A Model Lesson
Aim—To construct a windmill or pin-wheel.
Each child should have a five-inch square, a slender stick five inches long, a pin, a ruler, a pair of scissors, and a lead pencil.
The children are supposed to know that every piece of paper, laid in position, has a back edge, a front edge, a right edge, a left edge, a right-back corner, a left-back corner, a right-front corner, a left-front corner, and that, in tracing, the forefinger of the right hand is used.
Three questions after each direction will be sufficient. The questions aim to have a complete statement in answer, and to develop an unconsciously correct use of the verb. This may appear slow at first, but soon the replies will come quickly and the answer will be correctly given.
WINDMILL, A
Teacher: "Children, lay your papers on your desk parallel with the front edge of the desk.—John, where are you to lay your paper?"
John: "I am to lay my paper on my desk parallel with the front edge of my desk."
Teacher: "Mary, where did you lay your paper?"
Mary: "I laid my paper on my desk parallel with the front edge of my desk."
Teacher: "Willie, where has Mary laid her paper?"
Willie: "Mary has laid her paper on her desk, parallel with the front edge of her desk."
Teacher: "Trace the back edge of your paper.—Anna, what are you to do to your paper?"
Anna: "I am to trace the back edge of my paper."
Teacher: "Harry, what did you do to your paper?"
Harry: "I traced the back edge of my paper."
Teacher: "Jessie, what have you done to your paper?"
Jessie: "I have traced the back edge of my paper."
Teacher: "Each child place the forefinger on the right-back corner of the paper.—Charles, what are you to do?"
Charles: "I am to place my forefinger on the right-back corner of my paper."
Teacher: "Anna, what did you do?"
Anna: "I placed my forefinger on the right-back corner of my paper."
Teacher: "Laurence, what have you done?"
Laurence: "I have placed my forefinger on the right-back corner of my paper."
Teacher: "Take your ruler and lay it across your paper from the left-back corner to the right-front corner.—Margaret, what are you to do?"
Margaret: "I am to lay my ruler on my paper from the left-back corner to the right-front corner."
Teacher: "Draw a line connecting the left-back corner of your paper with the right-front corner.—James, what did you draw?"
James: "I drew a line connecting the left-back corner of my paper with the right-front corner."
Teacher: "Alice, what have you drawn?"
Alice: "I have drawn a line connecting the left-back corner of my paper with the right-front corner."
Now have the children draw a line connecting the reverse diagonal corners and proceed as follows:
Teacher: "Find the point where the lines cross. This is the center or middle point of your paper.—Albert, what are you to find?"
Albert: "I am to find the point where the lines cross, which is the center of my paper."
Teacher: "Measure one inch from this point on each of the four lines and place a dot.—Sara, what did you measure?"
Sara: "I measured one inch from the center of my paper on each of the four lines and placed a dot."
Teacher: "Lay your pencil and your ruler down. Place your paper on your desk parallel with its front edge and lay your left hand on the right-front corner. Turn the paper until this corner is directly in front of you. Take your scissors and cut along the ruled line from the corner to the point one inch from the center.
WINDMILL, B
"Lay down your scissors. Turn your paper from right to left until the next corner faces you. Cut. Move the paper from right to left again until the third corner faces you. Cut. Bring the fourth corner to face you. Cut. There are now eight points. Turn each alternate point to the center, run the pin through all of them and fasten the wheel to the stick."
Final questions.
Teacher: "What did you make?"
Pupil: "I made a pin-wheel."
Teacher: "What have you made?"
Pupil: "I have made a pin-wheel."
Teacher: "What has Ellen made?"
Pupil: "Ellen has made a pin-wheel."
When older pupils have completed a model it is excellent practice to have them write a full description of how it is made and the materials used.
1 Windmill, or Pin-Wheel
Material—One piece of construction paper, 5×5 inches. Stick, 5×1/4×1/4 inches. One pin. (See pages [28] and [30].)
Fold the square on the diagonals. Cut the diagonals to within one-half inch of the center. Bend alternate corners over until the point of each touches the center. Fasten the four points in the center by running the pin through them and driving it into the stick.
2 Square Tray No. I
Material—Construction paper, 5×5 inches. (See page [32].)
Measure off one inch on four sides, and connect the points with a line parallel to the edge of the paper. Score lightly each line. Cut out the four corner squares. Turn up the sides, fasten the corners together with raffia or cord, tying a small bow.
3 Square Tray No. II
Material—Construction paper, 5×5 inches. (See page [33].)
Fold and crease into sixteen small squares. Score lightly the four lines nearest the outer edge. Draw one diagonal pointing toward the center of each corner square. Next draw half of the diagonal extending in the opposite direction. Fold the paper on the lines scored. Crease the diagonals 1-2, making the crease extend to the inside of the tray, and press until lines 1-4 and 1-3 meet. Now we have a triangle on the inside of the tray. Fold this over on half-diagonal, No. 5, and press to the side of the tray. This will fasten together firmly the corners of the tray.
SQUARE TRAY No. I—(For description see page [31].)
4 Square Box with Cover
Materials—Construction paper, 6×6 inches. (See page [34].)
Measure off from the outer edge two lines, one inch apart. Score these lines. In each corner there are four one-inch squares. Cut off 1, 2, and 3; then draw the diagonal of 4 pointing toward the center of the paper. Crease and fold on these diagonals, extending the triangle inward. Fold this triangle over to half its size; press to the inside of the box. Edges 5-6, 5-7 will meet to form the corners of the box, and cover flaps 8-9 will fall naturally into place. Result, box four inches square, one inch deep, with folding cover.
5 Square or Rectangular Box
SQUARE TRAY No. II—(For description see page [31].)
Material—Construction paper, 4×4 inches or 4×6 inches.
Measure off a margin one inch all around, and score. Cut as indicated on page [35]. Fold over the border to half its width, as 1 over to 2. Bend up on line 2-3. When the edge is folded over a little tongue is formed at each end. Slip this tongue under the fold of the adjacent side, and it will fasten the sides of the box firmly together. A lid may be made exactly as the box is made.
SQUARE BOX WITH COVER—(For description see page [32].)
A beautiful Christmas box may be made of red paper, or gray decorated with holly. Made of white paper, with a chicken (in yellow) painted on the lid, it is appropriate for Easter.
SQUARE BOX—(For description see pages [33] and [34].)
6 Pencil Box with Sliding Cover
Material—Construction paper: one 7-inch square; one rectangle 4×9 inches. (See page [36].)
Drawer. Lay the rectangle on the desk with the nine-inch edge parallel with the front edge of the desk. Draw a line one inch from the back edge and parallel with it. Draw a line one inch from the front edge and parallel with it. Draw a line one inch from the right edge and parallel with it; and a line one inch from the left edge and parallel with it. Score, bend and crease on these lines. Cut the lines on the right and the left edges to where they intersect the lines on the back and the front edges. Fold and glue. The laps are pasted on the inside and give strength to the ends of the drawer.
PENCIL BOX WITH SLIDING COVER
Cover (seven-inch square). Measure off one and one-fourth inches, and construct a line parallel to the back edge. Measure one inch and draw a line parallel to this. Measure off two and one-sixteenth inches (shy) and draw a third parallel line. Measure one inch again and draw a fourth line parallel to the other three. Score and fold on these lines. Lap the space at the back edge over the space at the front edge until they form a rectangle two and one-sixteenth by seven inches in size, to correspond with the opposite one, which is the top of the cover. Glue. Slide in the drawer and the pencil box is completed.
7 Seed Box with Sections
Material—Construction paper: two rectangles 8×9 inches; one rectangle 2×5-1/2 inches; one rectangle 2×4-1/2 inches. (See page [38].)
Take one 8×9-inch rectangle for the body of the box and lay off a two-inch space all around. Cut on dotted lines. Score and crease, fold and glue. The laps are glued to the inside and each one turned to the right. When the partitions are put in the laps mark where the ends go, as well as brace the ends of them. Take the two rectangles, 2×4-1/2 inches and 2×5-1/2 inches, and draw a line one-half inch from each of the two-inch edges. Score and crease. These form the laps for pasting the partitions in. On these partitions turn all four laps to the right, to coincide with the laps on the box. Dovetail the partitions by cutting a slit one inch deep in the center of each and slipping one over the other. Next glue them to the inside of the box.
Cover. Take the second 8×9-inch rectangle and mark off a two-inch space (shy) all around. Find middle of nine-inch edges and draw lines 1-2, 2-3, and 2-4. Cut out these two triangles. Cut the corners on the dotted lines. Score, fold, and glue. Notice that in the lids the laps are not turned as in the body of the box. Here, as in the drawer of the pencil-box, the laps are glued to the ends of the cover, concentrating strength there and producing symmetry in construction.
8 Picture Frame No. I—Diagonal Folds
Material—Construction paper, 5×5 inches. (See page [39].)
Fold on the diagonals. Bring each corner over until it touches the center; crease. Fold each corner back again until its point touches the outside edge at the middle section; crease.
9 Picture Frame No. II
Material—Construction paper, 4-1/2×16-1/2 inches. (See page [40].)
SEED BOX WITH SECTIONS—(For description see page [37].)
Divide the length into three equal parts, making three rectangles 4-1/2×5-1/2 inches in size. In the middle rectangle, measure off and cut out a rectangle 2-1/4×3 inches in size. Fold rectangle No. 3 up and back of rectangle No. 2. Holding the two firmly together, punch two holes, one-fourth inch apart, on each side, and one-fourth inch from the outer edges (see diagram). Draw a piece of raffia or ribbon through these holes and tie in a bow. Fold back rectangle No. 1 for support.
PICTURE FRAME No. I—(For description see page [37].)
PICTURE FRAME No. II—(For description see pages [37] and [39].)
10 Portfolio
Material—Heavy manila paper, 7-1/2×12 inches. (See page [41].)
Fold edge No. 1 over and even with edge No. 2. Crease and fold. On each side of A mark and cut off one-half inch. Clip off the corners of the flaps on B. Fold the flaps of B over on A and paste. Find the middle of edges 1 and 2. With a radius of one inch, describe a semicircle and cut it out.
PORTFOLIO—(For description see page [40].)
11 Barn—House—Furniture
Material—Construction paper, 8×8 inches or 10×10 inches. (See page [42].)
Fold a square into sixteen small squares of equal size; crease. With this as a basis throw the child on his own resources, allowing him to invent a pattern and make a chair, a sofa, or any piece of furniture that he can devise from such a square. A corner may have to be cut out or a slit made, but impress upon the child that, as far as possible, the model must be gotten by folding, with very little or no cutting.
By using a larger square and folding in the same way, a house or a barn may be made. Add a chimney and steps from an extra piece of paper.
12 Hexagonal Tray
Material—Construction paper, 7×7 inches.
HEXAGONAL TRAY
Draw one diameter; find the center. With a radius of three and one-half inches describe a circle. (The circumference of a circle is six times the radius). Place a point of the compass at one intersection of the circumference and the diameter, and divide the circle into six equal parts. With a radius of two inches, describe an inner circle parallel to the outer one. Connect opposite points of the outer circle by drawing two more diameters. This will divide the inner circle into six equal parts. Connect by straight lines the adjacent points of the inner circle, as 1-2; score. At the intersections of the outer circle, mark off one-half inch on each side and by straight lines connect both these points with the opposite points of intersection of the inner circle, as 2-3, 2-4. This forms two equal triangles, one of which is to be cut out, as 4-2-5, and the other, as 3-2-5, left. Having cut out the six triangles, bend up on lines scored, bring the sides together, and use triangle 3-2-5 as a lap for pasting.
13 Lamp Shade
Material—Construction paper, 7×10 inches. Japanese rice paper, 7×10 inches.
LAMP SHADE, A
Select a pretty shade of brown, green or red construction paper. Measure off two inches and construct a line parallel to the ten-inch length. Bisect this line. Place the compass at this point of bisection and with a radius of four inches describe a semicircle, 1-2; extend this arc to 3, and draw the line 3-4. With a radius of one inch describe an inner semicircle (5-6) parallel to the outer one. Again, with a radius of one inch describe a third semicircle, parallel to the other two. Set the compass at half the radius and divide each semicircle into six equal parts. Connect these points of intersection by straight lines (9-10). Make a stencil that will fit in one of these sections. Using the stencil, draw the same figure in each section. Carefully cut out the stenciled space. Next lay the construction paper on the Japanese rice paper and trace on it the stencil design. Remove the construction paper and, with two blending colors of crayon, color the figure or design traced on the Japanese paper. Again, lay the construction paper on the rice paper and glue the two together. Cut out the shade as marked off, bring the two edges together, and glue.
LAMP SHADE, B
If you wish the lower edge scalloped, cut it as shown in the diagram. By folding and creasing on the lines of intersection the shade may be made hexagonal in shape. All designs for decoration are supposed to be original.
14 Star
Material—Construction paper, two 8-inch squares. Raffia.
Take an eight-inch square. Fold the front edge over to the back edge; crease. On the left edge place a point one and one-half inches from the left-back corner. Carry the right-front corner over to this point; fold and crease. Turn the left triangle under; fold and crease. Next, as the paper stands in your hand with the triangle facing you, fold the right edge over to the left edge; crease. Where the three edges of the paper come together, begin at the highest point and cut across the paper from right to left to within two and one-half inches of the center. Open out the paper and you have the star.
A picture frame made of a five-pointed star is very pretty. Cut two stars of the same size. From the center of one cut a star one inch smaller for a mat. Lay this mat on the solid or foundation star and glue four of the points together. In the fifth point pierce two holes through both pieces, about an inch from the apex of the point. Slip in the picture. Take a piece of raffia or cord and tie a loop with two ends. Bring these ends through the holes from the back to the front and tie them in a bow. By the loop at the back the frame is hung.
PICTURE FRAME FROM FIVE-POINTED STAR
15 Notebook
Material—Construction paper, 6-1/2×7 inches, for cover. Manila paper, four pieces 6×6-1/2 inches, for leaves.
Fold the piece of construction paper down the middle, so as to form the 3-1/2×6-1/2-inch cover. In the same way crease the manila paper for the leaves. Place the leaves within the cover; with heavy silk or fine twine sew them to the back. Bring the needle through one inch from the upper edge, one inch from the lower edge, and in the middle. The long stitch is on the inside, the two short ones are on the outside, both ends of the thread are brought through the center to the inside and tied over the long stitch to hold it in place. Leave the ends an inch long and fringe them.
NOTEBOOK
16 Bound Book
Material—Heavy construction paper, colored, 5×6 inches, for cover. Four pieces white paper, 11-1/2×19-1/2 inches, for leaves. Two pieces tape, 1/4×2 inches.
Cover. Mark off and rule two and seven-eighths inches from each edge of the five-inch length; crease. This will leave in the middle a 1/4×5-inch space, in which the back of the leaves will go. Take each sheet of white paper, fold it once lengthwise, and once crosswise; this will make a "folio" four leaves thick, 2-3/4×5-3/4 inches in size. We have four of these folios to be joined together and bound to the back. Take folio No. 1 and with needle and silk sew the leaves together, running the thread one inch from the upper edge and one inch from the lower edge and in the center, seeing that the last stitch brings the thread on the outside of the back of the leaves. Do not break the thread. Take folio No. 2, hold it close to folio No. 1, carry the thread across and take it through the middle of the back, one inch from front or back edge, as in folio No. 1.
BOUND BOOK
On the back edges of these folios there will be two long stitches. Under these stitches pass the two pieces of tape. Keep one of these tapes as near the upper and the other as near the lower edge as the stitch will allow. As a folio is added and the leaves sewed together, connect the exposed stitch of the one previously added to the one last added, at the three places where the thread holds the leaves, by a buttonhole stitch (in bookbinding known as the "kettle stitch"). When the last folio is added, place the back of the leaves to the back of the cover in the 1/4×5-inch space. Stretch the tapes down on the cover and paste (1-3). Take the first and the last leaf and paste them over the tapes, to the inside of the cover. The outside of the cover may have some simple decoration if such is desired.
In Book VII of the Text Book of Art Education, published by The Prang Educational Company, is worked out a very interesting problem for the making of a scrap-book, and suggestions given for decorating the cover. The scrap or clipping books shown here were made in a similar way. The decoration and cover are left to the taste and ingenuity of the teacher or the child.
17 Japanese Book
Material—Construction paper, colored, 4-1/4×12-1/4 inches, for cover. Manila paper, six leaves, 4×6 inches, double, with fold on outer edge.
JAPANESE BOOK
The paper for the cover is 4-1/4×12-1/4 inches in size. Place the paper lengthwise in front of you and bring the left edge over to the right edge; crease, fold. Mark off a space three-fourths of an inch from the edge of the fold, draw a line, A-L. On this line three-quarters of an inch from the upper and the lower edges, place dots, B C, and one-fourth inch from B C place dots D E. Hold the leaves evenly together and press them in between the cover. With a large needle and cord sew through C, under, up, and over A, through C again, under to F, over through C, under and up through E, back to G, under and up through E, down to D, through and over H, back to D, down and up through D, then to B; down under to K, back to B, through and under and around to L, to B, to D, to E, to C. Tie the two ends of the cord, which come together at C, and fringe them out.
SCRAP OR CLIPPING BOOK
Cover of grass cloth.
18 Scrap-Book
Material—Construction paper, colored: 6-1/4×8-1/4 inches, for cover. Manila paper: three leaves 6×8 inches; three strips 1-1/8×6 inches. Two paper clamps.
Double the 6×8-inch leaves into six leaves 4×6 inches in size. Between leaves 1 and 2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6, place the 1-1/8×6-inch guards at the back. Have leaves and guards even and compact; then set them between the cover. Measure from the back edge of the cover a space three-quarters of an inch wide, and draw a pencil line. Placing the sharp edge of a ruler on this line, bend the back edge toward the front until it is well creased. In the center of this 3/4-inch space, one inch from the upper edge and one inch from the lower edge of the book, pierce a hole and insert the brass clamps.
SCRAP OR CLIPPING BOOK
Cover of linen, stenciled.
A PASTE
Mix until perfectly smooth one cup of flour with one cup of cold water.
Put two cups of water in a vessel and set it over the fire until it heats. (Do not let it boil.) Add one teaspoonful of powdered alum, then stir in the mixture of flour and cold water. Continue stirring until it thickens to a good consistency. Remove it from the fire and add one teaspoonful of oil of cloves or peppermint. Pour it into an air-tight jar and when it is cool screw on the top.
SCRAP OR CLIPPING BOOK
Cover of fancy paper—(For description see pages [51] and [52].)
Use the same cup all through. The oil of cloves or peppermint is simply a flavoring, and does not add to the quality. This quantity will nearly fill a quart jar.