The Ten Books on Architecture

by Vitruvius Pollio

SCAMILLI IMPARES (Book III, ch. 4)

No passage in Vitruvius has given rise to so much discussion or been the subject of such various interpretations as this phrase. The most reasonable explanation of its meaning seems to be that of Émile Burnouf, at one time Director of the French School at Athens, published in the Revue Générale del' Architecture for 1875, as a note to a brief article of his on the explanation of the curves of Greek Doric buildings. This explanation was accepted by Professor Morgan, who called my attention to it in a note dated December 12, 1905. It has also quite recently been adopted by Professor Goodyear in his interesting book on Greek Refinements.

Burnouf would translate it nivelettes inégales, "unequal levellers." He states that in many parts of France in setting a long course of cut stone the masons make use of a simple device consisting of three pointed blocks of equal height used as levellers, of which two are placed one at each extremity of the course, while the third is used to level the stones, as they are successively set in place, by setting it upon the stone to be set and sighting across the other two levellers. If two "levellers" of equal height are used with a third of less height placed at the centre of the course, with perhaps others of intermediate height used at intermediate points, it would obviously be equally easy to set out a curved course, as, for instance, the curved stylobate of the Parthenon which rises about three inches in its length of one hundred feet. By a simple calculation any desired curve could be laid out in this way. The word scamillus is a diminutive of scamnum, a mounting-block or bench.

Practically the same explanation is given by G. Georges in a memoir submitted to the Sorbonne in April, 1875. Georges adds an interesting list, by no means complete, of the various explanations that have been offered at different times.

Philander (1522-1552).	Projections of the stylobate or pedestals.
Barbaro (1556-1690).	The same.
Bertano (1558).	Swellings of the die of the stylobate or bosses in the stylobate or the frieze of the entablature.
Baldus (1612).	Sub-plinths placed under the bases of the columns.
Perrault (1673-1684).	Projection of the stylobate.
Polleni (1739).	The same.
Galiani (1758-1790).	Projection of the stylobate with hypothesis of embossments on the stylobates and the bases of the columns.
Tardieu and Coussin (1837) and Mauffras (1847).	Projection of the stylobates.
Aurès (1865).	Steps or offsets between the stylobate and the columns.

The list of Georges is wholly French and Italian.

Fra Giocondo's interpretation is indicated in our reproduction of the illustration in his edition of 1511.

Hoffer (1838) and afterwards Pennethorne (1846) and Penrose (1851) gave measurements showing the curvatures in the Parthenon and the temple of Theseus in Athens. Penrose and most writers who followed him supposed the "scamilli impares" to be projections or offsets on the stylobate required on account of the curves to bring the column into relation with the architraves above, and similar offsets of unequal or sloping form were supposed to be required above the abaci of the capitals, but such offsets, although sometimes existing, have no obvious connection with the passage in Vitruvius. C. Bötticher (1863) and more recently Durm have denied the original intention of the curves and ascribe them to settlement, a supposition which hardly accords with the observed facts. Reber, in the note on this passage in his translation of Vitruvius (1865), thinks the scamilli were sloping offsets on the stylobate to cause the inclination of the columns, but admits that nothing of the kind has been found in the remains so far examined. It may be added that this is at variance with the statement of the purpose of the scamilli which Vitruvius gives.

Assuming, as I think we must, that the horizontal curvature of the stylobate in such buildings as the Parthenon was intended and carefully planned, Burnouf's explanation fits the case precisely and makes this passage of Vitruvius straightforward and simple. This can be said of no other explanation, for all the others leave the passage obscure and more or less nonsensical. Durm's attempt to refer the passage to the case of the temple with a podium which has just been spoken of by Vitruvius is somewhat forced, or at least unnecessary. Clearly the passage refers to stylobates in general; but Reber also so translates and punctuates as to make the use of the "scamilli impares" refer only to the case of temples built in the Roman manner with the podium. His resulting explanation still leaves the passage obscure and unsatisfactory. One may finally refer to the ingenious but improbable explanation of Choisy, who translates it echelons impairs, and explains them as offsets arranged according to the odd numbers, nombres impairs, i. e., offsets varying at equal intervals in the proportion of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, etc., and which he claims was applied also to the entasis of columns.

H. L. Warren.

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INDEX

Abacus, [92,] [106,] [110,] [122.]
Ἁβατον, [56.]
Abdera, [212,] [269.]
Acanthus pattern, origin of, [104.]
Accius, [255.]
Acoustics, of the site of a theatre, [153] f.
Acroteria, [96.]
Aequians have springs which produce goitre, [239.]
Aeruca (verdigris), [219.]
Aeschylus, [198.]
Aesculapius, proper site for temple of, [15;]
temple of, at Tralles, [198.]
Aetna, [47.]
Africa, [240.]
Agatharcus, [198.]
Agesistratus, [199.]
Agger (river), [231.]
Agnus castus (tree), [60] f., [296.]
Ἁκροβατικὁν, [283.]
Alabanda, [212;]
temple of Apollo at, [78.]
Alae, of house, [177;]
of temples, [120.]
Albula (river), [233.]
Alder, [61.]
Alexander, [35] f., [195,] [310.]
Alexandria, [36,] [196,] [197,] [218;]
length of shadow of gnomon at, [270.]
Alexis (poet), [168.]
Altars, [125] f.
Altino, [21.]
Aluminous springs, [234.]
Amiternum, stone quarries of, [49.]
Ammon, [235.]
Amphiprostyle, [75.]
Amphithalamos, [186.]
Amyntas, [310.]
Analemma, [257;]
its applications, [270] f.f.
Anaphoric dial, [275.]
Anaxagoras, [195,] [198,] [225,] [269.]
Ancona, [63.]
Andreas, [273.]
Andromeda (constellation), [266.]
Andron of Ephesus, [70.]
Andrones, [187.]
Andronicus of Cyrrhus, [26.]
Antae, [114,] [120,] [186;]
temple in antis, [75.]
Antiborean (sun dial), [273.]
Antimachides, [199.]
Antiochus, [199.]
Antipater, [238,] [269.]
Antistates, [199.]
Apaturius, [212.]
Apelles, [11.]
Apollo, [69,] [102,] [103,] [196;]
Panionion, [103,] [255;]
colossal statue of, [289;]
temple of, at Alabanda, [78;]
at Miletus, [200;] at Rome, [80;]
site of temple of, [80.]
Apollonia, [235;] siege of, [317] f.
Apollonius, [273.]
Apollonius of Perga, [12.]
Aqueducts, [244] f.f.;
Marcian, [232.]
Aquileia, [21.]
Arabia, [235,] [237.]
Arachne (sun dial), [273.]
Aradus, [315.]
Araeostyle temples, [78,] [80;]
proportions of columns in, [84.]
Aratus, [269.]
Arcadia, [238.]
Arcesius, [109,] [198.]
Arched substructures, [190.]
Archer (constellation), [266.]
Archimedes, [8,] [12,] [199,] [243;]
detects a theft of gold by a contractor, [253] f.
Archinapolus (astrologer), [269.]
Architecture, fundamental principles of, [13] f.f.;
departments of, [16] f.f.
Architrave, [94,] [288.]
Archytas of Tarentum, [12,] [199,] [255.]
Arcturus (star), [266.]
Ardea, [233.]
Arevanias, [54.]
Arezzo, ancient wall of brick at, [53.]
Argo (constellation), [268.]
Argolis, precinct of Juno at, [102.]
Argos, [54.]
Ariobarzanes, [154.]
Aristarchus, [11.]
----of Samos, [12,] [263,] [273.]
Aristides, [241.]
Aristippus, shipwreck of, [167.]
Aristomenes of Thasos, [70.]
Aristophanes, [168;] grammaticus, [196.]
Aristotle, [195,] [251.]
Aristoxenus, [11,] [140,] [145.]
Armenian blue, [213,] [217.]
Αρπεδὁναι (star group), [268.]
Arrow (constellation), [266.]
Arsenal, naval, at Peiraeus, [198.]
Arsinoe, [103.]
Artemisia, [55] f.
Artemon (Ἑπἁγων), [287.]
Asphalt, [235;]
asphaltic springs, [234;]
lake Asphaltitis, [235.]
Ἁσπληνον, [20.]
Assafoetida grown in Cyrene, [237.]
Astansoba (river), [231.]
Astoboa (river), [231.]
Astragals, [90.]
Astrology, [269] f.f.
Athens, [26,] [40,] [53,] [78,] [124,] [199,] [200,] [234;]
colonnades at, [154;]
temple of Minerva at, [198;]
length of shadow of gnomon at, [257,] [270.]
Athos, Mt., [35.]
Ἁτλαντες, [188.]
Atlantides, [189.]
Atlas, [188,] [231.]
Atrium, [185,] [210;]
proportions of, [176] f.
Attalus, [53,] [103,] [195.]
Attic doorways, [120.]
Aurelius, Marcus, [3.]
Aventine, [216.]
Babylon, [24,] [235.]
Bacchus, proper site for temple of, [31;]
Ionic order appropriate to, [15;]
temple of, at Teos, [82,] [109,] [198.]
Baiae, [46,] [47.]
Bakeries, [184.]
Balance (constellation), [266.]
Balconies in forum, [131.]
Balearic Isles, [214,] [240.]
Ballistae, rules for making, [305] f.f.
Bankers' offices, [131.]
Barns, [184.]
βαρουλκὁς, [283.]
Bases, Ionic, [90] f.f.
Basilica, [132] f.f.;
of Vitruvius at Fano, [134] f.f.
Bathrooms, [180;]
of farmhouse, [183.]
Baths, [157] f.f.
Beast (constellation), [268.]
Bedrooms, [181.]
Beech, [60.]
Berosus, [262,] [269,] [273.]
Bilbery, used to make purple, [220.]
Bird (constellation), [266.]
Black, [217] f.
Block (rechamus), [285] f.f.
Blue, [218] f.
Body, proportions of, [72.]
Boedas of Byzantium, [70.]
Boeotia, [237.]
Bolsena, lake of, [50.]
Boscoreale, villa rustica at, [183.]
Bowl (constellation), [268.]
Breakwaters, [162] f.f.
Brick, [42] f.f.;
test of, [57.]
Bright (Pephrasmenos), inventor of battering ram, [309.]
Bryaxis, [199.]
Bucket-pump, [294.]
Bug (river), [231.]
Bull (constellation), [266.]
Burnt-ochre, [218] f.
Buttresses, [190] f.
Byzantium, [310.]
Cadiz, [309.]
Caecuban (wine), [236.]
Caesar, Julius, [62] f., [240.]
Callaeschrus, [199.]
Callias of Aradus, [315.]
Callimachus (κατατηξἱτεχνοϛ), [104.]
Callippus, [269.]
Campania, [48,] [64,] [236,] [238.]
Campus Cornetus, [238.]
Canon of water organ, [299.]
Canopus (star), [268.]
Capitals, Ionic, [92] f.f.;
Corinthian, [102,] [104] f.;
Doric, [110;]
of triglyphs, [112.]
Capitol, hut of Romulus on, [40;]
temple on, [80.]
Cappadocia, [235.]
Carpion, [198.]
Carthage, [235.]
Caryae, [6] f.
Caryatides, 6 ff.
Casius (town in Egypt), [235.]
Cassiopea (constellation), [266.]
Castor, temple of, [124.]
Catacecaumenites (wine), [236.]
Catapults, [303] f.f.;
stringing and tuning of, [308] f.
Cataract of Nile, [231.]
Catheti, [92.]
Caucasus, [231.]
Cavaedium, [176] f.f.
Cedar, [62.]
Ceilings of baths, [158.]
Cella, [114] f.f., [120;]
of circular temple, [123.]
Celtica, [231.]
Censer (constellation), [267.]
Centaur (constellation), [267.]
Cepheus (constellation), [266.]
Cephisus, [237.]
Ceres, temple of [80,] [200;]
site of temple of, [32.]
Chalcedon, [309.]
Chaldeans, [262.]
Charias, [199,] [310.]
Charioteer (constellation), [266.]
χειρὁκμητα of Democritus, [255.]
Chersiphron, [78,] [198,] [200,] [288.]
Chion of Corinth, [70.]
Chionides, [168.]
Chios, [103,] [197;] siege of, [317.]
Chorobates, levelling instrument, [242] f.
Chrobs, poisonous lake at, [237.]
Chromatic mode, [140.]
Cibdeli, [234.]
Cicero, [256.]
Cilbian country, [215.]
Cilicia, [235.]
Cinnabar, [215] f.f.;
adulteration of, [217.]
Circular temples, [122] f.f.
Circumference of earth, [27] f.
Circumsonant sites of theatres (περιηχουντες), [153.]
Circus, Flaminius, [124,] [273;]
Maximus, [80.]
Cisterns, [244] f.f.
City, site of, [17] f.f.; walls, [21] f.
Classification of temples, [75] f.f., [78] f.f.
Clazomenae, [103,] [269.]
Clearstock of fir, [60.]
Climate determines the style of houses, [170.]
Clitor, spring at, [239.]
Colchis, [231.]
Colline Gate, [75.]
Colonnades, [131,] [154,] [155,] [156] f., [160] f.
Colophon, [103,] [269.]
Colours, [214] f.f.;
natural, [214] f.;
artificial, [217;]
manufactured from flowers, [220;]
how applied to stucco, [207.]
Columbaria (ὁπαἱ), [108.]
Columns, proportions of, in colonnades, [154;]
in forums, [132;]
in basilicas, [132;]
Corinthian, [102;]
diminution in top of, [84] f.;
Ionic order, [90] f.f.;
arrangement of, [114.]
Conarachne (sun dial), [273.]
Concords in music, [142.]
Concrete floors, [202.]
Cone (sun dial), [273.]
Conical Plinthium (sun dial), [273.]
Consonancies in music, [142.]
Consonant sites of theatres (συνχοντες), [153.]
Constellations, northern, [265] f.f.;
Southern, [267] f.f.
Consumptives, resin of larch good for, [63.]
Corinth, [145.]
Corinthian cavaedium, [176.]
Corinthian order, [15;]
origin of, [102] f.;
proportions of, [106] f.;
treatise on, by Arcesius, [198.]
Cornelius, Gnaeus, [3.]
Corona, [102,] [107,] [112.]
Cos, island of, [269.]
Cossutius, [200.]
Courage dependent on climate, [173.]
Counterforts, [190.]
Courtyards, [183.]
Crab (constellation), [268.]
Crathis (river), [237.]
Crete, [20,] [62.]
Creusa, [103.]
Croesus, [195;]
house of, at Sardis, [53.]
Cross-aisles in theatre, [138,] [146;]
in Greek theatre, [151.]
Crown (constellation), [266.]
Ctesibius, [8,] [198,] [273] f.;
pump of, [297] f.
Cube, properties of, [130.]
Cubit equals six palms or twenty-four fingers, [74.]
Cumae, [162.]
Cunei in theatre, [146.]
Cutiliae, [234.]
Cyclades, [214.]
Cydnus, [234.]
Cymatium, [94,] [110;]
Doric, [112.]
Cypress, [59,] [61.]
Cyrene, [27,] [237,] [255.]
Daphnis of Miletus, [200.]
Darius, [195.]
Decorations of walls, [209] f.
Defence, measures for, [315] f.f.
Delos, problem enjoined upon, by Apollo, [255.]
Delphi, Round Building at, [198.]
Demetrius of Phalerum, [200.]
Demetrius Poliorcetes, [316.]
Demetrius (slave of Diana), [200.]
Democles, [199.]
Democritus, [42,] [195,] [251,] [255,] [269;]
his study of perspective, [198.]
Demophilus, [199.]
Denarius, [74.]
Dentils, [94,] [102,] [108.]
Departments of architecture, [16] f.
Diades, [199;] inventor of siege machines, [310.]
Dials arranged to show hours of varying length, [274] f.f.
Diana, temple of Ionic order, [15,] [78;]
temple of, at Ephesus, [78,] [103,] [198,] [200,] [288] f.;
at Rome, [80,] [124;]

at Magnesia, [78,] [198;]
statue of, [62.]
Diatonic mode, [140.]
Diastyle temples, [78,] [80;]
proportions of columns in, [84;]
Doric, [113.]
Διἁθυρα, [188.]
Dichalca, [74.]
Diesis, [140.]
Diminution in top of column, [84,] [110.]
Dining rooms, proportions of, [179,] [181,] [186;]
Cyzicene, [186;]
winter, [209] f.
Dinocrates, [35] f.
Diognetus, Rhodian architect, [315] f.f.
Diomede, [21.]
Dionysodorus, [273.]
Dioptra, [242.]
Diphilus, [199.]
Dipteral temple, [75,] [78.]
Displuviate cavaedium, [177.]
Dissonant sites of theatres (κατηχουτεϛ), [153.]
Dnieper, [231.]
Dog (constellation), [268.]
Dolphin (constellation), [266.]
Don (river), [231.]
Doors, of temples, [118] f.;
of dwellings, [178;]
in theatres, [146.]
Doorways of temples, proportions of, [117] f.f.
Doric order, [15;]
proportions of, [109] f.f.;
doorways, [117;]
temples of, [198.]
Dorus, [102.]
Drachma, [74.]
Dyer's weed, [220.]
Dyris (river), [231.]
Dyrrachium, [235.]
Eagle (constellation), [266.]
Echea (Ἑκφορἁ), [9,] [143] f.f.
Echinus, [93,] [110,] [122.]
Economy, [16.]
Education of the architect, [5] f.f., [168] f.
Egypt, [214,] [231,] [235,] [269.]
Ἑκφορἁ, [90.]
Elements (στειχεια) and their proportions, [18] f.f., [225.]
Elephantis, [231.]
Eleusis, [200.]
Ἑλἱκη, [267.]
Elpias of Rhodes, [21.]
Empedocles, [225.]
Ἑμπλεκτον, [52.]
Engines, [283;] for raising water, [293] f.f.
Enharmonic mode, [140.]
Ennius, [255.]
Ἑντασις of columns, [86.]
Eolipiles, [25.]
Ephesus, [103,] [214,] [215,] [281;]
temple of Diana at, [78,] [198,] [200.]
Epicharmus, [225.]
Epicurus, [42,] [167,] [195.]
Epimachus, [316.]
Equestrian Fortune, temple of, [80.]
Eratosthenes of Cyrene, [12,] [27,] [28,] [255.]
Erythrae, [103.]
Ethiopia, [231,] [235.]
Etruria (Tuscany), [48,] [64,] [235.]
Eucrates, [168.]
Euctemon, [269.]
Eudoxus, [269,] [273.]
Eumenes, colonnades of, [154.]
Euphranor, [199.]
Euphrates, [231.]
Euripides, [225;]
buried in Macedonia, [238;]
"Phaethon" of, [261.]
Eurythmy, [14.]
Eustyle temples, [78,] [80] f.;
proportions of columns in, [84.]
Exedrae, [160,] [179,] [186,] [211.]
Exposure, proper for rooms, [180,] f.
Faberius, [216.]
Falernian (wine), [236.]
Fano, [63;] basilica at, [134] f.f.
Farmhouses, [183] f.
Fascia, [94;]
of Attic doorway, [120.]
Fauces, their dimensions, [178.]
Faunus temple on the Island of the Tiber, [75.]
Femur (μηρὁς), [112.]
Ferento, [50.]
Fidenae, stone quarries at, [49.]
Fir, qualities of, [60;]
highland and lowland, [64] f.
Fire, origin of, [38.]
Fishes (constellation), [266.]
Flaminius circus, [124.]
Floors, [202] f.f.;
Greek method of making, [210;]
of baths, [157,] f.
Flora, temple of Corinthian order, [15.]
Flutes of columns, [96;]
Doric, [113.]
Folds for sheep and goats, [184.]
Fondi, [236.]
Foot equals four palms, or sixteen fingers, [74.]
Fortune, temple of Equestrian, [80;]
Three Fortunes, [75.]
Forum, [131] f.f.
Foundations of temples, [86] f.f.;
of houses, [189] f.f.
Fresco painting, decadence of, [210] f.f.
Frieze, [94,] [123.]
Fuficius (architect), [199.]
Fulcrum (ὑπομὁχλιον), [290.]
Ganges, [231.]
Γἁνωσις, [217.]
Gaul, [220,] [231.]
Geras, inventor of shed for battering ram, [309.]
Gilding, [215.]
Gnomon, [257;]
length of shadow at different places, [270.]
Gnosus, [20,] [200.]
Gorgon's head (star group), [266.]
Gortyna, [20.]
Grain rooms, [184.]
Greater Dog (constellation), [268.]
Great Bear, [257;]
(ἁρκτος or ἑλἱκη), [265.]
Grecian Station, [56.]
Greek houses, [185] f.f.
Green chalk (θεοδοτειον), [214.]
Grotta Rossa, stone quarries at, [49.]
Guttae, [102,] [110,] [112.]
Gynaeconitis, [186.]
Gypsum not to be used for stucco work, [206.]
Halicarnassus, [53,] [54.]
Harbinger of the Vintage (star), [265.]
Harbours, [162] f.f.
Harmonics, [139] f.f.
Hegesias, [241.]
He-Goat (constellation), [266.]
Helepolis of Epimachus, [316] f.
Hellen, [102.]
Hemisphere (sun dial), [273.]
Heptabolus, lake, [231.]
Heptagonus, lake, [231.]
Heraclea, [289.]
Heraclitus of Ephesus, [42,] [225.]
Hercules, Doric order appropriate to, [15;]
site of temple of, [31;]
cellae of temple of, [53;]
Pompey's temple of, [80.]
Hermodorus, temple of Jupiter Stator, [78.]
Hermogenes, [109;]
temple of Diana by, [78;]
determined rules of symmetry for eustyle temples, [82.]
Herodotus, [241.]
Herring-bone pattern, [203.]
Hierapolis, boiling springs at, [236.]
Hiero, [253] f.
Hinge-stiles, [118.]
Hipparchus, [269.]
Hippocrates, [11.]
Hodometer, [301] f.f.
Hoisting machines, [285.]
Homer, [197.]
Hornbeam, [61.]
Horse (constellation), [266.]
Hostilius, Marcus, [21.]
Hot springs, [232;]
healing properties of, [233] f.
Hours, how marked by clocks, [274.]
House, origin of, [38] f.;
early types of, [39] f.;
style of, determined by climate, [170] f.
Hypaethral temple, [14,] [75,] [78.]
Hypanis, [214,] [236.]
Hysginum, [220.]
Ictinus, [198,] [200.]
Iliad and Odyssey, [197.]
Ilium, [237.]
Incertum opus, [51.]
India, [231.]
India ink, [217,] [218.]
Indigo, substitute for, [220.]
Indus, [231.]
Iollas, [238.]
Ion, [103.]
Ionic order, [15;]
proportions of, [90] f.f.;
doorways of, [118;]
temples of, [198,] [200.]
Isis, site of temple of, [31.]
Ismuc, [240.]
Isodomum, [52.]
Isthmian games, [251.]
Italy, [48,] [53,] [131,] [145,] [173,] [214,] [231,] [239.]
Jaffa, [235.]
Jambs, proportions of, [117.]
Juba, King, [240.]
Julius, Caius, son of Masinissa, [240.]
Juno, Ionic order appropriate to, [15;]
site for temple of, [31;]
precinct at Argolis, [102;]
Doric temple of, in Samos, [198.]
Jupiter, temple of, [14,] [199;]
site for temple of, [31;]
cellae of temple, [53;]
temple on Island of the Tiber, [75;]
altars of, [125.]
Jupiter (planet), [258,] [260,] [261,] [262.]
Kids (constellation), [266.]
Kitchen, [183.]
Kneeler (constellation), [266.]
Knotwood, [60.]
Κυνὁσουρα, [267.]
Lacedaemonians, [7.]
Laconicum, [159.]
Lacunar (sun dial), [273.]
Language, origin of, [38.]
Larch, [62] f.
Larignum, [62,] [63.]
Law governing architects at Ephesus, [281.]
Lead pipes poisonous, [247.]
Lebedos, [103.]
Lemnos, [214.]
Leochares, [54,] [199.]
Leonidas, [199.]
Lesbos, [25,] [236.]
Levelling instruments, [242] f.
Lever, explanation of, [290] f.
Libraries, [181,] [186.]
Licymnius, [212] f.
Lighting of rooms, how to test, [185.]
Lime, [45] f.;
slaking of, for stucco, [204.]
Linden, [60.]
Lintels, height of, [117.]
Lion (constellation), [268.]
Liparis (river), [235.]
Little Dog (constellation), [268.]
Liver examined to determine site of towns, [20.]
Λογειον, scenic and thymelic, [151;] dimensions of, [151.]
Logotomus, [272.]
Lucania, [237.]
Lucretius, [256.]
Lyncestus, acid springs of, [238.]
Lyre (constellation), [267.]
Lysippus, [69.]
Macedonia, [217,] [238.]
Machines, [283] f.f.;
for defence, [315] f.f.
Maeonia, wine of, [236.]
Magi, [225.]
Magnesia, [78,] [214,] [240;]
temple of Diana at, [198.]
Malachite green, [213;]
where found, [217;]
substitute for, [220.]
Mamertine (wine), [236.]
Marble, powdered for stucco work, [206,] [213] f.;
where quarried, [289.]
Marius' temple of Honour and Valour, [78.]
Mars, temple should be Doric, [15;]
site of temple of, [31.]
Mars (planet), [259] f., [262.]
Marseilles, siege of, [318.]
Maurusia (Mauretania), [231.]
Mausoleum, [54,] [199.]
Mausolus, [53] f.f.
Mazaca, lake near, petrifies reeds, etc., [235.]
Medicine, architect should know, [10.]
Medulli have springs which produce goitre, [239.]
Melampus, [199,] [239.]
Melas of Argos, [54.]
Melas (river), [237.]
Melassa, [54.]
Melian white, [214.]
Melite, [103.]
Melos, [214.]
Menaeus, [272.]
Mercury, site of temple of, [31;]
temple of, [54.]
Mercury (planet), [258,] [259.]
Meroë, [231.]
Mesauloe, [187.]
Metagenes, [198,] [200,] [288.]
Metellus, portico of, [78.]
Meto, [269.]
Metopes (μετὁπη), [94,] [108,] [110;]
size of, [112;]
arrangement of, in Doric temples, [113.]
Metrodorus, [241.]
Miletus, [103,] [200,] [269.]
Milo of Croton, [251.]
Minerva, temple should be Doric, [15;]
site of temple, [31;]
temple at Sunium, [124;]
at Priene, [11,] [198;]
at Athens, [198.]
Minidius, Publius, [3.]
Mithridates, [154.]
Modes of music, [140] f.f.
Moon, [258;] phases of, [262] f.
Mortar, consistency of, for stucco work, [206] f.;
of burnt brick, [209.]
Motion, elements of, [290] f.f.
Mouldings for stucco work, [206.]
Mucius, C., temple of Honour and Valour, [78,] [200.]
Mummius, Lucius, [145.]
Muses, [253;]
fountain of, [232.]
Music useful to architect, [8.]
Mutules, [102,] [108;]
of Tuscan temples, [122.]
Myager the Phocaean, [70.]
Myron, [11,] [69.]
Mysia the "Burnt District," [47.]
Mytilene, [25.]
Myus, [103.]
Nemean games, [251.]
Neptune, spring of, [237.]
Nexaris, [199.]
Nile, [36,] [231;]
temples on, should face the river, [117.]
Nonacris, "Water of the Styx," [238.]
Notes, names of, [141] f.
Number, perfect, [73] f.
Nymphodorus, [199.]
Nymphs, temple of Corinthian order, [15.]
Oak, [60;]
in floors, [202.]
Obols, [74.]
Ochre (ὡχρα), [214.]
Oeci, distinction between Corinthian and Egyptian, [179;]
Cyzicene, [180.]
Oil room, [184.]
Olympian games, [251.]
Ὁπαἱ, [108.]
Opus incertum, [51;]

reticulatum, [51;]
Signinum, [247] f.
Orchestra, reserved for senators, [146;]
of Greek theatre, [151.]
Order appropriate to temples, [15;]
origin of different orders, [102] f.f.
Organ, water, [299] f.
Ὁργανον, [283.]
Orientation of streets, [24] f.f.;
of temples, [116] f.
Orion (constellation), [268.]
Ornaments of the orders, [107] f.f.
Orpiment (ἁρσενικὁν), [214.]
Ostrum, source of purple dye, [220.]
Paconius, [289.]
Paeonius of Ephesus, [200.]
Palaestra, [159] f.f.
Palla, stone quarries at, [49.]
Panels of doors, [118.]
Paphlagonia, intoxicating springs of, [239.]
Παραδρομἱδες, [188.]
Paraetonium, [235;]
white, [214.]
Parapet of theatre, dimensions of, [148.]
Parmenio, [273.]
Paros, [289.]
Pastas, [186.]
Patras, cellae of temple built of brick, [53.]
Patrocles, [273.]
Pausanias, son of Agesipolis, [7.]
Peiraeus, [234;]
naval arsenal at, [198.]
Peisistratus, [199.]
Pelecinum (sun dial), [273.]
Penne, [234.]
Pentaspast (hoisting machine), [285.]
Pergamus, [196.]
Peripteral temple, [75] f.
Peristyle, [186;]
decorations of, [210] f.;
proportions of, [179;]
Rhodian, [186.]
Peritreti, [303] f.
Perseus (constellation), [266.]
Persian Porch, [7.]
Persians, statues of, [8] f.
Perspective, commentaries on by Agatharcus, Anaxagoras, and Democritus, [198.]
Pesaro, [63.]
Pharax of Ephesus, [70.]
Phasis, [231.]
Phidias, [69.]
Philippus (physicist), [269.]
Philip son of Amyntas, [310.]
Philo, [198,] [200;]
of Byzantium, [199.]
Philolaus of Tarentum, [12.]
Philosophy, why useful to architect, [8.]
Phocaea, [103.]
Phrygia, [236.]
Phthia, [102.]
Picenum, [49.]
Picture galleries, [179,] [186.]
Piles, of alder, [61;]
olive, or oak, [88.]
Πἱναξ of water organ, [299.]
Pine, [61.]
Pixodorus discovers marble near Ephesus, [289;]
his name changed to Evangelus, [290.]
Planets, [257] f.f.;
their retrograde movement, [260] f.
Plataea, battle of, [7.]
Plato, [195,] [251;]
rule for doubling the square, [252.]
Πλειἁδες, [189.]
Plinthium (sun dial), [273.]
Πνευματικὁν, [283.]
Po, [231.]
Podium of theatre, height of, [148.]
Pollis, [199.]
Πὁλοι (pivots of heaven), [257.]
Polus (star), [267.]
Polycles of Ephesus, [70.]
Polyclitus, [11,] [69.]
Polyidus, [199,] [310.]
Polyspast (hoisting machine), [288.]
Pompeian pumice, [47.]
Pompey, colonnades of, [154;]
temple of Hercules, [80.]
Pontic wax, [216,] [217.]
Pontus, [214,] [220,] [231,] [236.]
Poplar, [60.]
Pormus, [199.]
Posidonius, [241.]
Pothereus (river), [20.]
Pozzolana, [46] f.
Praxiteles, [199.]
Pressing room, [183] f.
Priene, [103;]
Temple of Minerva at, [11,] [198.]
Primordial substance, [42.]
Prison, location of, [137.]
Proconnesus, [289.]
Pronaos, [114] f.f., [120.]
Proportions, [72,] [174] f.;
of circular temples, [123] f.;
of colonnades, [154] f.;
of columns and intercolumniations, [78] f.f., [116;]
of the Corinthian order, [106] f.;
of doorways of temples, [117] f.f.;
of Doric temples, [109] f.f.;
of the Ionic order, [90] f.f.;
of rooms, [176] f.f.
Propriety, [14] f.f.
Proscaenium of Greek theatre, [151.]
Proserpine temple of Corinthian order, [15;]
temple of, [200.]
Προς παν κλιμα (sun dial), [273.]
Προς τἁ ἱστοροὑμενα (sun dial), [273.]
Prostas, [186.]
Prostyle, [75.]
Proteus, daughters of, [239.]
Prothyra, [188.]
Protropum (wine), [236.]
Προτρυγητἡς (star), [265.]
Pseudisodomum, [52.]
Pseudodipteral temple, [75,] [78,] [82.]
Pseudoperipteral temples, [125.]
Pteroma, [82,] [114,] [125.]
Ptolemy, [196,] [197;]
Philadelphus, [197.]
Public buildings, sites of, [31] f.
Pump of Ctesibius, [297] f.
Purple, [213,] [219;] substitutes for, [220] f.
Puzzuoli, [218.]
Pycnostyle temples, [78] f.;
proportions of columns in, [84.]
Pyrrus, [199.]
Pythagoras, [42,] [130,] [225,] [251,] [269;]
right triangle of, [252] f.
Pytheos, [11,] [109,] [198,] [199.]
Pythian games, [251.]
Quarries of Grotta Rosa, Palla, Fidenae, Campania, Umbria, Picenum, Tivoli, Amiternum, Venetia, Tarquinii, Lake of Bolsena, Ferento, [49,] [50.]
Quicksilver, [215] f.f.
Quirinus, temple of, [78.]
Quiver (sun dial), [273.]
Rainwater, [229] f.f.
Ram, battering, [309] f.;
Hegetor's, [314] f.
Ram (constellation), [266.]
Raven (constellation), [268.]
Raven, a machine of no value, [310] f.
Ravenna, [21,] [61,] [63.]
Reduction of columns, [114.]
Refraction explained, [175.]
Resin, soot of, used to make black, [218.]
Resonant sites of theatres (ἁντηχουντες), [153.]
Retaining walls, [190] f.
Reticulatum opus, [51.]
Retrogression of planets, [261.]
Rhine, [231.]
Rhodes, [55] f., [167,] [219,] [220;]
length of shadow of gnomon at, [270;]
siege of, [316] f.
Rhone, [231.]
River (constellation), [268.]
Rivers rise in the north, [231.]
Rome, [63,] [64,] [78,] [80,] [145,] [217;]
site of, determined by divine intelligence, [174;]
length of shadow of gnomon at, [270.]
Romulus, hut of, [40.]
Roofs, of mud, [39] f.;
timbers of, [107;]
of Tuscan temples, [122;]
of circular temples, [124.]
Rooms, proportions of, [176] f.f.;
proper exposure for, [180] f.;
should be suited to station of the owner, [181] f.
Round Building at Delphi, [198.]
Salmacis, spring of, [54.]
Salpia in Apulia, [21.]
Sambuca illustrates effect of climate on voice, [171.]
Samos, [12,] [103,] [263,] [269,] [273;]
Doric temple of Juno in, [198.]
Sand, [44] f., [48.]
Sandarach, [214;] made from white lead, [219.]
Sardis, [53.]
Sarnacus, [199.]
Saturn (planet), [260,] [261,] [262.]
Satyrus, [199.]
Scaena of theatre, [146;]
dimensions of, [148;]
scheme of, [150;]
decorations of, [150;]
of theatre at Tralles, [212.]
Scale, musical, [141.]
Scaling machine, [311.]
Scamilli impares, [89,] [155,] [320.]
Scaphe (sun dial), [273.]
Scopas, [199.]
Scopinas, [12,] [273.]
Scorpion (constellation), [266.]
Scorpiones, rules for making, [303] f.f.
Scotia, [90,] [112.]
Scutula of ballistae, [306] f.
Seats in theatre, dimensions of, [148.]
Selinusian chalk (ἱσἁτις), [220.]
Semiramis, [235.]
Senate house, location of, [137.]
Septentriones (She-Bears), [267.]
Septimius, P., [199.]
Serapis, site of temple of, [31.]
Serpent (constellation), [266.]
Serpent-holder (constellation), [266.]
Sesterce, [74.]
She-Goat (constellation), [266.]
Ship, motion of, explained, [291.]
Shipyards, [164.]
Sicily, [236.]
Siege machines, [309] f.f.
Signinum work, [247] f.
Signs of the Zodiac, [258;]
sun's course through, [264] f.;
shown on dials, [276] f.
Silanion, [199.]
Silenus, on the proportions of Doric structures, [198.]
Simae (ἑπαιετἱδες), [96,] [108.]
Sinope, [214.]
Smyrna, [197,] [214;]
Stratoniceum at, [154.]
Snake (constellation), [268.]
Socrates, [69,] [70,] [195.]
Soli, [235.]
Soracte, stone quarries of, [49.]
Sounding vessels in the theatre, [143] f.f.
Southern Fish (constellation), [267.]
Spain, [214;]
cinnabar mines of, [217.]
Sparta, paintings on brick walls at, [53.]
Spica (star), [265.]
Stables, [184,] [186.]
Statonia, [50.]
Steelyard, description of, [291.]
Steps of temples odd in number, [88.]
Stereobates, [88.]
Stone, [48,] [49] f.
Stratoniceum, [154.]
Streets, directions of, [24.]
Stucco, [204] f.f.;
in damp places, [208] f.f.
Stucco-workers, Greek, [208.]
Stylobates, [88.]
Substructures of houses, [189] f.f.
Sulphur springs, [233] f.
Sun, [258] f.;
course of, through the twelve signs, [264] f.
Sundials, [273] f.f.;
how designed, [270] f.f.
Sunium, temple of Pallas at, [124.]
Susa, spring at, [240.]
Syene, [231.]
Symmetry, [14;]
in temples and in the human body, [72] f.;
modifications to suit site, [174] f.f.
Syracuse, [273.]
Syria, [231,] [235,] [237.]
Systyle temples, [78] f.;
proportions of columns in, [84;]
Doric, [113.]
Tablinum, proportions of, [178.]
Tarentum, [12,] [255;]
length of shadow of gnomon at, [270.]
Tarquinii, [50.]
Tarsus, [234,] [240.]
Teano, acid springs of, [238.]
Telamones, [188.]
Teleas of Athens, [70.]
Τἑλειον (perfect number), [73] f.
Tempering of iron, [18.]
Temples, classification of, [75] f.f.;
circular, [122] f.f.;
Corinthian, [102] f.;
Doric, [109] f.f.;
Ionic, [90] f.f.;
Tuscan, [120;]
foundations of, [86] f.f.;
orientation of, [116] f.;
proportion of columns of, [78] f.f.;
sites of, [31] f.;
Aesculapius, [15,] [198;]
Apollo, [31,] [78,] [80,] [200;]
Bacchus, [15,] [31,] [82,] [109,] [198;]
Castor, [124;]
Ceres, [32,] [80,] [200;]
Diana, [15,] [78,] [80,] [103,] [124,] [198,] [200,] [288] f.;
Equestrian Fortune, [80;]
Faunus, [75;]
Flora, [15;]
Three Fortunes, [75;]
Hercules, [15,] [31,] [53,] [80;]
Isis, [31;]
Juno, [15,] [31,] [198;]
Jupiter, [14,] [31,] [53,] [75,] [199;]
Honour and Valour, [78,] [200;]
Mars, [15,] [31;]
Mercury, [31,] [54;]
Minerva, [11,] [15,] [31,] [124,] [198;]
Nymphs, [15;]
Proserpine, [15,] [200;]
Quirinus, [78;]
Serapis, [31;]
Vejovis, [124;]
Venus, [15,] [31,] [54;]
Vulcan, [31.]
Teos, [103;]
temple of Bacchus at, [82,] [198.]
Terracina, [236,] [237.]
Testudinate cavaedium, [177.]
Tetrachords, [140] f.f.
Tetrastyle cavaedium, [176.]
Thalamos, [186.]
Thales, [42,] [195,] [225,] [269.]
Thasos, [289.]
Theatre, [137] f.f.;
site of, [137;]
foundations of, [138] f.;
entrances to, [138,] [148;]
plan of Roman, [146] f.f.;
plan of Greek, [151] f.f.;
sounding vessels in, [143] f.;
acoustics of site of, [153] f.f.
Thebes in Egypt, [231.]
Themistocles, colonnade of, [154.]
Theo of Magnesia, [70.]
Theocydes, [199.]
Theodorus, [198.]
Theodorus the Phocian,

[198.]
Theodosius, [273.]
Theodotus, [214.]
Theophrastus, [167,] [241.]
Thessaly, [237.]
Thrace, [237.]
Θυρωρειον, [186.]
Tiber, [231.]
Tigris, [231.]
Timaeus, [241.]
Timavo, [231.]
Timber, [58] f.f.
Timotheus, [54,] [199.]
Tivoli, [233;] stone quarries of, [49.]
Tortoise, [311] f.f.;
of battering ram, [310;]
Hegetor's, [312] f.f.
Torus, [90.]
Towers, construction of, [22] f.;
dimensions of moveable, [310.]
Tralles, [212;]
palace of brick at, [53;]
colonnades at, [154;]
temple of Aesculapius at, [198.]
Treasury, location of, [137.]
Trichalca, [74.]
Triglyphs, origin of, [107] f.f.;
arrangement of, [109] f., [113;]
size of, [112.]
Trispast (hoisting machine), [285.]
Τροχἱλος (scotia), [90.]
Troezen, [54,] [234.]
Troy, [195,] [211,] [237.]
Trypho, Alexandrine architect, [317] f.
Tufa, its qualities, [49.]
Tuscan, cavaedium, [176;]
temples, [120] f.
Twins (constellation), [266.]
Tyana, [235.]
Tympanum, [96,] [122;]
water tympanum, [293.]
Tyre, [309.]
Ulysses, [211.]
Universe, definition of, [257.]
Varro, M. Terentius, [199,] [256.]
Vaultings, [205] f.f.
Vejovis, temple of, [124.]
Velian country, acid springs of, [238.]
Venter (κοιλἱα), [245.]
Venus, Corinthian order appropriate to, [15;]
site of temple of, [31;]
temple of, [54.]
Venus (planet), [259.]
Verdigris, [219.]
Vergiliae, [189.]
Vermilion, [213,] [215;]
preparation of, [216.]
Vesta, altar of, [125.]
Vestorius, [218.]
Vesuvius, [46,] [47.]
Via Campana, [238.]
Vinegar a solvent of rocks, [239.]
Violets used for purple colour, [220.]
Virgin (constellation), [265.]
Vitruvius, education, [13,] [168;]
personal appearance, [36;]
method of writing, [197] f.f.;
military service, [3;]
his basilica at Fano, [134] f.f.
Voice, defined, [138] f.;
pitch of, determined by climate, [171.]
Volutes, [93.]
Voussoirs, [190.]
Vulcan, site of temple of, [31.]
Walks, how to be constructed, [156;]
serve practical purpose, [156.]
Walls, material for, [24;]
methods of building, [51] f.f., [56;]
of brick are durable, [53;]
of rubble, [53.]
Warden (constellation), [265.]
Water (constellation), [268.]
Water, [225] f.f.;
indispensable, [226;]
how to find, [227] f.f.;
properties of, [232] f.f.;
tests of good, [242;]
methods of conducting, [244] f.f.
Water clocks, [273] f.f.
Waterman (constellation), [266.]
Water organ, [299] f.
Water pipes, [244] f.f.
Water screw, [295] f.f.
Water wheels, [294.]
Wattle and daub, [57] f.
Weather prognostics, [269] f.f.
Wells, [244] f.f.
Whale (constellation), [267.]
Wheel (treadmill), [286] f.
White lead, [219,] [238] f.
Willow, [60.]
Winds, names and number of, [26] f.f.;
diagrams of, [29] f.;
orientation of cities with reference to, [24] f.f.
Wine, given its flavour by soil and water, [236;]
lees used to make black, [218.]
Wine rooms, [184.]
Xanthus, [237.]
Xenia, [187.]
Xenophanes, [195,] [269.]
Ξυστὁς, [161,] [188.]
Xuthus, [103.]
Xysta (παραδρομἱδες), [161,] [188.]
Yellow ochre, [220.]
Zacynthus, [235.]
Zama, [240.]
Zea, spring at, [239] f.
Zeno, [195.]
Zodiac, [257] f.f.
Zoilus (Homeromastix), [197.]