FOOTNOTES:
[1] Ballagh, pp. 36-37.
[2] Ibid., 32.
[3] Ibid., 37; Beatty, The Free Negroes in the Carolinas before 1860, p. 3.
The children, resulting from the intermixture and intermarriage of the races were likewise servants in these two colonies. Stroud, Laws Relating to Slavery, pp. 8-9.
[4] Servitude was recognized in statute law in this colony by 1630-36. Ballagh, Hist. of Slavery in Va., pp. 32, 33, 36.
[5] Washburn, Slavery as It Once Prevailed in Mass., p. 193.
[6] Providence Isle was "an island in the Caribbean, off the Nicaraguan coast. In 1630 Charles I granted it, by a patent similar to that of Massachusetts, to a company of Englishmen, mostly Puritans, who held it till 1641, when the Spaniards captured it." Winthrop's Journal, II, pp. 227, 228, 260; Moore, Notes on the Hist. of Slavery in Mass., p. 5.
[7] Ballagh, Hist. of Slavery in Va., note 2, quoted from Calendar State Papers, pp. 160, 168, 229.
[8] Ante, p. 252, note 23.
[9] Washburn, Slavery as It Once Prevailed in Mass., pp. 208, 215.
[10] Nell, Colored Patriots in Am. Rev., p. 37.
[11] "There shall never be any Bond Slavery, Villinage, or Captivity among us, unless it be lawful Captives taken in just Wars, and such strangers as willingly sell themselves, or are sold to us. And these shall have all the liberties and Christian usages which the law of God, established in Israel concerning such persons, doth morally require. This exempts none from servitude, who shall be judged thereto by authority." Massachusetts Hist. Coll., 28, p. 231; Palfrey, Hist. of New England, II, p. 30
[12] Moore, Notes on Slavery in Mass., pp. 62, 63-64, 248.
[13] "A judgment is obtained, before the authorities at Manhattan, against one Coinclisse, for wounding a soldier at Fort Amsterdam. He is condemned to serve the company along with the blacks, to be sent by the first ship to South River, pay a fine to the fiscal, and damages to the wounded soldier. This seems to be the first intimation of blacks being in this part of the country.... Director Van Twiller having been charged, after Kiet's arrival, with mismanagement.... Another witness asserts he had in his custody for Van Twiller, at Fort Hope and Nassau, twenty-four to thirty goats, and that three negroes bought by the director in 1636 were since employed in his private service." Hazard, Annals of Penn., pp. 49-50; Turner, The Free Negro in Penn., p. 1.
It is noteworthy that the Negroes among the Dutch were generally under the supervision of the Company or worked for officers of the Company.
[14] Ante, p. 255, note 37.
[15] "Let no blacks be brought in directly, and if any come out of Virginia, Maryld. (or elsewhere erased) in families that have formerly brought them elsewhere Let them be declared (as in the west jersey constitutions) free at 8 years end." Turner, The Negro in Penn., p. 21, notes 13, 14.
[16] Ibid., p. 66.
[17] Ibid., pp. 24, 25; Stroud, Laws Relating to Slavery, pp. 9-10.
[18] Hurd, The Law of Freedom and Bondage, I, 290; Turner, The Free Negro in Penn., p. 92.
[19] "On the 1st of March, 1780, before the war of the Revolution was closed, the Assembly of Pennsylvania passed an act declaring that negro and mulatto children whose mothers were slaves, and who were born after the passage of the act, should be free, and that slavery as to them should be forever abolished. But it was declared that such children should be held as servants, under the same terms as indentured servants, until the age of twenty-eight, when they should be free...." Watson, Annals of Philadelphia and Penn. in Olden Times, pp. 468-469.
[20] Ibid., pp. 93, 94, 98, 101.
[21] Ballagh, Hist. of Slavery in Va., p. 32.
[22] Ibid., p. 36.
[23] R. I., Col. Rec., I, p. 243.
[24] Du Bois, Suppression of the Slave Trade, p. 34.
[25] Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, I, p. 270; Steiner, Hist. of Slavery in Conn., p. 12.
[26] Conn., Col. Rec., XV, p. 40.
[27] Stroud, Laws Relating to Slavery, p. 11, note; Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, p. 271.