The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.
THE
EMPLOYMENTS OF WOMEN:
A Cyclopædia of Woman's Work.
BY
VIRGINIA PENNY.
BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY WALKER, WISE, & COMPANY,
245 WASHINGTON STREET.
1863.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1862, by
VIRGINIA PENNY,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York.
TO
WORTHY AND INDUSTRIOUS WOMEN
IN THE UNITED STATES,
STRIVING TO EARN A LIVELIHOOD,
This Book
IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY
THE AUTHOR.
[PREFACE.]
It is very easy to obtain book after book on "The Sphere of Woman," "The Mission of Woman," and "The Influence of Woman." But to a practical mind it must be evident that good advice is not sufficient. That is very well, provided the reader is supplied with the comforts of life. But plans need to be devised, pursuits require to be opened, by which women can earn a respectable livelihood. It is the great want of the day. It is in order to meet that want that this work has been prepared. The few employments that have been open to women are more than full. To withdraw a number from the few markets of female labor already crowded to excess, by directing them to avenues where they are wanted, would thereby benefit both parties.
At no time in our country's history have so many women been thrown upon their own exertions. A million of men are on the battle field, and thousands of women, formerly dependent on them, have lost or may lose their only support. Some of the mothers, wives, sisters, and daughters of soldiers, may take the vacancies created in business by their absence—others must seek new channels of labor.
An exact estimate of woman as she has been, and now is, furnishes a problem difficult to solve. Biographies and histories merely furnish a clue to what she has been. Prejudice has exaggerated these portraitures. Woman as she now is, save in fiction and society, is scarcely known. The future position of woman is a matter of conjecture only. No mathematical nicety can be brought to bear upon the subject, for it is one not capable of data. More particularly is it difficult to define what her future condition in a business capacity will be. Man will have much to do with it, but woman more. I know of no work giving a true history of woman's condition in a business capacity. Socially, morally, mentally, and religiously, she is written about; but not as a working, every-day reality, in any other capacity than that pertaining to home life. It has been to me a matter of surprise that some one has not presented the subject in a practical way, that would serve as an index to the opening of new occupations, and present the feasibility of women engaging in many from which they are now debarred. It is strange there is no book on the subject, in any language, for it is a world-wide subject. Its roots are in the very basis of society—its ramifications as numerous as the nations of the earth—yes, as the individual members of the human family. The welfare of every man, woman, and child is involved in the subject. For who is entirely free from female influence—who is devoid of interest in the sex—who exists free from relationship, or any connection with woman? There is no man that is not involved in what affects woman, and the reverse is also true. It should therefore be a subject of paramount interest to all. Particularly does the subject appeal to the heart of woman. If she does not need to make a practical use of information on the subject, she will find its possession no disadvantage. It may assist her, from motives of friendship, or benevolent feelings, to advise and direct others. Is there any woman, not entirely devoid of all sensibility, but desires an amelioration in the condition of the working class of her sex—those who earn a mere pittance, scarce enough to keep body and soul together?
The work of single women has never been very clearly defined. Those that are without means are often without any to guide them; and the limited avenues of employment open to women, and the fear of becoming a burden on others, have poisoned some of their best hours, and paralyzed some of their strongest powers. There is a large amount of female talent in the United States lying dormant for the want of cultivation, and there has been a large amount cultivated that is not brought into exercise for the want of definite plans and opportunities of making it available. It exists like an icicle, and requires the warmth of energy, thought, and independence to render it useful. It shrinks from forcing itself into notice, like the sensitive plant, and may live and die unseen and unknown. Widen, then, the theatre of action and enterprise to woman. Throw open productive fields of labor, and let her enter.
Of those who speak so bitterly of women engaging in some pursuits now conducted by men, we would inquire, What would you have destitute single women and widows do, by which to earn their bread? You surely would not have women steal, that cannot obtain employment. What, then, can they do? Why may they not have free access to callings that will insure them a support? Those that oppose them, generally do so from selfish motives. Many men would banish women from the editor's and author's table, from the store, the manufactory, the workshop, the telegraph office, the printing case, and every other place, except the school room, sewing table, and kitchen. The false opinion that exists in regard to the occupations suitable for women must be changed ere women have free access to all those in which they may engage. Yet I would love to see thrown open to women the door of every trade and profession in which they are capable of working.
"Women have not devoted their time and talents to mechanical arts, except to a very limited extent, and only within fifty years. How then could they be expected to equal men in proficiency, who have from the creation of the world been so employed, and who have had the advantage not only of their own exertions, but the experience of their fathers and forefathers to profit by? The superior mechanical talent of the United States is becoming known throughout the civilized world, and some of the work dictated by that talent is executed by women.
Some persons complain that women would become more material—less spiritual—if engaged in manual labor. We think not, if it is of a kind suited to their nature. Contact with the world does not always wear out the fineness and delicacy that we love in woman. She does not necessarily lose that softness and gentleness that render her so lovely.
A few women may by nature have a fondness for masculine pursuits; but the number of men that have from training and circumstances a partiality for feminine pursuits, is much greater. It has been estimated that there are 95,000 females earning a livelihood in New York city and its vicinity, by their labor, aside from those engaged in domestic pursuits; and I am confident there are at least 100,000 men in the same city engaged in pursuits well adapted to women.
As women become more generally educated, their energies will be increased—their limits of thought expanded. They will seek employments consistent with honor and delicacy. They will desire the elevation of their sex, and do what they can to bring it about, regardless of the shafts of ridicule sent by selfish men and heartless women.
"By elevating the standard and augmenting the compensation of woman's labor," a complete revolution would be wrought in the social and political standing of woman. Let woman once surmount the difficulties that now oppose her, and take her stand with dignified reserve, laboring and claiming what is her right as much as men—free labor and fair wages—and liberal men will applaud and admire her.
As a friend of my sex, I have made investigations, and obtained statistics that show the business position of woman at present in the United States. I present such employments as have been, are, or may be pursued by them, and give what information I can obtain of each one. I may have omitted a few, and there may be some that are not yet recognized as a distinct business. I have made the study a speciality for three years, and spent an almost incredible amount of labor and money in doing so. I have visited factories, workshops, offices, and stores, for the purpose of seeing women at their vocations. I have gone through wind and snow, cold and rain. If I could have had the time and opportunity, I would have endeavored to see, also, something of their home-life.
Much of the verbal information I give is impartial, as it has been given by those with whom I talked in a casual way, they not knowing I had any object in view; and frequently it was done in a respectful, yet off-hand way, when making purchases. I have often bought articles merely for an excuse to talk with people, and gain information on their occupations.
I desire to present to those interested a clear and succinct view of the condition of business in the United States, the openings for entering into business, the vacancies women may fill and the crowded marts they may avoid, the qualifications needed for a selected pursuit, and the pursuits to which they are best adapted; also the probable result pecuniarily of each calling honorably pursued: in short, it is intended as a business manual for women. I wish to make it a practical work—useful, not ornamental. It is more a bringing together of facts, than a presentation of ideas—more a book of research than reflection. Yet the statements given are important, not merely as facts, but as being suggestive of things essential to or connected with occupations. The limits of each subject must necessarily be short, as I wish to form a volume to come within the reach of every one that would desire a copy.
Any female who has in view the learning of any occupation mentioned in this book, would do well to go and see the process before making arrangements to that effect. And she should exercise her own judgment in making a practical use of that information. Many pursuits are now followed by women for which it was once thought they were incapable.
My book is not sectional in its feelings. It is intended to benefit women of the North, South, East, and West of this vast Republic. In the large cities of the North, most working women are acquainted with others engaged in different occupations, and so may learn of places to be filled in them. In the South, a smaller number of women have been dependent on their own exertions, owing to the existence of slave-labor, and the comparative smallness of immigration.
I strongly advocate the plan of every female having a practical knowledge of some occupation by which to earn a livelihood. How do men fare that are raised without being fitted for any trade or profession, particularly those in the humbler walks of life? They become our most common and ill-paid laborers. So it is with woman's work. If a female is not taught some regular occupation by which to earn a living, what can she do, when friends die, and she is without means? Even the labor that offers to men, situated as she is, is not at her disposal.
No reproach should be cast upon any honest employment. The dignity and value of labor in the most menial occupation is superior to idleness or dependence upon others for the requirements of life. What destitute but industrious woman would not be glad to earn for herself a snug little cottage, to which she may resort in her old age, from the cares and conflicts of life; to enjoy the independence of a competency, earned by remunerative and well-applied labor?
I will not be responsible for all the opinions advanced by those who have furnished me with information. The reader will often have to form her own deductions from the statements made. My work may not accomplish, by a great deal, the end proposed, but I hope it may be the means of securing, by honest industry, a livelihood to many now dependent and desponding. If it does not in itself accomplish any visible good, it may be the means of bringing forward some better method by which the desired end may be effected. It may perhaps impart information by which the philanthropic may best employ their time and means in advancing the welfare of others, by pointing out the wants of dependent women, and how best to meet those wants. It may open the way of usefulness to women of leisure and talents. If it saves any of my sex from an aimless and profitless life, I will feel that something has been done. In that way some may be kept from despair and sin. And it is certainly better to prevent evil than to cure it. Some have means, and if a plan were presented to them, they would engage in its execution.
Connected with this subject is a fervent desire on the part of the writer to see houses of protection and comfort provided in our cities for respectable and industrious women when out of employment. Wealthy, benevolent people might build them, and appropriations be granted by the cities in which they are planted. Such a structure in each of our cities and towns would be a refuge to the weary, a home to the oppressed, a sanctuary to the stranger in a strange land.
When the place of gaining information is not mentioned in this work, it will be understood that New York city was the place. It will be remembered that most of the information was obtained from October, 1859, to February, 1861.
I hope much anxiety of mind, and uncertainty in the selection of a pursuit, will be prevented by my book, and many precious hours thereby saved for active, cheerful employment. If there should seem to be a want of practicability in any of the subjects I have treated upon, I think, after some reflection, it will disappear. Some of the employments presented may not find encouragement and proper compensation until our country becomes older, and calls for more variety in labor. I hope I may not hold out any unreasonable expectations of employment, or excite any hope that may not be realized. My ideas may appear vague and indefinite to some, but even such may perhaps pick out a few grains from the pile of chaff. But we must be doing, not saying—moving, not sitting—accomplishing something, not folding our hands in indolent ease. The active, restless spirit that pervades our people calls for action. It will not do to rest passive and let events take their own course. The progress of the age calls for earnest labor.
[INTRODUCTION.]
The great, urgent, universal wants of mankind, in all classes of society, are food, clothing, shelter, and fuel. After these come the comforts and luxuries pertaining to the condition of those in easy circumstances. Above and beyond these animal wants, but of nearly equal importance, are those relating to the mind—written and printed matter, oral instructions, as lectures and sermons, and the handiwork of the fine arts. These, in addition to health, freedom, and friends, comprise the greatest blessings man enjoys. I would add that the means of transit are necessary to make him entirely independent. Nearly all honest occupations are founded on these wants; but they have been divided and subdivided until their name is legion.
The contents of this volume might be arranged in the same way that the articles exhibited in the Crystal Palace of London were, under the heads—Producer, Importer, Manufacturer, Designer, Inventor, and Proprietor. But we think the arrangement pursued, though rather irregular, may be quite as convenient. So great is the variety of subjects treated, that it is difficult to condense the contents in a smaller compass.
The general difference in character and habits of those engaged in various occupations—their comparative morality and intelligence, the effects of a decline in wages, the effects of trades-unions, are all, more or less, involved in this subject of employments; also the opinions of the working classes on machinery and its results. Employments that have for their object the health, comfort, and protection of mankind—those that produce the necessaries and the luxuries of life—those for amusement and capable of being dispensed with—are all treated of to some extent.
Numbers of women have been lost to society from the want of a systematic organization for their employment, and by a deficiency in the number of remunerative pursuits open to them. The destinies of thousands are daily perilled, mentally, morally, and physically, by the same cause. The disease has raised a great and turbulent cry; but, strange to say, few means, and they limited and inefficient, have been used as a cure. Indeed, a remedy has scarcely been devised. To open new and suitable occupations to women, and secure for them fair wages, would, I believe, be an effectual mode of relief. But to bring about a favorable change, not only must more occupations be opened to women, but, as Mr. Walker says, "employments of an equally indispensable character with those of the other sex." Many persons would be surprised to find the large number of people employed in such occupations as pertain only to civilized life—such as could be dispensed with in an emergency; and the small number employed in such occupations as really furnish us with the necessaries of life. In the first class, aside from those engaged in domestic duties and labors, the majority of women are employed.
In the selection of a pursuit, it would be well to take into consideration what occupations are most likely to increase in this country. Those absolutely necessary for the preservation of life are permanent. Those essential to the health and comfort of mankind must be pursued by some. The steadiness of employment the year round should also be considered. Another item is the danger attending a trade, and the effects of the occupation on the health of the individual. A better compensation should be given to those prosecuting either a dangerous or unhealthy pursuit. There is at present more danger of women suffering from either an excess of work, or the entire want of it, than from any peculiarity pertaining to an occupation. A matter of some importance is the ability of an individual to furnish herself with the implements of a trade, goods for merchandizing, or the appurtenances of a profession, if she intends to conduct business on her own responsibility and at her own expense. If she has friends to advance her the money, she might perhaps make an arrangement to refund as she advances in business.
It is a matter of doubt with us whether the labors of women are on an average less laborious than those of men. That they are generally performed indoors, is not saying anything in their favor as regards health. If we include domestic employments, we cannot say they are neater on an average. They may be better adapted to the constitution of the female sex, but the question arises, Are those in which women now engage, except domestic duties, more congenial to their taste, more acceptable to their feelings, more likely to develop their mental powers, and rightly direct their moral nature, than many others in which they might engage?
We find that the class of workers, both men and women, having the most steady employments, are the most steady and reliable people.
There are some employments in which it is well for a man and his wife to unite, as bankers, picture restorers, house painters, &c.
There is probably as much diversity in the abilities of individual men to acquire a trade, as in those of women. We doubt not but women, generally, are as capable of acquiring a knowledge of any vocation as men, if they spend as much time and application in doing so. Could not women learn those occupations quite as thoroughly that require of men an apprenticeship of three, five, or seven years, if they could give the same time? We are confident the majority of women could, particularly those who have had equal advantages in the way of education and society with men engaged in the same pursuit.
We think the time spent in acquiring a knowledge of different occupations is not at all proportioned to the variety of work and the skill required for proficiency in each. For instance, an occupation that could be learned in six months, must have three years' labor given; while an occupation that it requires twenty years to excel in, has the usual apprenticeship of three years. By the way, could not the most of those pursuits now requiring three years' time of serving be mastered in a shorter period?
Supply and demand must ever regulate, to a great extent, the wages of women as well as men. We think, in the different departments of woman's labor, both physical and mental, there exists a want of harmony of labor done and the compensation; also, between the time given and the occupation. For instance, a gilder in a bookbindery gets $6 a week, or $1 a day of ten hours, which is equal to ten cents an hour. A girl, at most mechanical employments, receives, for her sixty hours' labor, $3 a week, which is equal to five cents an hour. A cook, who requires as much preparation as either, for ninety hours' labor will receive her board and washing, say $2, and $2 a week as wages, $4, equal to four and a half cents an hour. Confectioners' girls, in some of the best establishments in New York, spend seventeen, and some even eighteen hours, attending to their duties, and receive only $2, and board and washing, $4.50, equal to two and a half cents an hour. Some seamstresses sew fifteen hours a day, and earn but thirty cents, equal to two cents an hour, without board.
Where there are discrepancies about the seasons for any particular kind of work, as given by different parties, it will usually be found to arise from some of the number being engaged in the wholesale business, selling to people from the South and West; others selling to city traders, or retail merchants selling to city customers.
When there is a repetition of statements on the same subject, it will be observed that it arises from the information being given by different individuals.
I have used the words girl and woman indiscriminately, except when mention is made of the age of the girls.
I would take this opportunity of returning my thanks to all who have been so kind as to furnish me with any information, or directed me how to obtain it.
Some errors will no doubt be observed by persons in their special branches of labor. By writing to the author, attention will hereafter be paid to the correction of such errors.
[NATURE OF THE CONTENTS.]
This work contains five hundred and thirty-three articles, more than five hundred of which are descriptions of the occupations in which women are, or may be engaged—the effect of each on the health—the rate of wages paid for those carried on in the United States—a comparison in the prices of male and female labor of the same kind—the length of time required to learn the business fully, and the time required to learn the part done by women—whether women are paid while learning—the qualifications needed—the prospect of future employment in each branch—the seasons best for work, and if in any season the women are thrown entirely out of work—the usual number of hours employed, and, if the working time exceeds ten hours, whether it could be shortened without serious loss of profit—and the comparative superiority or inferiority of women to men in each branch. Also, openings in the Southern States for certain branches of business—the prices of board for workwomen, and the remarks of employers—with a list of the occupations suitable for the afflicted. In addition are articles on unusual employments in the United States, England, France, and other countries—minor employments in the United States, England, and France. Also, a notice of the occupations in which no women are engaged in any country—those in which none are engaged in this country—those in which very few are engaged.
[HEADS OF SUBJECTS.]
Professional Women. Artists. Those in Mercantile Pursuits. Employments pertaining to Grain, Birds, Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables. Raisers, Makers, Preparers, and Disposers of Articles of Food. Textile Manufacturers—Cotton, Linen, Woollen, Silk, Lace. Metal Manufacturers—Iron, Brass, Steel, Copper, Tin, Britannia, Silver, Silver Plating, Bronze, Gold. Miscellaneous Workers on Indian Goods, Inkstands, Lithoconia, Marble, Mineral Door-Knobs, Paper Cutting, Papier Maché, Pipes, Porcelain, Pottery, Stucco Work, Terra Cotta, and Transferring on Wood. Glass Manufacturers. China Decorators. Leather Manufacturers. Whalebone Workers. Brush Manufacturers. Ivory Cutters. Pearl Workers. Tortoise-Shell Workers. Gum-Elastic Manufacturers. Gutta-Percha Manufacturers. Hair Workers. Willow Ware. Wood Work. Agents. Manufacturers, and Colorers of Ladies' Apparel. Fitters, Cutters, and Sewers of Ladies' and Children's Wear. Upholsterers. Manufacturers of Books, Ink, Paper, and Pencils. Chemicals. Those who serve as a Communicating Medium between Employers and others. Those that contribute to the Comfort or Amusement of others. Mistresses and Domestics. Miscellaneous Occupations. Employments for the Afflicted. Unusual Employments. Minor Employments. Occupations in which no Women are engaged, &c. Openings in the South for certain branches of business. Prices of Board for Workwomen, and Remarks of Employers. Number of Work Hours. Extracts from the Census Report of 1860. Industrial Statistics of Paris.
[CONTENTS.]
| PAGE | ||
| Professional Women. | ||
| 1. | Amanuenses, | [1] |
| 2. | Astronomers, | [1] |
| 3. | Authors, | [2] |
| 4. | Bankers and Clerks, | [7] |
| 5. | Bible Readers, | [5] |
| 6. | Brokers, | [8] |
| 7. | Colonizationists, | [9] |
| 8. | Colportors, | [9] |
| 9. | Copyists, | [10] |
| 10. | Deaconesses, | [11] |
| 11. | Dentists, | [14] |
| 12. | Editresses, | [14] |
| 13. | Government Clerks, | [16] |
| 14. | Lawyers, | [17] |
| 15. | Lecturers, | [18] |
| 16. | Librarians, | [19] |
| 17. | Magazine Contributors, | [21] |
| 18. | Missionaries, | [22] |
| 19. | Medical Missionaries, | [23] |
| 20. | Physicians, | [24] |
| 21. | Preachers, | [30] |
| 22. | Proof Readers, | [30] |
| 23. | Publishers, | [31] |
| 24. | Readers to the Working Classes, | [32] |
| 25. | Reporters, | [33] |
| 26. | Reviewers, | [34] |
| 27. | Teachers, | [36] |
| 28. | Bookkeeping, | [39] |
| 29. | Calisthenics and Dancing, | [41] |
| 30. | Drawing and Painting, | [41] |
| 31. | Fancy Work, | [42] |
| 32. | Horsemanship, | [42] |
| 33. | Infant Schools, | [43] |
| 34. | Languages, | [44] |
| 35. | Music, | [44] |
| 36. | Navigation, | [45] |
| 37. | Swimming, | [45] |
| 38. | Translators, | [45] |
| Artists. | ||
| 39. | Actresses, | [47] |
| 40. | Aquaria Makers, | [50] |
| 41. | Architects, | [51] |
| 42. | Cameo Cutters, | [52] |
| 43. | Copperplate Engravers, | [53] |
| 44. | Daguerreans, | [53] |
| 45. | Design, Schools of, | [55] |
| 46. | Designers (Miscellaneous), | [59] |
| 47. | Calico Prints, | [60] |
| 48. | Wall Paper, | [61] |
| 49. | Draughtswomen, | [61] |
| 50. | Employés in the United States Mint, | [61] |
| 51. | Engravers and Chasers of Gold and Silver, | [62] |
| 52. | Equestrians and Gymnasts, | [64] |
| 53. | Etchers and Stamp Cutters, | [65] |
| 54. | Herbarium Makers, | [65] |
| 55. | Lapidaries, | [66] |
| 56. | Landscape Gardeners, | [67] |
| 57. | Lithographers, | [68] |
| 58. | Map Makers, | [71] |
| 59. | Medallists, | [73] |
| 60. | Modellers, | [73] |
| 61. | Modellers of Wax Figures, | [74] |
| 62. | Mineral Labellers, | [75] |
| 63. | Musicians, | [75] |
| 64. | Music Engravers, | [77] |
| 65. | Opera Performers, | [77] |
| 66. | Painters, | [79] |
| 67. | Animals, | [81] |
| 68. | Banners, | [81] |
| 69. | Crayon and Pastel, | [81] |
| 70. | Flowers and Fruit, | [82] |
| 71. | Fresco, | [82] |
| 72. | Historical, | [82] |
| 73. | Landscape, | [82] |
| 74. | Marine, | [83] |
| 75. | Miniature, | [83] |
| 76. | Panorama, | [84] |
| 77. | Portrait, | [84] |
| 78. | Water Colors, | [85] |
| 79. | Painters of Dial Plates, | [85] |
| 80. | Picture Restorers, | [85] |
| 81. | Piano Tuners, | [86] |
| 82. | Plaster Statuary, | [87] |
| 83. | Painters of Plates for Books, | [88] |
| 84. | Photographers, | [90] |
| 85. | Preparers of Scientific Plates, | [94] |
| 86. | Seal Engravers, | [94] |
| 87. | Sculptors, | [94] |
| 88. | Steel and other Engravers, | [96] |
| 89. | Bank Note, | [97] |
| 90. | Card, | [98] |
| 91. | Door Plate, | [98] |
| 92. | Map, | [98] |
| 93. | Pictorial and Heraldry, | [99] |
| 94. | Telegraph Operators, | [100] |
| 95. | Vocalists, | [102] |
| 96. | Wax Work, | [102] |
| 97. | Wood Engravers, | [103] |
| Mercantile Pursuits. | ||
| 98. | Merchants, | [104] |
| 99. | Bookkeepers, | [106] |
| 100. | Book Merchants, | [108] |
| 101. | China Merchants, | [109] |
| 102. | Clothiers, | [110] |
| 103. | Curiosity Dealers, | [115] |
| 104. | Druggists and Clerks, | [115] |
| 105. | Keepers of Fancy Stores, | [119] |
| 106. | Gentlemen's Furnishing Stores, | [119] |
| 107. | Furniture Sellers, | [120] |
| 108. | Grocers, | [121] |
| 109. | Junk Dealers, | [122] |
| 110. | Music Sellers, | [122] |
| 111. | Sellers of Artists' Materials, | [123] |
| 112. | Seeds, Roots, and Herbs, | [124] |
| 113. | Small Wares, | [124] |
| 114. | Tobacco, Snuff, and Cigars, | [125] |
| 115. | Saleswomen, | [125] |
| 116. | Street Sellers, | [131] |
| 117. | Toy Merchants, | [134] |
| 118. | Wall Paper, | [134] |
| 119. | Worn Clothes, | [134] |
| 120. | Variety Shops, | [136] |
| Employments pertaining to Grain, Birds, Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables. | ||
| 121. | Agriculturists, | [136] |
| 122. | Bee Dealers, | [137] |
| 123. | Bird Importers and Raisers, | [137] |
| 124. | Bird and Animal Preservers, | [138] |
| 125. | Florists, | [140] |
| 126. | Flower Girls, | [142] |
| 127. | Fruit Growers, | [142] |
| 128. | Fruit Venders, | [143] |
| 129. | Gardeners, | [144] |
| 130. | Makers of Cordial, &c., | [144] |
| 131. | Root, Bark, and Seed Sellers, | [145] |
| 132. | Seed Envelopers and Herb Packers, | [145] |
| 133. | Sellers of Pets, | [147] |
| 134. | Wine Manufacturers and Grape Growers, | [147] |
| Raisers, Makers, Preparers, and Disposers of Articles of Food. | ||
| 135. | Bakers (Bread), | [148] |
| 136. | Brewers, | [150] |
| 137. | Candy Manufacturers, | [150] |
| 138. | Cheese Makers, | [152] |
| 139. | Coffee and Chocolate Packers, | [153] |
| 140. | Cracker Bakers, | [154] |
| 141. | Fancy Confectionery, | [154] |
| 142. | Fish women, | [158] |
| 143. | Macaroni, | [159] |
| 144. | Maple Sugar, | [159] |
| 145. | Market Women, | [159] |
| 146. | Meat Sellers, | [161] |
| 147. | Milk Sellers and Dairy Women, | [162] |
| 148. | Mince Meat, Apple Butter, &c., | [163] |
| 149. | Mustard Packers, | [164] |
| 150. | Oyster Sellers, | [164] |
| 151. | Pie Bakers, | [164] |
| 152. | Picklers of Oysters, | [166] |
| 153. | Poulterers, | [166] |
| 154. | Restaurant Keepers, | [167] |
| 155. | Sealed Provisions, | [168] |
| 156. | Sugar Boilers, | [170] |
| 157. | Tea Packers, | [170] |
| 158. | Vermicelli, | [171] |
| 159. | Vinegar, | [171] |
| 160. | Yeast, | [172] |
| Textile Manufactures. | ||
| 161. | Cotton Manufacture, | [172] |
| 162. | Batting and Wadding, | [175] |
| 163. | Calicoes, | [175] |
| 164. | Canton Flannel, | [176] |
| 165. | Carpet Chains, | [176] |
| 166. | Cord, | [177] |
| 167. | Dyers, | [177] |
| 168. | Factory Operatives, | [180] |
| 169. | Gingham, | [183] |
| 170. | Hose, | [184] |
| 171. | Men's Wear, | [186] |
| 172. | Print Works, | [186] |
| 173. | Spinners, | [189] |
| 174. | Spool Cotton, | [189] |
| 175. | Tape, | [190] |
| 176. | Weavers, | [190] |
| 177. | Linen Manufacture, | [191] |
| 178. | Thread, | [193] |
| 179. | Woollen Manufacture, | [194] |
| 180. | Blankets, | [195] |
| 181. | Carpets, | [195] |
| 182. | Carpet Bags, | [196] |
| 183. | Cassimeres, | [197] |
| 184. | Cloths, | [198] |
| 185. | Coverlets, | [201] |
| 186. | Dry-Goods Refinishers, | [201] |
| 187. | Flannels, | [201] |
| 188. | Gloves, | [203] |
| Woollen, | [205] | |
| 189. | Linseys, | [205] |
| 190. | Shawls, | [207] |
| 191. | Shoddy, | [207] |
| 192. | Yarn, | [207] |
| 193. | Silk Manufacture, | [208] |
| 194. | Ribbons, | [209] |
| 195. | Sewing Silk, | [210] |
| 196. | Lace Manufacture, | [211] |
| 197. | " Menders, | [212] |
| 198. | Hair Cloth Manufacture, | [213] |
| Metal Manufactures. | ||
| 199. | Iron Manufacture, | [214] |
| 200. | Files, | [215] |
| 201. | Guns, | [215] |
| 202. | Hinges, | [215] |
| 203. | Locks, | [216] |
| 204. | Nails, | [217] |
| 205. | Rivets, | [217] |
| 206. | Screws, | [217] |
| 207. | Skates, | [218] |
| 208. | Shovels, | [218] |
| 209. | Wire Workers, | [218] |
| Brass Manufacture, | [219] | |
| 210. | Candlesticks, | [219] |
| 211. | Hooks and Eyes, | [220] |
| 212. | Lamps, | [221] |
| 213. | Pins, | [221] |
| 214. | Rings, | [223] |
| 215. | Scales, | [223] |
| 216. | Stair Rods, | [224] |
| 217. | Steel Manufacture, | [224] |
| 218. | Buckles, | [224] |
| 219. | Edge Tools, | [225] |
| 220. | Electrical Machines, | [226] |
| 221. | Fire Arms, | [226] |
| 222. | Knives and Forks, | [226] |
| 223. | Needles, | [227] |
| 224. | Pens, | [228] |
| 225. | Philosophical Apparatus, | [229] |
| 226. | Saws, | [230] |
| 227. | Scissors, | [230] |
| 228. | Spectacles, | [230] |
| 229. | Surgical Instruments, | [232] |
| 230. | Telescopes, | [232] |
| 231. | Thermometers, | [232] |
| 232. | Copper Manufacture, | [232] |
| 233. | Tin Manufacture, | [233] |
| 234. | Lanterns, | [233] |
| 235. | Britannia Ware, | [234] |
| 236. | Silver Manufacture, | [234] |
| 237. | Burnishers, | [234] |
| 238. | Thimbles, | [236] |
| 239. | Silver Plating, | [237] |
| 240. | Bronze Manufacture, | [237] |
| 241. | Gold Manufacture, | [237] |
| 242. | Assayers, | [238] |
| 243. | Enamellers, | [238] |
| 244. | Gold and Silver Leaf, | [239] |
| 245. | Jewellers' Findings, | [240] |
| 246. | Pencils, | [241] |
| 247. | Pens, | [241] |
| 248. | Watches, | [242] |
| 249. | Watch-Case Polishers, | [244] |
| 250. | Watch Chains, | [246] |
| 251. | Watch Jewels, | [248] |
| Miscellaneous Works. | [248] | |
| 252. | Indian Goods, | [248] |
| 253. | Inkstands, | [248] |
| 254. | Lithoconia, | [249] |
| 255. | Marble Workers, | [249] |
| 256. | Mineral Door-Knobs, | [250] |
| 257. | Paper Cutters, | [250] |
| 258. | Papier-Maché Finishers, | [250] |
| 259. | Pipes, | [251] |
| 260. | Porcelain, | [251] |
| 261. | Pottery, | [252] |
| 262. | Stucco Work, | [253] |
| 263. | Terra Cotta, | [253] |
| 264. | Transferrers on Wood, | [253] |
| 265. | Glass Manufacture. | [253] |
| 266. | Blowers, | [255] |
| 267. | Beads, | [255] |
| 268. | Cutters, | [256] |
| 269. | Embossers, | [256] |
| 270. | Enamellers, | [256] |
| 271. | Engravers, | [257] |
| 272. | Painters, | [257] |
| 273. | Stainers, | [258] |
| 274. | Watch Crystals, | [259] |
| 275. | China Decorators and Burnishers. | [260] |
| 276. | Leather. | [261] |
| 277. | Currying, | [262] |
| 278. | Harnesses, | [262] |
| 279. | Jewel and Instrument Cases, | [263] |
| 280. | Morocco Sewers, | [263] |
| 281. | Pocket Books, | [264] |
| 282. | Saddle Seats, | [265] |
| 283. | Tanning, | [265] |
| 284. | Trunks, | [266] |
| 285. | Whips, | [266] |
| 286. | Whalebone Workers. | [267] |
| 287. | Brush Manufacturers. | [268] |
| 288. | Ivory Cutters and Workers. | [269] |
| 289. | Combs, | [271] |
| 290. | Piano Keys, | [271] |
| 291. | Rulers (Paper), | [272] |
| 292. | Pearl Workers. | [273] |
| 293. | Tortoise-Shell Workers. | [273] |
| 294. | Gum-Elastic Manufacture. | [274] |
| 295. | Men's Clothing, | [276] |
| 296. | Shoes, | [276] |
| 297. | Toys, | [276] |
| 298. | Gutta Percha Manufacture. | [277] |
| 299. | Hair Workers. | [277] |
| 299. | Artists, | [277] |
| 300. | Dressers, | [278] |
| 301. | Dyers, | [280] |
| 302. | Growers, | [281] |
| 303. | Manufacturers, | [281] |
| 304. | Merchants, | [281] |
| 305. | Willow Ware. | [282] |
| Wood Work. | ||
| 306. | Carvers, | [284] |
| 307. | Kindling Wood, | [285] |
| 308. | Pattern Makers, | [286] |
| 309. | Rattan Splitters, | [286] |
| 310. | Cigar Boxes, | [286] |
| 311. | Turners, | [287] |
| Agents. | ||
| 312. | Express and other Conveyances, | [287] |
| 313. | General, | [288] |
| 314. | Literary, Book, and Newspaper, | [289] |
| 315. | Mercantile, | [291] |
| 316. | Pens, | [291] |
| 317. | Sewing Machines, | [291] |
| 318. | School, | [292] |
| 319. | Telegraph Instruments, | [292] |
| 320. | Washing Machines, | [292] |
| Manufacturers and Colorers of Ladies' Apparel. | ||
| 321. | Artificial Flowers, | [292] |
| 322. | Belts, | [295] |
| 323. | Bonnet Ruches, | [295] |
| 324. | Dress Trimmings, | [296] |
| 325. | Embroidery, | [298] |
| 326. | Feathers, | [300] |
| 327. | Hoop Skirts, | [301] |
| 328. | Muslin Sets, | [304] |
| 329. | Parasols and Umbrellas, | [305] |
| 330. | Sempstresses, | [308] |
| 331. | Sewing Machine Operatives, | [310] |
| Fur Workers. | ||
| 332. | Dyers, | [312] |
| 333. | Sewers, | [312] |
| Fitters, Cutters, and Sewers of Ladies' and Children's Wear. | ||
| 334. | Bonnets, | [314] |
| 335. | Bonnet Frames, | [319] |
| 336. | Bonnet Wire, | [320] |
| 337. | Children's Clothes, | [321] |
| 338. | Cloaks and Mantillas, | [321] |
| 339. | Costumes, | [323] |
| 340. | Dresses, | [324] |
| 341. | Dress Caps and Headdresses, | [326] |
| 342. | Fans, | [328] |
| 343. | Ladies' Under Wear, | [329] |
| 344. | Over Gaiters, | [330] |
| 345. | Patterns of Ladies' and Children's Clothes, | [330] |
| 346. | Shoes, | [331] |
| 347. | Stays, | [334] |
| Straw Workers. | ||
| 348. | Bleachers and Pressers, | [335] |
| 349. | Braiders, | [336] |
| 350. | Sewers, | [337] |
| Renovators. | ||
| 351. | Gentlemen's Wear, | [339] |
| 352. | Ladies' Wear, | [340] |
| Gentlemen's Clothing. | ||
| 353. | Army and Navy Uniform, | [340] |
| 354. | Buttons, | [340] |
| 355. | Canes, | [342] |
| 356. | Caps, | [342] |
| 357. | Coats, | [345] |
| 358. | Cravats, | [345] |
| 359. | Hats (Hat Braiders, 349), | [345] |
| 360. | Oil Clothing, | [350] |
| 361. | Pantaloons, | [350] |
| 362. | Regalias, | [350] |
| 363. | Shirts, | [350] |
| 364. | Suspenders, | [354] |
| 365. | Tailoresses, | [355] |
| 366. | Vests, | [356] |
| 367. | Upholsterers. | [357] |
| 368. | Beds, | [358] |
| 369. | Carpets, | [358] |
| 370. | Curled Hair Pullers, | [359] |
| 371. | Curtain Trimmings, | [359] |
| 372. | Furniture Goods, | [360] |
| 373. | Mattresses, | [360] |
| 374. | Venetian Blinds, | [361] |
| 375. | Window Shades, | [361] |
| Manufacturers of Books, Ink, Paper, and Pencils. | ||
| 376. | Book Folders, | [363] |
| 377. | Book Sewers, | [365] |
| 378. | Card Makers, | [367] |
| 379. | Card Stencillers, | [369] |
| 380. | Cover and Edge Gilders, | [370] |
| 381. | Electrotypers, | [370] |
| 382. | Envelope Makers, | [370] |
| 383. | Folders and Directors of Newspapers, | [372] |
| 384. | Ink, | [373] |
| 385. | Label Cutters, | [373] |
| 386. | Lead Pencils, | [374] |
| 387. | Operatives in Paper Factories, | [374] |
| 388. | Paper Bag Makers, | [376] |
| 389. | Box Makers, | [376] |
| 390. | Marblers, | [379] |
| 391. | Rulers, | [379] |
| 392. | Press Feeders, | [380] |
| 393. | Printers, | [380] |
| 394. | Sealing-Wax Makers, | [385] |
| 395. | Stereotypers, | [385] |
| 396. | Type Rubbers and Setters, | [386] |
| 397. | Wall-Paper Gilders, | [387] |
| 398. | Chemicals. | [389] |
| 399. | Baking Powder, | [390] |
| 400. | Bar Soap, | [390] |
| 401. | Blacking, | [390] |
| 402. | Candles, | [391] |
| 403. | Chalk, | [392] |
| 404. | Emery Paper, | [392] |
| 405. | Fancy Soap, | [392] |
| 406. | Fire Works, | [392] |
| 407. | Flavoring Extracts, | [393] |
| 408. | Glue, | [394] |
| 409. | Gunpowder, | [394] |
| 410. | Oils, | [394] |
| 411. | Paints, | [394] |
| 412. | Patent Medicines, | [395] |
| 413. | Pearlash, | [395] |
| 414. | Perfumery, | [395] |
| 415. | Quinine, | [397] |
| 416. | Salt, | [397] |
| 417. | Soda, | [399] |
| 418. | Starch, | [399] |
| 419. | White Lead, | [400] |
| 420. | Whiting, | [400] |
| Communicating Mediums between Employers and Others. | ||
| 421. | Assistants in Benevolent Institutions, | [400] |
| 422. | Commissioners of Deeds, | [402] |
| 423. | Housekeepers, | [402] |
| 424. | Keepers of Intelligence Offices, | [403] |
| 425. | Lighthouse Keepers, | [405] |
| 426. | Pawnbrokers, | [406] |
| 427. | Postmistresses, | [407] |
| 428. | Sewing-Machine Instructors, | [408] |
| 429. | Shepherdesses, | [409] |
| 430. | Toll Collectors, | [409] |
| Contributors to the Comfort or Amusement of Others. | ||
| 431. | Bathhouse Attendants, | [409] |
| 432. | Brace and Truss Makers, | [410] |
| 433. | Chiropodists, | [411] |
| 434. | Cuppers and Leechers, | [413] |
| 435. | Fishing-Tackle Preparers, | [413] |
| 436. | Fortune Tellers, | [415] |
| 437. | Guides and Door Attendants, | [415] |
| 438. | Lodging and Boarding House Keepers, | [415] |
| 439. | Makers of Artificial Eyes, | [416] |
| 440. | Limbs, | [418] |
| 441. | Teeth, | [418] |
| 442. | Nurses for the Sick, | [419] |
| 443. | Steamboat and Railroad Newsvenders, | [421] |
| 444. | Street Musicians, | [421] |
| 445. | Tavern Keepers, | [422] |
| 446. | Travelling Companions, | [423] |
| Mistresses and Domestics. | ||
| 447. | Mistresses, | [423] |
| 448. | Domestics, | [424] |
| 449. | Chambermaids, | [426] |
| 450. | Cooks, | [428] |
| 451. | Dining-Room Waiters, | [429] |
| 452. | Ladies' Maids, | [430] |
| 453. | Nurses for Children, | [430] |
| 454. | Saloon Attendants, | [431] |
| 455. | Washers, Ironers, and Manglers, | [431] |
| Miscellaneous Occupations, and Workers therein. | ||
| 456. | Backgammon-Board Finishers, | [433] |
| 457. | Balloon Makers, | [433] |
| 458. | Billiard-Table Finishers, | [434] |
| 459. | Bill Posters, | [434] |
| 460. | Block Cutters, | [434] |
| 461. | Boatwomen, | [435] |
| 462. | Bone Collectors, | [435] |
| 463. | Bottlers and Labellers, | [435] |
| 465. | Broom Makers, | [436] |
| 464. | Bronzers, | [436] |
| 466. | Canvas and Cotton Bag Makers, | [437] |
| 467. | Car and Carriage Painters, | [438] |
| 468. | Carriage Trimmers, | [489] |
| 469. | Chair Seaters, | [440] |
| 470. | China Menders, | [441] |
| 471. | Cigar Makers, | [442] |
| 472. | Cigar-End Finders, | [444] |
| 473. | Cinder Gatherers, | [444] |
| 474. | Clear Starchers, | [444] |
| 475. | Clock Makers, | [444] |
| 476. | Clothes-Pin Makers, | [445] |
| 477. | Clothes Repairers, | [445] |
| 478. | Cork Assorters and Sole Stitchers, | [445] |
| 479. | Daguerreotype Apparatus, | [446] |
| 480. | Feather Dressers, | [447] |
| 481. | Flag Makers, | [447] |
| 482. | Furniture Painters, | [448] |
| 483. | Gilders of Mirror Frames, | [449] |
| 484. | Globe Makers, | [450] |
| 485. | Hobby-Horse Finishers, | [450] |
| 486. | Horse Coverings, | [451] |
| 487. | House Painters, | [452] |
| 488. | Japanners, | [452] |
| 489. | Knitters, | [454] |
| 490. | Lace Bleachers, | [457] |
| 491. | Lacquerers, | [458] |
| 492. | Life Preservers, | [458] |
| 493. | Lucifer Matches, | [458] |
| 494. | Mat Makers, | [460] |
| 495. | Manufacturers of Musical Instruments, | [460] |
| Melodeons and Organs, | [461] | |
| Pianos, | [462] | |
| Seraphines, | [463] | |
| 496. | Musical-String Makers, | [463] |
| 497. | Netters, | [464] |
| 498. | Oakum Pickers, | [464] |
| 499. | Paper Hangers, | [465] |
| 500. | Polishers, | [465] |
| 501. | Pin Finders, | [465] |
| 502. | Rag Cutters, | [465] |
| 503. | Rag Gatherers, | [466] |
| 504. | Rope and Twine Makers, | [468] |
| 505. | Sail and Awning Makers, | [470] |
| 506. | Shoe-Peg Makers, | [470] |
| 507. | Shroud Makers, | [470] |
| 508. | Sign Painters, | [471] |
| 509. | Snuff Packers, | [472] |
| 510. | Stencil Makers, | [473] |
| 511. | Street Sweepers, | [473] |
| 512. | Tip Gilders, | [473] |
| 513. | Tobacco Strippers, | [474] |
| 514. | Toy Makers, | [475] |
| 515. | Varnishers and Varnish Makers, | [476] |
| 516. | Water Carriers, | [476] |
| Employments for the Afflicted. | ||
| 517. | Blind Women, | [477] |
| 518. | Deaf Mutes, | [477] |
| 519. | The Lame, | [477] |
| Unusual Employments. | ||
| 520. | United States, | [477] |
| 521. | England, | [478] |
| 522. | France, | [481] |
| 523. | Other Countries, | [482] |
| Minor Employments. | ||
| 524. | United States, | [484] |
| 525. | England, | [484] |
| 526. | France, | [485] |
| 527. | Occupations in which no Women are Engaged. | [486] |
| 528. | None in the United States, | [486] |
| 529. | Very few, | [486] |
| 530. | Openings in the South for certain branches of business, | [487] |
| 531. | Price of Board for Workwomen, and Remarks of Employers, | [488] |
| 532. | Number of Work Hours, | [489] |
| 532. | Extracts from Census Report of 1860, in advance of publication, | [490] |
| Industrial Statistics of Paris. | ||
| France, in 1848, | [492] | |
THE EMPLOYMENTS OF WOMEN.