FOOTNOTES:
[1] Nieboer, Slavery as an Industrial Institution, p. 42.
[2] Doyle, Hist. of Eng. Col. in Am., p. 385.
[3] Ballagh, Hist. of Slavery in Va., p. 42.
[4] McCormac, White Servitude in Md., pp. 9, 60, 61, 63.
[5] Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., p. 15.
[6] Ibid., pp. 19, 31, 24.
[7] "We see, then, that the colonist, while in theory only a Virginia member of the London Company, and entitled to equal rights and privileges with other members or adventurers, was, from the nature of the case, practically debarred from exercising these rights.... He was kept by force in the colony, and could have no communication with his friends in England.... Under the arbitrary administration of the Company and of its deputy governors he was as absolutely at its disposal as a servant at his master's. His conduct was regulated by corporal punishment or more extreme measures. He could be hired out by the Company to private persons, or by the Governor for his personal advantage." Ibid., p. 26.
[8] Ibid., p. 23.
[9] Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., pp. 23, 24, 25, 43 note.
[10] McCormac, White Servitude in Md., pp. 48, 49.
[11] Ibid., pp. 38, 43; Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., pp. 40, 49.
[12] "Where no contract but a verbal one existed there was always room for controversy between master and servant, each trying to prove an agreement that would be to his advantage." Ibid., p. 50.
[13] "Where the servants were ignorant, which was usually the case, it was to the advantage of the master that there should be no written contract, as there was then a chance of extending the term of service." McCormac, White Servitude in Md., p. 44.
"The Palatines and other German races, who, in the later years formed nearly all of the servant population, knew little of the laws and language and were an easy prey to the abuses of traders and harsh masters. They had been used to very little liberty at home and were slow to assert their rights in America." Ibid., p. 61.
[14] Ante, p. 268.
[15] Henning, Statutes at Large, I, pp. 127, 130, 192; Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., p. 45.
[16] Ibid., p. 77.
[17] Ibid., pp. 58, 59.
[18] Bassett, Slavery and Servitude in the Col. of N. C., p. 81.
[19] "In this we have the germ of addition of time, a practice which later became the occasion of a very serious abuse of the servants rights by the addition of terms altogether incommensurate with the offenses for which they were imposed." Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., p. 45.
[20] Henning, Statutes at Large, I, p. 438, II, p. 114, III, pp. 87, 140, 450; Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., p. 57.
[21] Henning, Statutes at Large, p. 257; Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., pp. 50-51.
[22] Bassett, Slavery and Servitude in the Col. of N. C., p. 34.
[23] "Instead of preventing such marriages, this law enabled avaricious and unprincipled masters to convert many of their servants to slaves. While this act continued in force, it did more to lower the standard of servitude than any other law passed during the whole period." McCormac, White Servitude in Md., pp. 68-69.
[24] Turner, The Negro in Penn., p. 30; Bassett, Slavery and Servitude in the Col. of N. C., p. 83; Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., p. 57.
[25] Ibid., 57; Bassett, Slavery and Servitude in the Col. of N. C., pp. 83-84; Turner, The Negro in Penn., p. 30; McCormac, White Servitude in Md., p. 70.
[26] "If she should be delivered of a child by her master during this period she should be sold by the church wardens for the benefit of the church for one year after the term of service.... Here again there was no punishment for the seducing master. It is also evident that the sin of the servant would be an advantage of the master, since he would thereby secure her service for a longer period. We have not the least evidence that such a thing did happen, yet it is possible that a master might for this reason have compassed the sin of his serving-woman." Bassett, Slavery and Servitude in the Col. of N. C., pp. 83-84.
"By the acts giving the master additions of time for the birth of a bastard child to his servant a premium was actually put upon immorality, and there appear to have been masters base enough to take advantage of it." Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., p. 79.
The master also encouraged marriage between servants and Negroes. McCormac, White Servitude in Md., p. 68.
[27] Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, I, p. 228 note.
[28] Ibid., p. 255.
[29] Ibid., pp. 232, 254; Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., p. 93.
[30] Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, I, p. 248.
[31] Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., p. 90.
[32] "Thus the liberated servant became an idler, socially corrupt, and often politically dangerous." Doyle, Eng. Cols in Am., I, p. 387.
"By the temporary disfranchisement of the servant during his term, common after the middle of the 17th century, a serious public danger was avoided. There could be no guarantee, of the judicious exercise of the suffrage with this class who, for the most part, had never enjoyed the privilege before. Their servitude may be regarded as preparing them for a proper appreciation of suffrage when obtained, and the duties of citizenship...." Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., p. 90 note.
[33] "To facilitate discovery, habitual runaways had their hair cut 'close around their ears' and 'were branded on the cheek with the letter R.'" Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., p. 55 note.
[34] Ibid., pp. 53-54.
[35] McCormac, White Servitude in Md., p. 53.
[36] Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., pp. 53, 60.
[37] Ibid., p. 54; McCormac, White Servitude in Md., p. 54.
[38] Ibid., p. 55.
[39] Ibid., p. 50.
[40] Ibid., pp. 52-53; Bassett, Slavery and White Servitude in the Col. of N. C., p. 79; Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., p. 54.
[41] McCormac, White Servitude in Md., p. 54.
[42] "Statute after statute was passed regulating the punishment and providing for the pursuit and recapture of runaways; but although laws became severer and finally made no distinction in treatment of runaway servants and slaves, it was impossible to entirely put a stop to the habit so long as the system itself lasted." Ibid., p. 56; Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., pp. 52, 57.
[43] Ibid., p. 57.
[44] Ibid., pp. 57-58; Henning, Statutes at Large, II, p. 458.
[45] McCormac, White Servitude in Md., pp. 51-52.
[46] Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., p. 59.
[47] "As a result, (my comma) the idea of the contract and of the legal personality of the servant was gradually lost sight of in the disposition to regard him as a chattel and a part of the personal estate of his master, which might be treated and disposed of very much in the same way as the rest of the estate. He became thus rated in inventories of estate, and was disposed of both by will and by deed along with the rest of the property." Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., pp. 43, 44.
[48] Eddis, Letters from Am., p. 72.
[49] Example of the advertisement of the arrival of a servantship: "Just Arrived in the Sophia, Alexander Verdeen, Master, from Dublin, Twenty stout, healthy Indented Men Servents Whose Indentures will be disposed of on reasonable Terms, by the Captain on board, or the subscribers ..., etc." McCormac, White Servitude in Md., p. 42.
[50] Ibid., pp. 39, 40, 42, 52, 85-89.
[51] Ballagh, White Servitude in the Col. of Va., pp. 31, 33, 68; Ballagh, Hist. of Slavery in Va., pp. 39-40; Russell, The Free Negro in Va., pp. 46-47.