REFERENCES CITED
ANDERSON, J. E. 1969 The Human Skeleton: A Manual for Archaeologists. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa. BASS, WILLIAM M. 1971 Personal Communication. BASS, WILLIAM M. 1961 1960 Excavations at the Leary Site, Richardson County, Nebraska 25RH1. Plains Anthropologist, 6: 31, 201-202. BRAY, ROBERT T. 1961a The Missouri Indian Tribe in Archaeology and History. Missouri Historical Review, LV: 3, 213-225. Columbia. 1961b The Flynn Cemetery: An Orr Focus Oneota Burial Site in Allamakee County, Iowa. Journal of the Iowa Archaeological Society, 10: 4, 15-25. BROTHWELL, DON R. 1963 Digging Up Bones. British Museum, London. HENNING, DALE R. 1970 Development and Interrelationships of Oneota Culture in the Lower Missouri River Valley. The Missouri Archaeologist, Vol. 32, Whole Volume. Columbia. KROGMAN, WILTON M. 1962 The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. MCKERN, THOMAS W. AND T. D. STEWART 1957 Skeletal Age Changes in Young American Males. Technical Report EP-45, Quartermaster Research and Development Center, U.S. Army, Natick, Massachusetts. MORSE, DAN 1969 Ancient Disease in the Midwest. Reports of Investigations No. 15, Illinois State Museum. MYERS, JUDY A. AND WILLIAM M. BASS n.d. An Analysis of the Human Skeletal Material from Some Oneota Sites. Unpublished Manuscript. TROTTER, MILDRED AND GOLDEN C. GLESER 1958 A Re-evaluation of Estimation of Stature Based on Measurements of Stature During Life and of Long Bones After Death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 16: 1, 79-124. Philadelphia. PHILLIPS, P., J. A. FORD AND J. B. GRIFFIN 1951 Archaeological Survey in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 1940-1947. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. XXV. Cambridge. RADIN, PAUL 1923 The Winnebago Tribe. Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution.
APPENDIX I
SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE UTLAUT SITE
by
Kevin Hart and Clark Larsen
The following paper reports the osteological data on the burials from the Utlaut site. The authors are indebted to Dr. William M. Bass, formerly of the University of Kansas, now Chairman, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, for his encouragement and criticisms on this paper, and especially for his training while Visiting Professor of Anthropology at Kansas State University in the Spring, 1971. He is, of course, not responsible for any errors on our part.
Burial 1 Sex: Male Age: 35⁺ Stature: 5′8″ ± 1.28″ (173.46 cm ± 3.24 cm)
Burial One is a middle aged male in good condition, represented by an almost complete skeleton. Of the major bones, only the left radius, right ulna and left clavicle are absent, along with the second cervical, four thoracic and one lumbar vertebra. Except for eight phalanges of the hand, all of the hand and feet bones are also missing.
The sex of the individual is based on several factors. First, the width of the femur head is 46 mm., within the male range according to Krogman (1962:143-146). The skull is characterized by heavy brow ridges, blunt upper edges of the eye orbits, and a general overall ruggedness indicating a male. The pelvis, however, does have a wider than usual sciatic notch for a male.
Despite some erosion, the pubic symphyses show a breakdown of the symphyseal rim and face indicating an age of 38⁺ (McKern and Stewart:83). Endocranial suture closure is complete, suggesting an approximate age of at least 40. Thirdly, toothwear on the remaining molars seem to follow the pattern in Brothwell (1963:69) for the 35-45 age group.
The Stature was calculated using the formula 1.22 (Femur and Tibia) + 70.37 ± 3.24 (Trotter and Gleser 1958:120).
Both the tibiae ([Fig. 11]) and fibulae show evidence of inflammation of the Periosteum (Periostitis), similar to cases noted in Morse (1969:108). In addition, one lumbar vertebra has an anomalous growth on it, and the chin of the individual protrudes abnormally. The hole in the skull shown in the burial picture is the result of an accident in the excavation.
Figure 11. Tibiae from Burial 1, 23SA162W, showing evidence of periostitis.
Resting on and around the knees of Burial One were a number of whole bones and bone fragments of at least three other individuals.
| Sex | Age | Stature |
|---|---|---|
| Male | 30⁺ | —— |
| —— | 30⁺ | —— |
| —— | —— | —— |
These bones were laid in a haphazard manner. Most of the larger post cranial bones are represented by fragments from two separate individuals, but there are parts of three left femora present and possibly four. The poor condition of the fourth femur fragment left the side in doubt. The skull fragments are from at least two different persons. Mixed in with these human bones are two tibia fragments from a deer.
A skull fragment from one individual shows heavy muscle marking on the occipital region, and a fairly large mastoid process, suggesting a male. There are insufficient pieces of skull from the other individual or individuals for any judgment on their sex. The pieces of innominate are also fragmentary, although it appears that one acetabulum is rather large, possibly indicating a large femur head. While the long bones from all the individuals seem large, all the femur and humerus heads are missing, preventing any measurements for sex. All the long bones are broken.
The age determination is based on the presence of completely closed endocranial sutures on the skull fragments of two persons, suggesting a mature age. Although suture closure is not a good criterion for age (McKern and Stewart 1957:37), a more accurate age estimate is not possible because of the absence of pubic symphyses and teeth.
Stature could not be determined because of the broken condition of the long bones.
Burial 2
There are at least two individuals represented in this burial.
| Sex | Age | Stature |
|---|---|---|
| Male | 28-35 | 5′9.3″ (175.9 cm ± 3.24 cm) |
| —— | 3-6 | —— |
The adult bones associated with this burial included the upper portion of a skull, right and left femur, right and left tibia, two fibula fragments, a first sacral vertebra, and fragments of both the right and left innominates. The child is represented by a left parietal. Several of the skull fragments as well as the right femur and sacral vertebra of the adult showed evidence of burning. Most of the skeletal material is fragmentary and in poor condition.
The age of the adult is based on cranial suture closure. The sutures endocranially are closing, but ectocranially the sutures are still quite distinctive and have not yet begun to close. This indicates an age of 28 to 35 years. However, some authorities feel this is not a good criterion for aging (McKern and Stewart 1957:37).
The sex is based on morphological characteristics of the cranial material. The skull contained large frontal sinuses and heavy muscle markings, indicative of the male sex (Krogman 1962:112-152).
Stature was based on the formula for Mongoloids given by Trotter and Gleser (1958:120) for the femur plus the tibia. Using the left femur plus the tibia the stature estimation was calculated to be 5′9.3″ with a range from 5′8″ to 5′10.6″ (175.9 cm ± 3.24 cm). This stature is also indicative of the male sex.
Age of the child is determined by the thickness and size of the left parietal. This indicated an age of probably not younger than three and not older than six.
Burial 3 Age: 10-12
This child’s burial consisted of the major portion of an articulated skull, a mandible, a left scapula, right and left tibia, right and left femur, right and left innominates, two rib fragments, and two lumbar vertebrae. The condition of this burial is poor with all the bones being in various stages of fragmentation.
The age of this individual is based on tooth eruption and wear. The adult second molars are fully erupted and show no wear. The adult second premolars are in the process of erupting, indicating an age of 10-12 (Brothwell 1963:59).
Skull deformation is quite noticeable. It is flattened both anteriorly and posteriorly, particularly in the frontal and occipital regions. This deformation is probably due to pressure applied to the head of the infant through binding to a flat structure, such as a cradle board ([Fig. 12]).
All mandibular teeth are present with no caries or tartar. The adult second premolars are quite late in erupting. As previously indicated the skull is mostly articulated, but is in poor condition. Parts of the frontal and occipital are missing.
Burial 4 Sex: Indeterminate Age: Child Stature: Indeterminate
Burial four is the remains of one individual: a child, in poor condition. The remaining bones are fragments from the right femur, tibia and fibula, and from the left tibia. In addition, there were also several unidentifiable pieces. The size and condition of the fragments make any specific judgment as to sex, age, or stature impossible other than to say the individual was rather young. No anomalies or pathologies were evident.
Figure 12. Right and left profiles of the skull from Burial 3, 23SA162W, showing skull deformation.
Burial 6 Age: 19-25 Sex: Male Stature: 5′8.6″ ± 1.3″ (174.2 cm ± 3.24 cm)
Most of the bones of this burial are present with the exception of the majority of the hand phalanges, carpal and tarsal bones, one lumbar vertebra, and the coccygeal vertebrae. The condition of the bones is fair.
The age of this individual is based on the fact that the basilar suture has just closed and the sacral vertebrae have not completely fused. The sutures have not yet begun to close, and all of the epiphyses of the long boxes have united, suggesting an age range of 19 to 25.
Sex determination is based on morphological and anthropometric characteristics of both the post-cranial and cranial skeleton. The diameter of the femur head is 46 mm, well within the male range (Krogman 1962:143-146). The innominates showed narrow pubic portions and sub-pubic angles. The skull has distinctive muscle markings, large mastoid processes, heavy brow ridges, and a square chin, all of which are characteristically male.
The stature estimation was calculated from the length of the left femur and tibia, using Trotter and Gleser’s formula for Mongoloids (Trotter and Gleser 1958:120). It was calculated to be 5′8.6″ with a range from 5′7.3″ to 5′9.9″ (1.74 cm ± 3.24 cm). As indicated in [Table 2], this individual was hyperbrachycranic or very broad headed. As in Burial 3, lambdoidal flattening was quite noticeable, probably a result of pressure of a cradle board.
Due to the poor condition of the material from the Utlaut site, anatomical comparisons other than male stature are not possible. [Table 3] gives the stature comparisons of the Iowa-Nebraska Oneota material, and they suggest that for height of males, the Utlaut population are most similar to the males at the Leary site in Nebraska.
| Table 1 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post-cranial Measurements (in millimeters) and Indices for Skeletal Material from The Utlaut Site, 23SA162W | ||||||
| Burial 1 | Burial 2 | Burial 6 | ||||
| R | L | R | L | R | L | |
| Femur | ||||||
| Maximum morphological length | 451 | 455 | — | 485 | — | 454 |
| A-P diameter midshaft | 31 | 31.5 | — | — | — | 27.5 |
| Transverse diameter midshaft | 26 | 27.5 | — | — | — | 24 |
| Maximum diameter of head | — | 46 | — | — | — | 46 |
| Tibia | ||||||
| Maximum morphological length | — | 390 | — | 380 | (392)[1] | 397 |
| A-P diameter nutrient foramen | — | 40 | — | — | 36 | 35 |
| Transverse diameter nutrient foramen | — | 23 | — | — | 26 | 25 |
| Bicondylar breadth | — | 79 | — | — | — | — |
| Post Cranial Indices | ||||||
| Pilastric Index | 119.24 | 114.28 | — | — | — | 116.67 |
| Cnemic Index | — | 56.00 | — | — | 72.22 | 71.42 |
| Crural Index | — | 85.49 | — | — | — | 87.45 |
| Table 2 | |
|---|---|
| Cranial Measurements (in millimeters) and Indices | |
| Burial 2 | |
| Parietal thickness near bregma (average) | 3 |
| Burial 6 | |
| Cranium | |
| Maximum length | 161 |
| Maximum breadth | 150 |
| Basion-bregma | 128 |
| Bizygomatic | 126 |
| Basi-nasal length | 96.5 |
| Basi-alveolar length | 91 |
| Nasion-alveolar height | 68 |
| Left orbital breadth | 43 |
| Left orbital height | 34 |
| Nasal breadth | 24 |
| Nasal height | 52 |
| Palatal length | 46 |
| Palatal breadth | 39 |
| Mandible | |
| Maximum length | (76)[1] |
| Symphysis height | 37 |
| Bigonial diameter | (101)[1] |
| Foramen mentale breadth | 49 |
| Cranial Indices | |
| Cranial module | 146.33 |
| Cranial index | 93.17 |
| Height-length index | 79.50 |
| Height-breadth index | 85.33 |
| Upper facial index | 54.97 |
| Nasal index | 46.15 |
| Orbital index | 79.07 |
| Table 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Comparison of Male Stature for Oneota Indians | ||
| Utlaut Site | Height | |
| Burial 1 (Oneota) | 173.46 | cm |
| Burial 2 (Oneota) | 175.9 | cm |
| Oneota Sites[2] | Mean Height | |
| Leary site (Nebraska) | 173.1 | cm |
| Hartley site (Iowa) | 164.2 | cm |
| Leary site (Nebraska) | 173.1 | cm |
| Flynn site (Iowa) | 169.7 | cm |
| Blood Run site (Iowa) | 168.2 | cm |
| Correctionville site (Iowa) | 171.2 | cm |
| All sites | 170.0 | cm |