FOOTNOTES:
[1] Davenport, T. W. Recollections of an Indian Agent. Quar Or. His. Soc., Vol. VIII, No. 4, Dec. 1907, p. 352.
[2] Mullan—Report on Military Road, p. 52
[3] Id., p. 79.
[4] Id., p. 52.
[5] Con. His. Soc. Mont., Vol. VI, p. 284.
[6] Rpt. Com. Indian Affairs, 1863, p. 442.
[7] Langford, Vigilante Days and Ways, Vol. I, pp. 250 & 318.
[8] Recollections of an Indian Agent. Or. His. Quar. Vol. VIII, No. 1, March, 1907, p. 389.
[9] The Pioneer Reminiscences of George Collier Robbins, Pacific Monthly, Vol. 26, No. 2, Aug., 1911, pp. 288-9.
[10] An Incident of this nature is related in Hailey, History of Idaho, p. 58.
[11] Recollections of an Indian Agent, Quart. Or. His. Soc. Vol. VIII, No. 4, Dec., 1907, p. 360.
[12] The Montana Post. Feb. 4, 1865
[13] Journals of the Council and House of Representatives of Idaho Territory, 4th session, 1866-7, pp. 343-4.
[14] For different views of one expedition, contrast the account of the expedition led by Jeff Standifer in Hailey's Idaho, pp. 49-60, with that in the Pioneer Reminiscences of George Collier Robbins. Pacific Monthly, Vol. 26, No. 2, Aug., 1911, pp. 198-9.
[15] General Conner's men marched several days in extremely cold weather, in order to catch and surprise these Indians. Of the soldiers in this expedition 15 were killed, 53 wounded, and 75 more or less seriously frozen. An account may be found in Langford, Vigilante Days and Ways, pp. 337-354.
[16] The Idaho World, Feb. 24, 1866.
[17] Owyhee Avalanche, Dec. 16, 1865.
[18] Id., Nov. 11, 1865.
[19] The Idaho World, Jan. 27, 1866.
[20] The Canadian Pacific Railway has a special plan for providing for such settlers, by itself building houses and breaking land. It is a well-known fact in Western Canada that new emigrants from the old country find it much more difficult to get a start than do Americans or people from Eastern Canada. This fact was recently called to my attention, on a visit to Alberta, by an English farmer of several years' experience.
[21] I am indebted for a number of the ideas and facts expressed in this paragraph to Recollections of an Indian Agent, Quar. Or. His. Soc., Vol. VIII, No. 1, March, 1907, pp. 12-18.
[22] Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. 1861, p. 160.
[23] Id., 1862, p. 419.
[24] Id., 1863, p. 52.
[25] Id., 1861, p. 160.
[26] Report Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1860, pp. 173-761.
[27] Rpt. Com. Ind. Affairs, 1862, p. 397.
[28] The Weekly Oregonian. Sept. 7, 1861.
[29] San Francisco Daily Bulletin, July 24, 1862.
[30] Recollections of an Indian Agent, Quar. Oregon His. Soc., Vol. VIII, No. 2, June, 1907, p. 108.
[31] Report of Henry A. Webster. Rpt. Com. Ind. Af., 1862, p. 407.
[32] T. W. Davenport. Recollections of an Indian Agent, Quar. Or. His. Soc., Vol. VIII. No. 2, June, 1907, p. 108.
[33] Rpt. Com. Ind. Af., 1863, p. 459.
[34] San Francisco Daily Bulletin, Jan. 28, 1864.
[35] Rpt. Com. Ind. Af., 1860, p. 185.
[36] Rpt. Com. Ind. Affairs, 1861, p. 159.
[37] Rpt. Com. Ind. Af., 1862, pp. 400-401.
[38] Recollections of an Indian Agent, Quar. Or. His. Soc., Vol. VIII, No. I, March 1907, p. 14. {See transcriber notes}
[39] Recollections of an Indian Agent, Quar. Ore. His. Soc., Vol. VIII., No. 1, March, 1907, p. 14.
[40] Id., p. 7.
[41] 36 Cong., 1st sess., Sen. Doc. I, p. 802.
[42] Recollections of an Indian Agent, Quar. Or. His. Soc., Vol. VIII, No 1, March, 1907, pp. 18-19.
[43] Id. No. 2, June, 1907, p. 105.
[44] Cf. on these points Id. No. I, pp. 4 & 5.
[45] Rpt. Com. Ind. Af., 1860, p. 184; 1862, p. 263; 1863, pp. 52, 65, 82-84, 449-451, and 473; 1864, pp. 73-4, 85.
[46] British Columbia Papers Connected with the Indian Land Question, Report of I. U. Powell concerning the Songish reserve, pp. 121-2.
[47] Rpt. Com. Ind. Af., 1861, p. 77.
[48] Recollections of an Indian Agent, Quar. Or., His. Soc., Vol. VIII., No. 2, June. 1907, pp. 127-8.
[49] San Francisco Daily Bulletin. July 24, 1862.
[50] 36 Cong., 1st Sess., Sen. Doc. 11, No. 2, p. 108.
[51] Recollections of an Indian Agent, Quar., Or. His. Soc., Vol. VIII. No. 4, Dec., 1907, p. 355.
[52] It should be carefully noted that this statement of policy has no reference to the Canadian policy. The two are clearly distinguishable.
[53] Statements of numbers of population in both sections may be found in Documents relating to Vancouver's Island Laid Before the House of Commons, 1849, pp. 9 & 10, and Report from the Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, 1857, pp. 366-7. Some information as to the grouping of natives in British Columbia may be obtained from Tolmie and Dawson—Comparative Vocabularies of the Indian Tribes of British Columbia.
[54] These conveyances are found in Papers Connected With the Indian Land Question, pp. 5-11. A clause common to all papers was the following: "The condition of or understanding of this sale is this, that our village sites and enclosed fields are to be kept for our own use, for the use of our children, and for those who may follow after us; and the land shall be properly surveyed hereafter. It is understood, however, that the land itself, with these small exceptions, becomes the entire property of the white people forever; it is also understood that we are at liberty to hunt over the unoccupied lands, and to carry on our fisheries as formerly."
It was claimed by Hon. Joseph W. Trutch that these transactions were merely "made for the purpose of securing friendly relations between those Indians and the settlement of Victoria, * * * and certainly not in acknowledgement of any general title of the Indians to the lands they occupy." Id., Ap, p. 11.
[55] Sir E. B. Lytton to Governor Douglas, July 31, 1858, and Sept. 2, 1858,—Papers relating to Indian Land Question, p. 12: Carnarvon to Governor Douglas, April 11 and May 20, 1859, Id., p. 18.
[56] Id., pp. 12-14.
[57] Id., p. 20.
[58] Memorandum, 1870, of Joseph W. Trutch, Commissioner of Lands and Works, Id., ap. pp. 10-13. Cf. also The Indian Land Question in British Columbia, a lecture delivered April 22nd, 1910, in Vancouver by Rev. Arthur E. O'Meara, B. A., p. 13. This lecture is in opposition to the policy which has been pursued. The Roman Catholic missionaries, as well as some clergymen of other denominations, have been actively sympathetic with the Indian point of view sometimes to the embarrassment of officials; Papers Relating to Indian Land Question, pp. 27-8, 86-91, 145-148.
[59] Id., pp. 16 and 17.
[60] This principle was acted upon, also, with regard to burial grounds. In the establishment of the reserve system, as, indeed, in all dealings with the Indians, the officials of British Columbia were more considerate of the prejudices and attachments of the Indians than officials in the United States usually were. An interesting example of this consideration was an "Ordinance to prevent the violation of Indian graves." This ordinance decreed that anyone damaging or removing any image, bones, or any article or thing deposited in, on, or near any Indian grave in the Colony, would be liable to a fine of £100 for the first offense, and twelve months imprisonment at hard labor for the second. In any indictment "It shall be sufficient to state that such grave, image, bones, article or thing is the property of the Crown." Ordinances of the Legislative Council of British Columbia, Sess. Jan.-April, 1865, No. 19.
[61] Papers Relating to Indian Land Question, pp. 16 and 17.
[62] Oct. 11. 1858: Papers Regarding British Columbia, I, 39.
[63] Douglas to Mortimer Robertson Miscellaneous Letters, Ms., I, p. 37.
[64] Papers Relating to the Indian Land Question, p. 4.
[65] Miscl. Letters, Ms. I, 37.
[66] The old Police Book is the more trustworthy, because it was not intended as a report, nor for publication. The officials whose judgments were recorded were Chief Justice Begbie and Mr. O'Reilly.
[67] Some Indians were tried and convicted for murder in 1861, in the Wasco County (Oregon) Circuit Court; Oregonian, Oct. 12, 1861.
[68] Two renegade Umatilla Indians on one occasion attempted to rob a sleeping miner. He awoke, and in a scuffle one of them shot and wounded him. These Indians called at the lodge of Howlish Wampo, a much respected Cayuse chief, and then disappeared. Colonel Steinburger, in command at Walla Walla, had the chief arrested, put in chains, and was dissuaded from executing him only by the earnest solicitations of the Indian Agent. The two Indians were afterward arrested and, after a farcical trial by a military commission were executed. The miner had not died. Recollections of an Indian Agent, Quar. Or. His. Soc., Vol. VIII, No. 1, March, 1907, pp. 24-35.
[69] There was a disturbance in 1848 between Indians and miners along the Fraser, before Government was established. Miners volunteered and organized in true American fashion and compelled peace.
[70] Government Gazette, May 28, 1864, and Jan. 14, 1865.
[71] When Bolon, Indian Agent of the Yakimas, was murdered in 1855, the Olympia Pioneer and Democrat said: "Chastisement can now be visited upon the tribes instead of going to the trouble of ferreting out individual guilty members." Oct. 12, 1855.
[72] In the Budget of 1864, out of a total of £135,639, there was specified for gifts to Indian chiefs, £200, (Government Gazette, Feb. 20, 1864); out of a total appropriation of £122,250 in 1869, £100 was appropriated for Indian expenses. (Papers Relating to the Indian Land Question, p. 98.)
[73] It might have been well for the enthusiastic Eastern philanthropists, who were so zealous in inveighing against wrongs perpetrated by Westerners upon the Indians, to have directed some of their efforts to their own neighbors.
[74] Papers Relating to Indian Land Question, Ap., p. 4.
[75] Id., p. 4.
[76] Schedule of Indian Reserves in the Province of British Columbia; Papers Relating to Indian Land Question, pp. 104-5.
[77] Report of the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, Id., p. 103.
[78] Id., p. 137.
[79] Id., p. 33.
[80] On this phase consult letter of Rev. Father Grandidier from Okanogan, Id., pp. 145-147.
[81] Id., p. 124.
[82] Government Gazette, Jan. 30, 1864.
[83] Papers Relating to the Indian Land Question, Ap., p. 4.