John Brown

by W. E. B. Du Bois

INDEX

• Abolitionists, [86], [91], [93], [96], [125], [341]–342.
• Adams, John Quincy, [49].
• Adirondack farm, the, [12], [199].
• Alcott, A. Bronson, [210], [290]–291.
• Alleghany Mountains, [48], [106], [127], [275], [279], [299].
• Anderson, Jeremiah, [258], [282]–283, [324], [325], [336].
• Anderson, John, [282].
• Anderson, Osborne Perry, [280], [305], [334], [336].
• Atchison, Senator, [134], [175].
• Black Jack, battle of, [166]–169, [221].
• Brown, Anne, [286], [300], [301].
• Brown, Edward, [145].
• Brown, Frederick (the brother), [95].
• Brown, Frederick (the son), [128], [152], [155], [166], [167], [178].
• Brown, Jason, [87], [128], [146], [149], [159], [160], [186].
• Brown, John, Jr., [127], [146], [147], [159], [186].
• Brown, John, ancestry of, [15], [16], [18], [19], [20];
  • boyhood and youth of, [21]–23, [25], [31];
  • as tanner, [31];
  • marriage of, [32];
  • occupations of, [32];
  • family life of, [33]–37;
  • second marriage of, [38];
  • in panic of 1837, [41];
  • as shepherd, [52]–60;
  • as wool merchant, [61]–68;
  • in England, [68]–71;
  • lawsuits of, [71]–74;
  • and fugitive slaves, [84], [85];
  • first plan against slavery, [87]–88;
  • and Negroes in, [89]–91;
  • and mobs, [91];
  • and oath vs. slavery, [92], [93];
  • and Abolitionists, [91]–94;
  • and settlement in Virginia, [95];
  • and black men, [97]–121;
  • and Frederick Douglass, [102]–109;
  • in the Adirondacks, [111]–113;
  • in Kansas, [126]–134, [139]–140, [143]–144, [145]–197;
  • developing plans of, [198]–206;
  • trip eastward of, [197], [207]–218;
  • meets Forbes, [216];
  • return westward, [218];
  • securing arms and men, [218]–225;
  • second trip eastward, [225]–251;
  • at Douglass’ home, [225]–227;
  • revelation of, [229]–231;
  • trip to Canada of, [15], [248]–251;
  • meets Harriet Tubman, [249]–251;
  • return to Iowa of, [251]–253;
  • third trip eastward of, [252];
  • return to Canada, [252];
  • Chatham convention, [253]–266;
  • betrayal of, by Forbes, [266]–269;
  • in New England and New York, [268]–270;
  • third return westward, [270]–272;
  • Harper’s Ferry plans of, [274]–277;
  • financial resources of, [277]–278;
  • military organizations of, [106], [116], [149], [160]–169, [175]–179, [181]–182, [188]–189, [191], [226]–227, [278]–279;
  • Negro companions of, [280]–283;
  • white companions
• of, [283]–287;
  • health of, [288];
  • seventh trip eastward, [288]–291;
  • starts South, [291];
  • arrives at Harper’s Ferry, [292];
  • perfecting arrangements, [293]–307;
  • meets Douglass, [295]–297;
  • life at Kennedy Farm, [298]–302;
  • betrayal of plans of, [302]–303;
  • raid of, at Harper’s Ferry, [308]–337;
  • capture of, [333]–334;
  • fate of companions of, [336];
  • results, [338];
  • trial of, [356]–364;
  • execution of, [363]–364;
  • last letters of, [365]–373;
  • and present Negro problem, [373]–396;
  • character of, [15], [16], [22]–23, [26]–47, [300]–301, [338]–358;
  • descriptions of, [21], [28], [73], [74], [92], [104], [173]–174, [197], [287];
  • family of, [31]–39, [42], [44], [45], [58], [71], [73], [74], [87], [88], [89], [92], [95], [102]–104, [112], [119], [120], [121];
  • letters of, [42]–46, [53]–60, [62]–63, [66], [67], [69], [71], [72], [74], [87]–88, [113], [118], [132], [146]–149, [151], [152], [159], [166]–169, [178], [179], [182], [186], [187], [188]–189, [218], [220], [227], [228], [232]–234, [248], [249], [257], [266], [267], [270], [271], [304], [357], [365]–373;
  • reading of, [40];
  • religion of, [23], [25], [40]–41, [42], [47], [365]–373;
  • speeches of, [132], [150], [180]–182, [213]–214;
  • song of, [334].
• Brown, Oliver, [133], [146], [149], [152], [155], [283].
• Brown, Owen, [19], [20], [77], [78], [128], [147], [152], [155], [186], [252], [259], [272], [283], [319], [329], [335], [336].
• Brown, Peter, [19].
• Brown, Salmon, [128], [137], [152]–168, [186].
• Brown, Watson, [155], [283].
• Buchanan, President, [142], [214].
• Burns, Anthony, [72].
• Canada, the Negroes in, [236]–238, [253]–254, [270].
• Caste and the Negro, [76]–78, [81], [235]–247, [377]–380, [387], [388], [391]–393.
• Catchers, slave, [97].
• Charleston, Va. (W. Va.), [13].
• Committee, National Kansas, New York meeting of, [13], [207].
• Constitution, articles of Brown’s, [265], [266].
• Constitution, pro-slavery, of Kansas, [136].
• Constitution, Lecompton of Kansas, [143], [187], [224].
• Contact of races, [380], [382].
• Convention, address of Philadelphia, [236]–238.
• Convention, Big Springs, Kansas, [12].
• Convention, Chatham, [203], [257], [267].
• Convention, Syracuse, of Abolitionists, [12], [132], [133].
• Cook, John E., [219], [220], [252], [259], [315], [316], [318], [319], [324], [331], [336].
• Copeland, John A., [281]–305, [325], [336].
• Coppoc, Barclay, [223], [319], [336].
• Coppoc, Edwin, [223], [336].
• Coronado, [16], [123].
• Covenant and by-laws of John Brown’s followers, [160]–161.
• Crandall, Prudence, [87].
• Daingerfield, Captain, [326].
• Daniels, Jim, [192].
• Davis, Jefferson, [124], [391]–393.
• Day, Mary Ann, [11], [38], [241].
• Decision, Dred Scott, [142], [213].
• Delaney, Martin R., [245]–246, [248], [254], [258].
• Diary, John Brown’s, [278].
• Douglass, Frederick, [7], [12], [13], [15], [47], [101], [102]–109, [121], [122], [131], [132], [214], [225], [241], [247], [258], [342], [344]–346, [353].
• Douglas, Stephen A., [126].
• Dutch Henry’s Crossing, [134], [154].
• Emancipation, [386]–387.
• Engine-house at Harper’s Ferry, [326], [334].
• Fight at Harper’s Ferry, [322]–326.
• Floyd, John, Secretary of War, [124].
• Forbes, Hugh, [73];
  • meets Brown, [216]–217;
  • goes West, [218]–219;
  • returns East, [219];
  • betrays plans, [225];
  • complaints of, [266], [268].
• Franklin, Kansas, attack on, [175]–176.
• Freedom, League of, [244].
• Free Soilers, [131].
• Fugitive Slave Law, [12], [236].
• Fugitive slaves, [82], [84], [85], [88], [94], [106]–108, [203]–204, [241].
• Gabriel, [11], [83], [127].
• Garnet, H. H., [98], [102], [240], [243], [248], [258].
• Garrison, William Lloyd, [15], [93], [342].
• Geary, Governor of Kansas, [13], [141]–180, [183]–184.
• Giddings, Joshua, [152], [391]–392.
• Gill, George B., [223], [259].
• Gloucester, Negro minister, [98], [248], [258].
• Great Black Way, the, [273].
• Greeley, Horace, [130], [266].
• Green, Shields, [280], [323], [334], [336], [343]–347.
• Hall, Pennsylvania, [91].
• Hamilton’s massacre, [188], [192]–194.
• Harper’s Ferry raid:
  • the place 273–274;
  • plans of, [274]–276;
  • financial resources of, [277]–278;
  • military organizations of, [278]–280;
  • participants of, [280]–288;
  • depot at Chambersburg, [291]–292;
  • preparations, [293]–307;
  • beginning of foray, [308];
  • capture of armory, [310];
  • capture of town, [311];
  • capture of Colonel Washington, [311]–312;
  • halting of train, [313];
  • bringing up the arms, [314]–316;
  • further plans, [317]–319;
  • gathering of militia, [320]–322;
  • dislodging of Kagi, [324]–325;
  • retreat of engine-house, [326];
  • killing of Brown’s men, [327]–329;
  • arrival of Lee, [331];
  • parleying, [330]–333;
  • capture of Brown, [333]–334;
  • capture and escape of others, [334]–336.
• Harper, Samuel, [194]–195.
• Hayti, [75], [97].
• Hazlett, Albert, [334], [336].
• Henson, Josiah, [241], [253].
• Hinton, R. J., [7], [173], [181], [189], [204], [207], [222], [258], [277], [284].
• Holden, Isaac, [257], [258], [277], [284].
• Howe, Dr. S. G., [210], [231], [267], [341], [343].
• Hunter, Andrew, [352], [353], [356].
• Independence, Chatham Declaration of, [272].
• Insurrection, Cumberland region, [97].
• Insurrection in Virginia, [81].
• Insurrection of slaves, [79], [80], [83], [85], [97], [105]–106.
• Insurrection, proposed Negro, [166].
• Intermarriage of races, [382], [384], [385].
• Isaac, insurrection of, [97].
• Jackson, President, [50].
• Jamaica, [79], [97].
• Jones, Henry, [241].
• Jones, John, [248].
• Jones, J. M., [256], [258].
• Jones, Ottawa, [178].
• Journal, Freedom’s, [239].
• Kagi, J. H., [13], [196], [199], [200], [201], [202], [252], [259], [317], [318], [324], [325].
• Kansas, [123];
  • Brown’s sons in, [127]–131;
  • and slavery, [126], [134], [138], [144];
  • John Brown and, [125], [126]–127, [131]–134, [139], [143]–197.
• Kansas-Nebraska Bill, [13], [135], [136], [219]–221.
• Kennedy Farm, [319].
• Lane, General James, [134], [141], [173]–176, [186].
• Lane’s Army, [13], [173]–176.
• Lane College, [95].
• Langston brothers, [241], [258].
• Law, Fugitive Slave, [12], [113], [119].
• Lawrence, Kansas, [12], [167], [170];
  • sacking of, [153]–154;
  • last attack on, [180]–184.
• League, Liberty, [244].
• League of Gileadites, [12], [114].
• Leary, Lewis Sherrard, [282]–305.
• Lee, Robert E., [13], [331], [332].
• Leeman, William H., [221], [252], [259], [325], [336].
• Liberator, The, [94], [239].
• Liberty Hall, [158].
• Loudoun Heights, at Harper’s Ferry, [275], [318].
• L’Ouverture, Toussaint, [75], [216].
• Lovejoy, [91], [115].
• Lusk, Dianthe, [11], [32], [38].
• Marlborough Chapel, [91].
• Massacre at Dutch Henry’s Crossing, [139]–140, [143]–144, [154]–159.
• Maxon farm, Iowa, [252].
• Merriam, F. J., [286], [305], [336].
• Middle Creek, Kansas, [158].
• Military organization of Brown’s men, [106], [146], [149], [160]–169, [175]–179, [181]–182, [188]–189, [191], [226]–227, [278]–279.
• Mills, Peter, [19].
• Missouri slave raid, [191]–197.
• Mobs, abolition, [91].
• Mobs against Negroes, [235].
• Moffett, Charles W., [221], [252], [259].
• Montgomery, Captain, [188], [189], [190], [191].
• “Morgan, Shubel,” [189].
• Mulattoes, [77].
• Mysteries, American, [244].
• Negro character, [17].
• Negro conventions, [236], [237], [238], [239], [242], [244], [245]–246.
• Negro emigration, [245]–246.
• Negro insurgents, [318], [353]–354.
• Negro insurrections, [79]–80, [83], [85], [97], [105]–106.
• Negro leaders, [97], [98], [101], [102], [110], [240], [241]–243, [246], [258], [259], [294], [295].
• Negro, Northern, [235].
• Negro organizations, [203]–204, [244].
• Negro progress, 1830–1840, [235];
  • 1840–1850, [240];
  • 1850–1860, [243].
• Negro slavery, [76]–84.
• Negroes, [12], [16].
• Negroes in America, [16], [17];
  • in Canada, [236]–238.
• Negroes, increase of, in ten years, [243].
• Negroes and John Brown, [343], [344], [347].
• Negroes of Springfield, [98], [99].
• Negroes, present condition of, [389].
• Newby, Dangerfield, [281], [323].
• North Elba, New York, [12].
• North Star, [101], [242].
• Oberlin College, [11], [53], [55], [95], [258], [281], [283].
• Oberlin College lands in Virginia, [53]–55, [95].
• Odd Fellows, Negro, [240].
• Osawatomie, Kansas, [12], [128], [142], [147], [152], [159], [162], [166], [177], [224].
• Owen, John, [19].
• Panic of 1837, [11], [50], [55], [91].
• Parker, Theodore, [210], [227], [231].
• Parsons, L. L., [220]–221, [252], [259].
• Perkins, Simon, [58], [68].
• Perkins and Brown, wool-merchants, [62], [67].
• Pierce, President, [151].
• Plans at Harper’s Ferry, [101], [318], [319], [324], [326].
• Plans of John Brown, [106]–107, [260], [276].
• Pottawatomie Creek, [12], [157], [158], [162].
• Purvis, Robert, [241], [246].
• Raid at Harper’s Ferry, see Harper’s Ferry.
• Realf, Richard, [215]–220, [252], [259].
• Redpath, James, [7], [72], [99], [132], [147], [181], [246].
• Reeder, Governor of Kansas, [215].
• Reynolds, G. J., [208], [258], [260].
• Richardson, Richard, [221], [252], [258].
• Robinson, Charles, Governor of Kansas, [134], [150], [184], [207], [341], [342].
• Rochester, N. Y., state convention, [244]–245.
• Ross, Dr. A. M., [251], [257].
• Routes, Fugitive Slave, [97].
• “Sambo’s Mistakes,” [99].
• Sanborn, Frank B., [7], [13], [210], [228], [267].
• Schools for Negroes, [87], [94], [95].
• Shannon, Governor of Kansas, [141], [149], [150], [176].
• Shore, Captain, [167]–168.
• “Shubel Morgan’s” Company, [189].
• Slave insurrections, [79]–80, [83], [85], [97], [105]–106.
• Slavery, [75]–89, [124]–126, [235].
• Smith, Gerrit, [12], [53], [131], [132], [133], [207], [226], [303], [341].
• Smith, J. McCune, [98], [131], [132], [225], [240], [267].
• Smith, Stephen, [241], [248], [258].
• Societies, Phœnix, [239].
• Society, American Anti-slavery, [246].
• Society, American Moral Reform, [238].
• Society, New England Emigrant Aid, [136], [145].
• Song of “John Brown’s Body,” [374].
• Southern bands in Kansas, [152], [166], [188].
• Spell of Africa, [121].
• Springdale, Iowa, John Brown in, [221]–224.
• Stephens, Aaron D., [173], [194], [195]–222, [252], [259], [336].
• Stearns, George L., [208]–210, [226], [228], [277], [341].
• Still, William, [241], [248].
• Stuart, J. E. B., [332], [333].
• “Subterranean Pass Way,” [214].
• Sumner, Colonel, [15], [137], [139], [168]–169, [225], [266].
• Survey of Virginia lands, [53]–55.
• Swamp, Dismal, [86].
• Swamp of the Swan, [134], [145], [177], [188], [288].
• Sword of Gideon, [96].
• Tariff and wool, [61].
• Tariff of 1846, the, [65].
• Taylor, Stewart, [223], [259].
• Thayer, Eli, [126], [214].
• Thomas, John A., [258].
• Thomas, Thomas, [101], [247].
• Thompson, Henry, [113], [155]–168.
• Thompson, William, [77], [173], [315], [316], [319], [324], [328], [329].
• Tidd, C. P., [221], [252], [259], [315], [316], [319], [324], [331], [335], [336].
• Tubman, Harriet, [204], [241], [249], [251], [293].
• Turner, Nat, [11], [85], [97], [127], [239].
• Underground Railroad, [94], [101], [107], [110], [198], [243], [263].
• University, Western Reserve, [86].
• Vesey, Denmark, [83], [97].
• Virginia, [16].
• Wakarusa war and treaty, [151].
• War, Civil, [48], [142].
• War in Kansas, [140], [142].
• War of 1812, [25], [48]–49.
• Ward, Samuel Ringgold, [242], [243].
• Wars, Seminole, [84].
• Washington, Colonel Lewis, [317], [322].
• Wilberforce University, [236], [253].
• Wilson, Senator, [225], [226].
• Wise, Governor of Virginia, [336], [355].
• Woodson, Governor of Missouri, [180], [241].
• Wool-growers’ convention, [62].

---

[1]. Redpath, Public Life of Captain John Brown, p. 25.

[2]. Autobiography of Owen Brown in Sanborn, Life and Letters of John Brown, p. 7.

[3]. The quotations in this chapter are from John Brown’s Autobiography, Sanborn, Life and Letters of John Brown, pp. 12–17.

[4]. John Brown’s Autobiography, Sanborn, p. 16.

[5]. Heman Hallock, in the New York Journal of Commerce, quoted in Sanborn, p. 32.

[6]. John Brown’s Autobiography, Sanborn, p. 16.

[7]. John Brown’s Autobiography, Sanborn, pp. 16, 17.

[8]. John Brown, Jr., in Sanborn, p. 34.

[9]. Ruth Brown in Sanborn, pp. 37–39.

[10]. John Brown, Jr., in Sanborn, pp. 91–93.

[11]. Ruth Brown in Sanborn, pp. 93–94.

[12]. Ibid., p. 104.

[13]. Ruth Brown in Sanborn, p. 44.

[14]. Letter to John Brown, Jr., 1841, in Sanborn, p. 139.

[15]. Letter to his wife, 1844, in Sanborn, p. 61.

[16]. Ruth Brown in Sanborn, pp. 38–39.

[17]. Letter to his wife, 1839, in Sanborn, p. 69.

[18]. Letter to his wife, 1851, in Sanborn, p. 146.

[19]. Letter to his wife, 1846, in Sanborn, p. 142.

[20]. Letter to his daughter, 1847, in Sanborn, p. 142.

[21]. Letter to his wife, 1844, in Sanborn, pp. 60–61.

[22]. Letter to his father, 1846, in Sanborn, pp. 21, 22.

[23]. Letter to his daughter, 1852, in Sanborn, p. 45.

[24]. Letter to John Brown, Jr., 1852, and to his children, 1853, in Sanborn, pp. 151 and 155.

[25]. Letter to his wife, 1839, in Sanborn, p. 68.

[26]. Sanborn, p. 58.

[27]. Records of Oberlin College, quoted in Sanborn, pp. 134–135.

[28]. Levi Burnell to Owen Brown, 1840, in Sanborn, p. 135.

[29]. Letter to his family, 1840, in Sanborn, p. 134.

[30]. MS. Diary, Boston Public Library. Vol. I. p. 65.

[31]. Records of the Board of Trustees, Oberlin College, Aug. 28, 1840, quoted in Sanborn, p. 135.

[32]. John Brown, Jr., in Sanborn, p 87.

[33]. Agreement quoted in Sanborn, pp. 55–56.

[34]. Letter to George Kellogg, 1844, in Sanborn, p. 56.

[35]. Letter to John Brown, Jr., 1843, in Sanborn, p. 58.

[36]. Letter to John Brown, Jr., 1843, in Sanborn, pp. 58–59.

[37]. Ibid., p. 59.

[38]. Ibid., p. 59.

[39]. Letter to John Brown, Jr., 1844, in Sanborn, pp. 59–60.

[40]. Ibid., p. 61.

[41]. Ruth Brown in Sanborn, p. 95.

[42]. Letter to John Brown, Jr., 1846, in Sanborn, p. 62.

[43]. Circular issued in 1846, quoted in Sanborn, p. 63.

[44]. Letter to Owen Brown, 1846, in Sanborn, p. 22.

[45]. Letter to John Brown, Jr., 1847, in Sanborn, p. 143.

[46]. E. C. Leonard in Sanborn, p. 65.

[47]. Letter to Owen Brown, 1847, in Sanborn, pp. 23–24.

[48]. Letter to Owen Brown, 1849, in Sanborn, p. 25.

[49]. Ibid.

[50]. Memoranda by John Brown, in Sanborn, p. 65; Redpath, p. 56

[51]. Sanborn, pp. 67–68.

[52]. Letter to John Brown, Jr., 1849, Sanborn, p. 73.

[53]. E. C. Leonard, in Sanborn, pp. 67–68.

[54]. Letter to his wife, 1850, in Sanborn, p. 107.

[55]. Letter to his children, 1850, in Sanborn, pp. 75–76.

[56]. Redpath, p. 58.

[57]. Letter to his son, in Sanborn, p. 145.

[58]. Letter to his children, 1854, in Sanborn, p. 155.

[59]. R. H. Dana, in the Atlantic Monthly, 1871.

[60]. Owen Brown, in Sanborn, pp. 10–11.

[61]. John Brown, Jr., in Sanborn, p. 35.

[62]. Sanborn, p. 34.

[63]. Letter to his brother Frederick, 1834, in Sanborn, pp. 40–41.

[64]. Ruth Brown, in Sanborn, p. 37.

[65]. John Brown, Jr., in Sanborn, pp. 52–53.

[66]. Redpath, p. 65.

[67]. Redpath, pp. 53–54.

[68]. Redpath, pp. 59–60.

[69]. From “Sambo’s Mistakes,” published in the Ram’s Horn and printed in Sanborn, p. 130.

[70]. Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1892), Chap. 8, Part II, pp. 337–342.

[71]. Sanborn, p. 97.

[72]. Redpath, p. 61.

[73]. Ruth Brown, in Sanborn. p. 100.

[74]. Redpath, p. 62.

[75]. Letter to his wife, 1850, in Sanborn, pp. 106–107.

[76]. Letter of instructions, agreement and resolutions, as given in Sanborn, pp. 124–127.

[77]. Letter of instructions, agreement and resolutions, as given in Sanborn, pp. 124–127.

[78]. Letter of instructions, agreement and resolutions, as given in Sanborn, pp. 124–127.

[79]. Sanborn, p. 132.

[80]. Ruth Brown, in Sanborn, pp. 131–132.

[81]. Letter to his wife, 1852, in Sanborn, pp. 108–109.

[82]. Ruth Brown, in Sunburn, p. 104.

[83]. Letters to his children, 1852–1853, in Sanborn, pp. 110 and 148.

[84]. Compare the American Anthropologist, Vol. 4, No. 2, April-June, 1902.

[85]. Letter to John Brown, Jr., 1854, in Sanborn, p. 191.

[86]. John Brown, Jr., in Sanborn, pp. 188–190.

[87]. Letter to his children, 1854, in Sanborn, pp. 110–111.

[88]. Redpath, p. 81.

[89]. Letter to his wife, 1855, in Sanborn, pp. 193–194.

[90]. John Brown, Jr., in Sanborn, pp. 190–191.

[91]. Ruth Thompson, in Sanborn, p. 105.

[92]. Farewell address of Governor Geary, Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, Vol. IV, p. 739.

[93]. Letters to his family, 1855, in Sanborn, pp. 201 and 205.

[94]. Redpath, pp. 103–104.

[95]. Letter to his family, 1855, in Sanborn, pp. 217–221.

[96]. Letter to his wife, 1855, in Sanborn, pp. 217–221.

[97]. G. W. Brown, Reminiscences of Old John Brown, p. 8; Phillips, History of Kansas, quoted in Redpath, p. 90.

[98]. Letter to his family, 1855, in Sanborn, pp. 217–221.

[99]. Letter to his family, 1856, in Sanborn, p. 223.

[100]. Letter of Giddings to John Brown, 1856, in Sanborn, p. 224.

[101]. D. W. Wilder, in the Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, Vol. 6, p. 337.

[102]. E. A. Coleman, in Sanborn, p. 260.

[103]. James Hanway, in Hinton, John Brown and His Men, p. 695.

[104]. Bondi in Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, Vol. 8, p. 279; Spring, Kansas, p. 143.

[105]. Jason Brown, in Sanborn, p. 273.

[106]. E. A. Coleman, in Sanborn, p. 259.

[107]. John Brown, Jr., in Sanborn, p. 278.

[108]. Letter to his family, 1856, in Sanborn, pp. 236–241.

[109]. Sanborn, pp. 287–288.

[110]. Sanborn, pp. 288–290.

[111]. Redpath, pp. 112–114.

[112]. Bondi in the Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, Vol. 8, pp. 282–284.

[113]. Bondi in the Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, Vol. 8, p. 285.

[114]. Ibid., p. 284.

[115]. Bondi in the Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, Vol. 8, p. 286; John Brown to his family, 1856, in Sanborn, pp. 236–241.

[116]. W. A. Phillips, in Sanborn, pp. 306–308.

[117]. Hinton, pp. 201–204.

[118]. Samuel Walker in Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, Vol. 6, p. 267.

[119]. Appeal to the citizens of Lafayette County, Mo., Sanborn, p. 309.

[120]. Samuel Walker in Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, Vol. 6, pp. 272–273.

[121]. Quoted in Sanborn, p. 321.

[122]. John Brown to his family, 1856, Sanborn, pp. 317–318.

[123]. Charles Robinson to John Brown, 1856, in Sanborn, pp. 330–331.

[124]. Speech of John Brown, Redpath, pp. 163–164.

[125]. Redpath, pp. 164–165.

[126]. Paper by John Brown, Sanborn, pp. 332–333.

[127]. Executive minutes of Governor Geary in Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, Vol. 4, p. 537.

[128]. Letter to Augustus Wattles, 1857, in Sanborn, p. 391.

[129]. Correspondence of Lane and Brown, in Sanborn, pp. 401–402.

[130]. Letter to F. B. Sanborn and others, 1858, in Sanborn, pp. 474–477.

[131]. Ibid.

[132]. Hinton in Redpath, pp. 199–206.

[133]. George B. Gill in Hinton, p. 218.

[134]. Sanborn, pp. 481–483.

[135]. Hamilton, John Brown in Canada, pp. 4–5.

[136]. Sanborn, p. 491.

[137]. Redpath, p. 48.

[138]. Redpath, p. 71.

[139]. Hinton in Redpath, pp. 203–205.

[140]. Reminiscences of George B. Gill, Hinton, pp. 732–733.

[141]. Hinton, pp. 171–172.

[142]. Notes by John Brown, in Sanborn, p. 244.

[143]. Paper by John Brown, in Sanborn, pp. 241–242.

[144]. Letter from Gerrit Smith to John Brown, in Sanborn, p. 364.

[145]. Jeremiah Brown in Redpath, pp. 174–175.

[146]. Reminiscences of Mrs. Mary E. Stearns, in Hinton, pp. 719–727.

[147]. Sanborn, John Brown and his Friends, p. 8.

[148]. Letter of H. B. Hurd to John Brown, 1857, in Sanborn, p. 367.

[149]. Sanborn, pp. 375–376.

[150]. Speech of John Brown, Sanborn. p. 379.

[151]. Letter to Eli Thayer, 1857, in Sanborn, p. 382.

[152]. Reminiscences of Dr. Wayland, Sanborn, p. 381.

[153]. Reports of Senate Committees, 36th Congress, 1st Session, No. 278, Testimony of Richard Realf, p. 96.

[154]. Hinton, pp. 614–615.

[155]. Letter to Augustus Wattles, 1857, in Sanborn, p. 393.

[156]. Confession of John E. Cook in Hinton, pp. 700–701.

[157]. Richman, John Brown Among the Quakers, pp. 20–21.

[158]. Richman, pp. 28–29.

[159]. Hinton, pp. 156–157.

[160]. Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, pp. 385–386.

[161]. Letter to Theodore Parker, 1858, in Sanborn, pp. 434–435.

[162]. Letter to Higginson, 1858, in Sanborn, p. 436.

[163]. Sanborn, pp. 438—440.

[164]. Letter to John Brown, Jr., 1858, in Sanborn, pp. 450–451.

[165]. Letter to his family, 1858, in Sanborn, pp. 440–441.

[166]. Letter to F. B. Sanborn, 1858, in Sanborn, pp. 444–445.

[167]. Hickok, The Negro in Ohio, p. 42.

[168]. Ibid., p. 44.

[169]. Williams, Negro Race in America, Vol. 2, pp. 65–67.

[170]. Occasional Papers of the American Negro Academy, No. 9, p. 10.

[171]. Occasional Papers of the American Negro Academy, No. 9, p. 15.

[172]. Ibid., No. 9, p. 16.

[173]. Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1892), p. 345.

[174]. Occasional Papers of the American Negro Academy, No. 9, pp. 16–19.

[175]. Occasional Papers of the American Negro Academy, No. 9, pp. 20–21.

[176]. Manuscript Diary of John Brown, Boston Public Library, Vol. 2, p. 35.

[177]. Letter to John Brown, Jr., 1858, in Sanborn, p. 452.

[178]. Bradford, Harriet, the Moses of Her People, pp. 118–119.

[179]. Letter of Wendell Phillips, printed in Bradford, Harriet, the Moses of Her People, pp. 155–156.

[180]. Hamilton, John Brown in Canada, p. 10.

[181]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, p. 9.

[182]. Rollins, Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delaney, pp. 85–90.

[183]. Reminiscences of J. M. Jones, in Hamilton, John Brown in Canada, pp. 14–15.

[184]. Hinton, p. 178.

[185]. Reminiscences of J. M. Jones, in Hamilton, John Brown in Canada, pp. 14 and 16.

[186]. Rollins, Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delaney, pp. 85–90.

[187]. Reminiscences of George B. Gill, in Hinton, p. 185.

[188]. Reminiscences of J. M. Jones, in Hamilton, John Brown in Canada, p. 16.

[189]. Hinton, pp. 619–633.

[190]. Hinton, pp. 642–643.

[191]. Provisional Constitution, Art. 42.

[192]. Letter to his family, 1858, in Sanborn, pp. 455–456.

[193]. Letter from Sanborn to Higginson, 1858, in Sanborn, p. 458.

[194]. Letter from Higginson to Theodore Parker, in Sanborn, p. 459.

[195]. Letter from Forbes to Higginson, 1858, in Sanborn, pp. 460–461.

[196]. Sanborn, pp. 463–464.

[197]. Letter to Owen Brown, 1858, in Richman, John Brown Among the Quakers, pp. 40–41.

[198]. Jefferson, Notes on Virginia.

[199]. Sanborn, p. 467.

[200]. Reports of Senate Committees, 36th Congress, 1st Session, No. 278; Testimony of Richard Realf, p. 100.

[201]. Sanborn, p. 457.

[202]. Hinton, pp. 130–131.

[203]. W. P. Garrison in the Andover Review, Dec., 1890, and Jan., 1891.

[204]. General Orders, Oct. 10, 1859, Hinton, pp. 646–647.

[205]. Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, p. 387.

[206]. Hunter, John Brown’s Raid, republished in the Publications of the Southern History Association, Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 188.

[207]. Report: Reports of Senate Committees, 36th Congress, 1st Session, No. 278; Testimony of Ralph Plumb, p. 181.

[208]. Barry, The Strange Story of Harper’s Ferry, p. 93.

[209]. Anne Brown in Hinton, pp. 529–530.

[210]. Hinton, p. 453.

[211]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, p. 15.

[212]. Hinton, pp. 496–497.

[213]. Sanborn in the Atlantic Monthly, Hinton, p. 570.

[214]. Anne Brown in Hinton, p. 450.

[215]. From the newspaper report of the speech at Cleveland, March 22d, Redpath, pp. 239–240.

[216]. Diary of A. Bronson Alcott, Sanborn, pp. 504–505.

[217]. Report: Reports of Senate Committees, 36th Congress, 1st Session, No. 278; Testimony of John C. Unseld, pp. 1–2.

[218]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, p. 19.

[219]. Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, pp. 388–391.

[220]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, pp. 23–25.

[221]. Anne Brown in Sanborn, p. 531.

[222]. Anne Brown in Hinton, p. 265.

[223]. Report: Reports of Senate Committees, 36th Congress, 1st Session, No. 278; Testimony of John B. Floyd, pp. 250–252.

[224]. Letter to Kagi, 1859, in Hinton, pp. 257–258.

[225]. Anne Brown in Hinton, p. 260.

[226]. Letter of Owen to John Brown, 1850, in Hinton, p. 259.

[227]. John Brown, Jr., to Kagi, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 547–548.

[228]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, p. 26.

[229]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, p. 27.

[230]. Ibid., p. 23.

[231]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, p. 29.

[232]. Anderson. A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, pp. 31–32.

[233]. Report: Reports of Senate Committees, 36th Congress, 1st Session, No. 278; Testimony of Daniel Wheeler, pp. 21–22.

[234]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, p. 33.

[235]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, pp. 33–34.

[236]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, pp. 36–37.

[237]. Statement by John Edwin Cook in Hinton, pp. 700–718.

[238]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, p. 37.

[239]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, pp. 37–38.

[240]. Redpath, p. 249.

[241]. Report: Reports of Senate Committees, 36th Congress, 1st Session, No. 278; Testimony of John D. Starry, p. 25.

[242]. Boteler, “Recollections of the John Brown Raid” in the Century Magazine, July, 1883, p. 405.

[243]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, p. 42.

[244]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, pp. 39–40.

[245]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, p. 40.

[246]. Boteler, “Recollections of the John Brown Raid” in the Century Magazine, July, 1883, p. 407.

[247]. Daingerfield in the Century Magazine, June, 1885.

[248]. Barry, Strange Story of Harper’s Ferry, p. 67.

[249]. Patrick Higgins in Hinton, p. 290.

[250]. Daingerfield in the Century Magazine, June, 1885.

[251]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, p. 42.

[252]. Testimony of Henry Hunter in Redpath, pp. 320–321.

[253]. Daingerfield in the Century Magazine, June, 1885.

[254]. Berry, Strange Story of Harper’s Ferry, pp. 70–71.

[255]. Daingerfield in the Century Magazine, June, 1885.

[256]. Anderson, A Voice from Harper’s Ferry, p. 52.

[257]. John Brown in Sanborn, pp. 560–661.

[258]. Report: Reports of Senate Committees, 36th Congress, 1st Session, No. 278; Testimony of George L. Stearns, pp. 241–242.

[259]. Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1892), p. 376.

[260]. Correspondence of the New York Herald, Sanborn, pp. 562–571.

[261]. Frederick Douglass in a speech at Storer College at Harper’s Ferry, May, 1882.

[262]. Hinton, pp. 325–326.

[263]. Mrs. Spring in Redpath, p. 377.

[264]. Newspaper report in Redpath, p. 376.

[265]. Mrs. Spring in Redpath, p. 377.

[266]. Letter to his sister, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 607–609.

[267]. Remarks by John Brown in Redpath, p. 309.

[268]. Newspaper report quoted by Redpath, p. 337.

[269]. Redpath, pp. 340–342.

[270]. Letter to Mrs. George L. Stearns, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 610–611.

[271]. Letter to his cousin, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 594–595.

[272]. Letter to D. R. Tilden in Sanborn, pp. 609–610.

[273]. Letters to his family, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 579–580, 613–615.

[274]. Letter to D. R. Tilden in Sanborn, pp. 609–610.

[275]. Letter to his family, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 579–580.

[276]. Letter to a friend, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 582–583.

[277]. Letter to his family, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 579–580.

[278]. Letter to H. L. Vaill, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 589–591.

[279]. Letter to Rev. Dr. Humphrey, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 603–605.

[280]. Letter to H. L. Vaill, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 590–591.

[281]. Letter to Miss Stearns, Sanborn, p. 607.

[282]. Postscript of letter to his family, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 585–587.

[283]. Letter to Rev. Dr. Humphrey, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 603–605.

[284]. Letter to Mr. McFarland, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 598–599.

[285]. Letter to his younger children, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 596–597.

[286]. Letter to his wife and children in Sanborn, pp. 585–587.

[287]. Letter to D. R. Tilden in Sanborn, pp. 609–610.

[288]. Letter to Mr. McFarland, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 598–599.

[289]. Redpath, pp. 382–383. c

[290]. Last letter to his family, 1859, in Sanborn, pp. 614–615.

[291]. Letter to F. B. Musgrave, 1859, in Sanborn, p. 593.

[292]. Report: Reports of Senate Committees, 36th Congress, 1st Session, No. 278; Testimony of Joshua R. Giddings, pp. 147–156.

[293]. Report: Reports of Senate Committees, 36th Congress, 1st Session, No. 278; Testimony of Joshua R. Giddings pp. 147–156.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. P. [34], changed “John, Dr.” to “John, Jr.”.
2. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
3. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.
4. Footnotes were re-indexed using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter.