| [CHAPTER I.] |
| Introductory. |
| [CHAPTER II.] |
| The Roman Empire before the Invasion of the Barbarians. |
| The Empire in the Second Century | [5] |
| Obliteration of National distinctions | [6] |
| Rise of Christianity | [10] |
| Its Alliance with the State | [10] |
| Its Influence on the Idea of an Imperial Nationality | [13] |
| [CHAPTER III.] |
| The Barbarian Invasions. |
| Relations between the Primitive Germans and the Romans | [15] |
| Their Feelings towards Rome and her Empire | [16] |
| Belief in its Eternity | [20] |
| Extinction by Odoacer of the Western branch of the Empire | [26] |
| Theodoric the Ostrogothic King | [27] |
| Gradual Dissolution of the Empire | [30] |
| Permanence of the Roman Religion and the Roman Law | [31] |
| [CHAPTER IV.] |
| Restoration of the Empire in the West. |
| The Franks | [34] |
| Italy under Greeks and Lombards | [37] |
| The Iconoclastic Schism | [38] |
| Alliance of the Popes with the Frankish Kings | [39] |
| The Frankish Conquest of Italy | [41] |
| Adventures and Plans of Pope Leo III | [43] |
| Coronation of Charles the Great | [48] |
| [CHAPTER V.] |
| Empire and Policy of Charles. |
| Import of the Coronation at Rome | [52] |
| Accounts given in the Annals of the time | [53] |
| Question as to the Intentions of Charles | [58] |
| Legal Effect of the Coronation | [62] |
| Position of Charles towards the Church | [64] |
| Towards his German Subjects | [67] |
| Towards the other Races of Europe | [70] |
| General View of his Character and Policy | [72] |
| [CHAPTER VI.] |
| Carolingian and Italian Emperors. |
| Reign of Lewis I | [76] |
| Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire | [78] |
| Beginnings of the German Kingdom | [79] |
| Italian Emperors | [80] |
| Otto the Saxon King | [84] |
| Coronation of Otto at Rome | [87] |
| [CHAPTER VII.] |
| Theory of the Mediæval Empire. |
| The World Monarchy and the World Religion | [91] |
| Unity of the Christian Church | [94] |
| Influence of the Doctrine of Realism | [97] |
| The Popes as heirs to the Roman Monarchy | [99] |
| Character of the revived Roman Empire | [102] |
| Respective Functions of the Pope and the Emperor | [104] |
| Proofs and Illustrations | [109] |
| Interpretations of Prophecy | [112] |
| Two remarkable Pictures | [116] |
| [CHAPTER VIII.] |
| The Roman Empire and the German Kingdom. |
| The German or East Frankish Monarchy | [122] |
| Feudality in Germany | [123] |
| Reciprocal Influence of the Roman and Teutonic Elements onthe Character of the Empire | [127] |
| [CHAPTER IX.] |
| Saxon and Franconian Emperors. |
| Adventures of Otto the Great in Rome | [134] |
| Trial and Deposition of Pope John XII | [135] |
| Position of Otto in Italy | [139] |
| His European Policy | [140] |
| Comparison of his Empire with the Carolingian | [144] |
| Character and Projects of the Emperor Otto III | [146] |
| The Emperors Henry II and Conrad II | [150] |
| The Emperor Henry III | [151] |
| [CHAPTER X.] |
| Struggle of the Empire and the Papacy. |
| Origin and Progress of Papal Power | [153] |
| Relations of the Popes with the early Emperors | [155] |
| Quarrel of Henry IV and Gregory VII | [159] |
| Gregory's Ideas | [160] |
| Concordat of Worms | [163] |
| General Results of the Contest | [164] |
| [CHAPTER XI.] |
| The Emperors in Italy: Frederick Barbarossa. |
| Frederick and the Papacy | [167] |
| Revival of the Study of the Roman Law | [172] |
| Arnold of Brescia and the Roman Republicans | [174] |
| Frederick's Struggle with the Lombard Cities | [175] |
| His Policy as German King | [178] |
| [CHAPTER XII.] |
| Imperial Titles and Pretensions. |
| Territorial Limits of the Empire—Its Claims of Jurisdictionover other Countries | [182] |
| | Hungary | [183] |
| | Poland | [184] |
| | Denmark | [184] |
| | France | [185] |
| | Sweden | [185] |
| | Spain | [185] |
| | England | [186] |
| | Scotland | [187] |
| | Naples and Sicily | [188] |
| | Venice | [188] |
| | The East | [189] |
| Rivalry of the Teutonic and Byzantine Emperors | [191] |
| The Four Crowns | [193] |
| Origin and Meaning of the title 'Holy Empire' | [199] |
| [CHAPTER XIII.] |
| Fall of the Hohenstaufen. |
| Reign of Henry VI | [205] |
| Contest of Philip and Otto IV | [206] |
| Character and Career of the Emperor Frederick II | [207] |
| Destruction of Imperial Authority in Italy | [211] |
| The Great Interregnum | [212] |
| Rudolf of Hapsburg | [213] |
| Change in the Character of the Empire | [214] |
| Haughty Demeanour of the Popes | [217] |
| [CHAPTER XIV.] |
| The Germanic Constitution—the Seven Electors. |
| Germany in the Fourteenth Century | [222] |
| Reign of the Emperor Charles IV | [225] |
| Origin and History of the System of Election, and of theElectoral Body | [225] |
| The Golden Bull | [230] |
| Remarks on the Elective Monarchy of Germany | [233] |
| Results of Charles IV's Policy | [236] |
| [CHAPTER XV.] |
| The Empire as an International Power. |
| Revival of Learning | [240] |
| Beginnings of Political Thought | [241] |
| Desire for an International Power | [242] |
| Theory of the Emperor's Functions as Monarch of Europe | [244] |
| Illustrations | [249] |
| Relations of the Empire and the New Learning | [251] |
| The Men of Letters—Petrarch, Dante | [254] |
| The Jurists | [256] |
| Passion for Antiquity in the Middle Ages: its Causes | [258] |
| The Emperor Henry VII in Italy | [262] |
| The De Monarchia of Dante | [264] |
| [CHAPTER XVI.] |
| The City of Rome in the Middle Ages. |
| Rapid Decline of the City after the Gothic Wars | [273] |
| Her Condition in the Dark Ages | [274] |
| Republican Revival of the Twelfth Century | [276] |
| Character and Ideas of Nicholas Rienzi | [278] |
| Social State of Mediæval Rome | [280] |
| Visits of the Teutonic Emperors | [282] |
| Revolts against them | [284] |
| Existing Traces of their Presence in Rome | [286] |
| Want of Mediæval, and especially of Gothic Buildings, inModern Rome | [289] |
| Causes of this; Ravages of Enemies and Citizens | [291] |
| Modern Restorations | [292] |
| Surviving Features of truly Mediæval Architecture—the Bell-towers | [294] |
| The Roman Church and the Roman City | [296] |
| Rome since the Revolution | [299] |
| [CHAPTER XVII.] |
| The Renaissance: Change in the Character of the Empire. |
| Weakness of Germany | [302] |
| Loss of Imperial Territories | [303] |
| Gradual Change in the Germanic Constitution | [307] |
| Beginning of the Predominance of the Hapsburgs | [310] |
| The Discovery of America | [311] |
| The Renaissance and its Effects on the Empire | [311] |
| Projects of Constitutional Reform | [313] |
| Changes of Title | [316] |
| [CHAPTER XVIII.] |
| The Reformation and its Effects upon the Empire. |
| Accession of Charles V | [319] |
| His Attitude towards the Reformation | [321] |
| Issue of his Attempts at Coercion | [322] |
| Spirit and Essence of the Religious Movement | [325] |
| Its Influence on the Doctrine of the Visible Church | [327] |
| How far it promoted Civil and Religious Liberty | [329] |
| Its Effect upon the Mediæval Theory of the Empire | [332] |
| Upon the Position of the Emperor in Europe | [333] |
| Dissensions in Germany | [334] |
| The Thirty Years' War | [335] |
| [CHAPTER XIX.] |
| The Peace of Westphalia: Last Stage in the Declineof the Empire. |
| Political Import of the Peace of Westphalia | [337] |
| Hippolytus a Lapide and his Book | [339] |
| Changes in the Germanic Constitution | [340] |
| Narrowed Bounds of the Empire | [341] |
| Condition of Germany after the Peace | [342] |
| The Balance of Power | [345] |
| The Hapsburg Emperors and their Policy | [348] |
| The Emperor Charles VII | [351] |
| The Empire in its last Phase | [352] |
| Feelings of the German People | [354] |
| [CHAPTER XX.] |
| Fall of the Empire. |
| The Emperor Francis II | [356] |
| Napoleon as the Representative of the Carolingians | [357] |
| The French Empire | [360] |
| Napoleon's German Policy | [361] |
| The Confederation of the Rhine | [362] |
| End of the Empire | [363] |
| The German Confederation | [364] |
| [CHAPTER XXI.] |
| Conclusion: General Summary. |
| Causes of the Perpetuation of the Name of Rome | [366] |
| Parallel instances: Claims now made to represent the RomanEmpire | [367] |
| Parallel afforded by the History of the Papacy | [369] |
| In how far was the Empire really Roman | [374] |
| Imperialism: Ancient and Modern | [375] |
| Essential Principles of the Mediæval Empire | [377] |
| Influence of the Imperial System in Germany | [378] |
| The Claim of Modern Austria to represent the Mediæval Empire | [381] |
| Results of the Influence of the Empire upon Europe | [383] |
| Upon Modern Jurisprudence | [383] |
| Upon the Development of the Ecclesiastical Power | [384] |
| Struggle of the Empire with three Hostile Principles | [388] |
| Its Relations, Past and Present, to the Nationalities of Europe | [390] |
| Conclusion: Difficulties caused by the Nature of the Subject | [392] |