The History of Peter the Great
H. Corbould. W. Chevalier.
He ran every where in person to put a stop to the pillage and slaughter.
THE
HISTORY
OF
PETER THE GREAT.
Council him for his own safety, not to pardon me.
London:
ENGRAVED FOR THE ENGLISH CLASSICS.
PUBLISHED BY SAMUEL JOHNSON & SON. MANCHESTER.
THE
HISTORY
OF
PETER THE GREAT,
EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.
FROM THE FRENCH OF VOLTAIRE,
BY SMOLLETT.
MANCHESTER:
S. JOHNSON & SON, No. 3, OLDHAM-STREET;
AND 48, CHURCH-ST., LIVERPOOL.
MDCCCXLV.
[CONTENTS]
| CHAPTER | |
| [I.] | Description of Russia. |
| [II.] | Continuation of the description of Russia, population,finances, armies, customs, religion: state of Russiabefore Peter the Great. |
| [III.] | The ancestors of Peter the Great. |
| [IV.] | John and Peter.—Horrible Sedition among the Strelitzes. |
| [V.] | Administration of the princess Sophia. Extraordinaryquarrel about religion. A conspiracy. |
| [VI.] | The reign of Peter the First.—Beginning ofthe grand reformation. |
| [VII.] | Congress and Treaty with the Chinese. |
| [VIII.] | Expedition to the Palus Mæotis; conquest of Azoph.—Theczar sends young gentlemen into foreign countriesfor improvement. |
| [IX.] | Travels of Peter the Great. |
| [X.] | A conspiracy punished.—The corps of strelitzes abolished,alterations in customs, manners, church, and state. |
| [XI.] | War with Sweden.—The battle of Narva. |
| [XII.] | Resources after the battle of Narva. That disaster entirelyrepaired. Peter gains a victory near the sameplace. The person who was afterwards empress madeprisoner at the storming of a town. Peter's successes.His triumph at Moscow. |
| [XIII.] | Reformation at Moscow.—Further successes.—Foundingof Petersburg.—The czar takes Narva, &c. |
| [XIV.] | Peter the Great keeps possession of all Ingria, while CharlesXII. is triumphant in other places.—Rise of Menzikoff.—Petersburgsecured.—The czar executes his designsnotwithstanding the victories of the king of Sweden. |
| [XV.] | While Peter is strengthening his conquests, and improvingthe police of his dominion, his enemy CharlesXII. gains several battles: gives laws to Poland andSaxony, and to Augustus, notwithstanding a victorygained by the Russians.—Augustus resigns the crown,and delivers up Patkul, the czar's ambassador.—Murderof Patkul, who is sentenced to be broke uponthe wheel. |
| [XVI.] | Attempts made to set up a third king of Poland.—CharlesXII. sets out from Saxony with a powerfularmy, and marches through Poland in a victorious manner.—Crueltiescommitted.—Conduct of the czar.—Successesof the king of Sweden, who at length advancestowards Russia. |
| [XVII.] | Charles XII. crosses the Boristhenes, penetrates into theUkraine, but concerts his measures badly.—One of hisarmies is defeated by Peter the Great: he loses hissupply of provisions and ammunition: advances forwardthrough a desert country: his adventures in theUkraine. |
| [XVIII.] | Battle of Pultowa. |
| [XIX.] | Consequences of the battle of Pultowa.—Charles XII.takes refuge among the Turks.—Augustus, whom hehad dethroned, recovers his dominions.—Conquests ofPeter the Great. |
| [XX.] | Campaign of Pruth. |
| [XXI.] | Conclusion of the Affairs of Pruth. |
| [XXII.] | Marriage of the czarowitz.—The marriage of Peter andCatherine publicly solemnized.—Catherine finds herbrother. |
| [XXIII.] | Taking of Stetin.—Descent upon Finland.—Eventof the year 1712. |
| [XXIV.] | Successes of Peter the Great.—Return of Charles XII.into his own dominions. |
| [XXV.] | State of Europe at the return of Charles XII.Siege of Stralsund. |
| [XXVI.] | New travels of the czar. |
| [XXVII.] | Continuation of the Travels of Peter the Great.—Conspiracyof baron Gortz.—Reception of the czar inFrance. |
| [XXVIII.] | Of the return of the czar to his dominions.—Of hispolitics and occupations. |
| [XXIX.] | Proceedings against prince Alexis Petrowitz. |
| [XXX.] | Works and establishments in 1718, and thefollowing years. |
| [XXXI.] | Of the trade of Russia. |
| [XXXII.] | Of the laws. |
| [XXXIII.] | Of Religion. |
| [XXXIV.] | The congress of Aland or Oeland. Death ofCharles XII., &c. The treaty of Nystadt. |
| [XXXV.] | Conquests in Persia. |
| [XXXVI.] | Of the Coronation of the Empress Catherine I. andthe Death of Peter the Great. |
| [Original Pieces] Relative to this History: | |
| [Sentence] pronounced against the Czarowitz Alexis. | |
| [The Peace of Nystadt.] | |
| [Ordinance] of the Emperor Peter I. for the crowningof the Empress Catherine. | |
[PETER THE GREAT.]
[CHAP. I.]
DESCRIPTION OF RUSSIA.
The empire of Russia is the largest in the whole globe, extending from west to east upwards of two thousand common leagues of France,[1] and about eight hundred in its greatest breadth from north to south. It borders upon Poland and the Frozen Sea, and joins to Sweden and China. Its length from the island of Dago, in the westernmost part of Livonia, to its most eastern limits, takes in near one hundred and seventy degrees, so that when it is noon in the western parts of the empire, it is nearly midnight in the eastern. Its breadth from north to south is three thousand six hundred wersts, which make eight hundred and fifty of our common French leagues.
The limits of this country were so little known in the last century, that, in 1689, when it was reported, that the Chinese and the Russians were at war, and that in order to terminate their differences, the emperor Camhi on the one hand, and the czars Ivan or John, and Peter, on the other, had sent their ministers to meet an embassy within three hundred leagues of Pekin, on the frontiers of the two empires, the account was at first treated as a fiction.
The country now comprehended under the name of Russia, or the Russias, is of a greater extent than all the rest of Europe, or than ever the Roman empire was, or that of Darius subdued by Alexander; for it contains upwards of one million one hundred thousand square leagues. Neither the Roman empire, nor that of Alexander, contained more than five hundred and fifty thousand each; and there is not a kingdom in Europe the twelfth part so extensive as the Roman empire; but to make Russia as populous, as plentiful, and as well stored with towns as our southern countries, would require whole ages, and a race of monarchs such as Peter the Great.
The English ambassador, who resided at Petersburg in 1733, and who had been at Madrid, says, in his manuscript relation, that in Spain, which is the least populous state in Europe, there may be reckoned forty persons to every square mile, and in Russia not above five. We shall see in the second chapter, whether this minister was mistaken. Marshal Vauban, the greatest of engineers, and the best of citizens, computes, that, in France, every square mile contains two hundred inhabitants. These calculations are never very exact, but they serve to shew the amazing disproportion in the population of two different countries.
I shall observe here, that from Petersburg to Pekin, there is hardly one mountain to be met with in the route which the caravans might take through independent Tartary, and that from Petersburg to the north of France, by the road of Dantzic, Hamburg, and Amsterdam, there is not even a hill of any eminence to be seen. This observation leaves room to doubt of the truth of that theory, which makes the mountains to have been formed by the rolling of the waves of the sea, and supposes all that is at present dry land, to have been for a long time covered with water: but how comes it to pass, that the waves, which, according to the supposition, formed the Alps, the Pyrenees, and Mount Taurus, did not likewise form some eminence or hill from Normandy to China, which is a winding space of above three thousand leagues? Geography, thus considered, may furnish lights to natural philosophy, or at least give room for rational doubts.
Formerly we called Russia by the name of Muscovy, from the city of Moscow, the capital of that empire, and the residence of the grand dukes: but at present the ancient name of Russia prevails.
It is not my business in this place to inquire, why the countries from Smolensko, to the other side of Moscow, were called White Russia, or why Hubner gives it the name of Black, nor for what reason the government of Kiow should be named Red Russia.
It is very likely that Madies the Scythian, who made an irruption into Asia, near seven hundred years before our vulgar æra, might have carried his arms into these regions, as Gengis-Khan and Tamerlane did afterwards, and as probably others had done long before Madies. Every part of antiquity is not deserving of our inquiries; that of the Chinese, the Indians, the Persians, and the Egyptians, is ascertained from illustrious and interesting monuments; but these monuments suppose others of a far more ancient date, since it required many ages to teach men the art of transmitting their thoughts by permanent signs, and no less time was required to form a regular language; and yet we have no such monuments even in this polite part of Europe. The art of writing was a long time unknown to all the North: the patriarch Constantine, who wrote the history of Kiow in the Russian language, acknowledges, that the use of writing was not known in these countries in the fifth century.
Let others examine whether the Huns, the Slavi, and the Tartars, formerly led their wandering and famished tribes towards the source of the Boristhenes;[2] my design is to shew what czar Peter created, and not to engage in a useless attempt, to clear up the chaos of antiquity. We should always keep in mind, that no family upon earth knows its first founder, and consequently, that no nation knows its first origin.
I use the name of Russians to designate the inhabitants of this great empire. That of Roxolanians, which was formerly given them, would indeed be more sonorous, but we shall conform to the custom of the language in which we write. News-papers and other memoirs have for some time used the word Russians; but as this name comes too near to that of Prussians, I shall abide by that of Russ, which almost all our writers have given them. Besides, it appeared to me, that the most extensive people on the earth ought to be known by some appellation that may distinguish them absolutely from all other nations.[3]
This empire is at present divided into sixteen large governments, that will one day be subdivided, when the northern and eastern countries come to be more inhabited.
These sixteen governments, which contain several immense provinces are the following:—