc. Illyr. col. 1038.
[233] Epist. ad Episc. Vienn. Prov. (Baller Opp. tom. i. col. 634.)
[234] Epist. ad Episc. Dardan. (Hardouin Concil. tom. ii. col. 909.)
[235] Epist. ad Euseb. col. 385, ap. Const.
[236] Döllinger, Hist. of the Church, vol. ii. pp. 103, 109.
[237] The code of Dionysius presented by R. Hadrian to Charlemagne, known hence in Gaul as the Codex Hadrianeus.
[238] Biblioth. Jur. Canon. tom. i. p. 97-180. Fr. Pithœus, Codex Canon. Eccl. Rom. Vet. pp. 119, 120, can. iii. vii. (edit. Paris.)
[239] Biblioth. Jur. Canon. tom. ii. pp. 499, 603.
[240] Döllinger, Hist. of the Church, vol. ii. p. 229, gives several remarkable instances of such exceptions.
[241] Concil. Rom. ad Gratian. Imperat. cap. 11.
[242] Mansi, tom. viii. p. 247.
[243] Libell, Apologet. Ennod. apud Mansi, tom. vii. p. 271.
[244] Epist. ad Senator. Urbis Rom. ann. 502. Mansi, viii. col. 293.
[245] "In qua (Eccl. Rom.) ab his qui sunt undique conservata est ea, quæ est ab apostolis traditio." Adv. Hær. l. iii. c. 3.
[246] Hist. vol. i. p. 257. If "potentior principalitas" signified only greater antiquity, how could the church of Rome claim preëminence above the churches of Antioch and Ephesus?
[247] "Hanc Ecclesiæ unitatem qui non tenet, tenere se fidem credit?" De Unit. Eccl. p. 349. (Edit. Wir.)
St. August, in his 43d epist., says of the church of Rome, "Semper viguit apostolicæ cathedræ principatus."
[248] Epist. cxvii. ad Renat. Presbyt. Rom.
[249] The very words of pseudo-Isidore on the purity of the "faith of Rome" are literally transcribed from the epistle of Pope Agatho to the Emperor Constantine in the year 680. (Mansi, tom. xi. col. 239.)
[250] De Antiquis Collect, pars iii. capp. iv. Gallandi, Sylloge. tom. i. p. 528 sqq.
[251] About 1809, under Napoleon.
[252] Notices et Extraits des Manuscr. de la Biblioth. Nation. tom. vi. p. 265 sqq.
[253] Died 313.
[254] Which was already known from its being inserted in former collections.
[255] Known in the fifth century. (Quesnel's edit.)
[256] Blondel. Prolegom. cap. 12. Blascus, De Collect. Canon. Isid. Mercat. cap. ii. Gallandi, tom. ii. p. 100.
[257] Muratori's edit. tom. iii. pars i. Rer. Italic. Script.
[258] Rufinus translated nine books of Eusebius, to which he added two more.
[259] Edit. Ven. 2 vol.
[260] Blondel, Proleg. cap. 18.
[261] See Alzog's Hist. vol. i. § 186.
[262] Philipps, Compend. of Canon Law, vol. i. p. 52.
[263] The italics are our own.
[264] Ball. Part. iii. cap. 6. n. 13. Galland, t. i. p. 540.
[265] Mansi. tom. xv. col. 127.
[266] Laws of the empire of Charlemagne, divided into Capitula or chapters.
[267] Baller. de Canon. Collect. p. iii. cap. cit.
[268] Epist. 42. ad Univ. Episc. Gall. in the year 865. (Mansi, xv. col. 695.)
[269] Mansi, xv. col. 693, et sqq.
[270] Epist. ad Hinc. Laudun. tom. ii. (edit. Sirmondi,) Paris.
[271] "Sancta Romana Ecclesia conservans, nobis quoque custodienda mandavit, et penesse in suis archivis, et vetustis rite monumentis recondita veneratur." (l. c. col. 694.)
[272] Prolegom. cap. 19.
[273] De Collect. Isid. cap. 4.
[274] Ch. Hist. vol. iii. p. 202.
[275] Blasc. De Collect. Canon. Isidor. (Galland Syllog. tom. ii. c. v. p. 30.)
[276] De Concordia Cath. lib. iii. cap. 2.
[277] Summa Eccl. lib. ii. cap. 101.
[278] De Rom. Pontif. lib. ii. cap. xiv.
[279] The English translation of Dr. Hergenröther's complete and masterly refutation of Janus, which we reviewed some time since in the original German, is announced in the English papers as nearly ready, and will be for sale at the office of this magazine as soon as it is issued.—Ed. Catholic World.
[280] Viscount Bretiznières de Courteilles.
[281] The church only is handsomely decorated.
[282] Insubordinate female children are confided by the government to the care of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, in their vast establishment at Angers, where they are subject to rules similar to those at Mettray, and with at least an equal success.
[283] The chapel is so constructed that, though each individual is in full view of the altar and the priests, not one of the recluses can have even a glimpse of another. Two brothers once passed some time in this house, and neither was aware of the proximity of the other.
[284] The speeches on the Primacy and Infallibility of the Roman Pontiff have exceeded in length those delivered on the preceding subjects, their average duration having been forty-three minutes up to the present date, June 2d.
[285] 1. Hereditary Genius, its Laws and its Consequences. By Francis Galton, F.R.S., etc. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1870. 8vo, pp. 390. 2. Hereditary Genius. An Analytical Review. From the Journal of Psychological Medicine, April, 1870. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1870. 8vo, pp. 19.
[286] "Mater Antonia portentum eum hominis dictabat; nec absolutum à naturâ, sed tantum inchoatum; ac si quem socordiæ argueret, stultiorem aiebat filio suo Claudio." Sueton. in Claud. s. 3.
[287] Bascle de Lagrèze, Conseiller à la Cour Impérial de Pau, Chronique de la Ville et du Chateau de Lourdes.
[288] The Ordo of the diocese of Tarbes for 1858, Feb. 12, contains the rubric, Sanctæ Genovefæ, (Proprium Tarbense.)
[289] These two persons are still living. Unless the contrary be expressly stated, all those named in the course of this work are still alive, and can be questioned. We would urge our readers to examine and verify all our assertions.—The Author.
[290] Thus designated in the royal almanacs from 1762 to 1768. His successor in the office of general secretary to the "Swiss Grisons" was the Abbé Barthélemy, author of Le Jeune Anacharsis.
[291] These expressions are copied from the letter of General Berruyer, "Gouverneur des Invalides," announcing to the minister the death of the commissary.
[292] Claude Blanchard had a son who was himself a commissary, and who died recently, at the age of ninety, at La Flèche, (Sarthe.) The writer of this review is a great-grandson of Claude Blanchard.
[293] The treaty of Paris (1763) had deprived France of Canada and Louisiana.
[294] The only contemporary history is the Abbé de Longchamp's Histoire de la Dernière Guerre, in three volumes.
[295] This first expedition comprised five thousand men; it was followed a year afterward, by a second corps of three thousand, brought from the West-Indies, but which remained only a short time in America. They were commanded by MM. de Saint-Simon and d'Autichamp.
[296] Duportail, camp-marshal, who was minister of war for some time toward the end of 1790, went through the American campaign as a volunteer in the service of the United States.
[297] Cornwallis, a skilful general, though unfortunate on this occasion, was highly esteemed by Napoleon I.
[298] "We quartered with the Americans, but we asked nothing from them but shelter. Each officer brought with him his provisions and cooking utensils, his bed and bedding, and we occasioned no expense whatever to our hosts. I had for my use two wagons or covered conveyances drawn by good horses, and I had all I stood in need of."
[299] Does not this remark, written in the darkest period of the Reign of Terror, and under danger of death, indicate the most profound convictions? A very tragical equality! and one that brought M. Blanchard and the royal family together under circumstances deserving of notice. On the 10th of August, when Louis XVI. and his family sought refuge in the hall of the Legislative Assembly, they were kept with their suite for many hours in a small apartment, and when the dauphin, who afterward perished in the Temple, was in danger of being stifled with heat, he was let down from the chamber into the hall, and received upon the knees of Deputy Blanchard, who held him there for a long time.
[300] The preliminaries of this peace, which recognized the existence of a new nation, were signed the 10th of January, 1783. M. Blanchard received the news the following March at Porto-Cabello, New Spain, where the fleet which had brought our troops with a view to an expedition against the English Antilles, was lying at this moment. "The assurance of this peace caused me great joy, both because I am a citizen, and because I saw in it the termination of my anxieties in regard to my family. The news was received with enthusiastic joy by all, with the exception of some few ambitious men who thought only of themselves and their own fortunes."
[301] What has become of the journal of M. de Custine, of which the manuscript of M. Blanchard makes mention in the following passage? "To-day, M. de Custine, who has just been travelling into the interior of America, showed me his journal and the result of his observations, which appear to me wise and liberal." We have found no other trace of the Memoirs of General de Custine on the campaign in America.
[302] "Thou art the casket where the jewel lay."—George Herbert.
[303] ἣ Παρθένος. LXX. The Virgin, not a Virgin; which is also more in accordance with the Hebrew and the Latin.
[304] Martes ni te cases, ni te embarques. "Tuesday, neither marry nor embark."—Spanish saying.
[305] Y salga el sol por Antequera. A common saying, equivalent to, And let the sky fall; let the consequences be what they may.
[306] S. Leo M. serm. iv. (al. iii.) cap. 2. in diem Natalis sui.
[307] Joan. i. 42.
[308] Matth. xvi. 16-19.
[309] John i. 42.
[310] Joan. xxi. 15-17.
[311] Matthew xvi. 16-19.
[312] John xxi. 15-17.
[313] Cf. Ephesini Concilii Act. iii.
[314] S. Leo M. Serm. iii. (al. ii.) cap. 3.
[315] S. Iren. Adv. Hær. I. iii. c. 3. Ep. Conc. Aquilei 2. 381, inter epp. S. Ambros. ep. xi.
[316] Council of Eph. sess. iii. St. Peter Chrys. Ep. ad Eutych.
[317] S. Leo, Serm. iii. chap. iii.
[318] St. Irenæus against Heresies, book iii. chap. 3. Epist. of Council of Aquileia, 381, to Gratian, chap. 4. of Pius VI. Brief Super Soliditate.
[319] Ep. ad Eulog. Alexandrin. I. viii. ep. xxx.
[320] Pii P. VI. Breve Super Soliditate, d. 28. Nov. 1786.
[321] Concil. Œcum. Lugdun. II.
[322] Ep. Nicolai I. ad Michaelem Imperatorem.
[323] Ex formula S. Hormisdae Papae, prout ab Hadriano II. Patribus Concilii Oecumenici VIII., Constantinopolitani IV., proposita et ab iisdem subscripta est.
[324] Cf. S. Bern. Epist. 190.
Transcriber's Note
Obvious typographical errors have been repaired.
In the two dogmatic decrees, the original Latin consistently displayed ae ligatures as separate letters, this has been retained.
[P. 49]: Stabat Mater. Original centered each Latin stanza, followed by English and Greek stanza translations side by side below it. For ease of display in multiple formats, the English and Greek stanzas have been changed to increasing indents below the Latin. "English Translation" and "Greek Translation" headings, originally under the poem title, were moved to the first stanza of each translation.
[P. 71]: multiple words beginning "sciol-", though unable to verify, were retained since that spelling occurred consistently.
[P. 299]: "informs us triumphantly, three separate times"--original reads "three several times."