Footnotes
[1] Beer, Geschichte des Welthandels im 19ten Jahrhundert, II. 67.
[2] A list of these inventions most graphically illustrates this advance:—
| 1738, | John Jay, fly-shuttle. |
| John Wyatt, spinning by rollers. | |
| 1748, | Lewis Paul, carding-machine. |
| 1760, | Robert Kay, drop-box. |
| 1769, | Richard Arkwright, water-frame and throstle. |
| James Watt, steam-engine. | |
| 1772, | James Lees, improvements on carding-machine. |
| 1775, | Richard Arkwright, series of combinations. |
| 1779, | Samuel Compton, mule. |
| 1785, | Edmund Cartwright, power-loom. |
| 1803–4, | Radcliffe and Johnson, dressing-machine. |
| 1817, | Roberts, fly-frame. |
| 1818, | William Eaton, self-acting frame. |
| 1825–30, | Roberts, improvements on mule. |
Cf. Baines, History of the Cotton Manufacture, pp. 116–231; Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., article "Cotton."
[3] Baines, History of the Cotton Manufacture, p. 215. A bale weighed from 375 lbs. to 400 lbs.
[4] The prices cited are from Newmarch and Tooke, and refer to the London market. The average price in 1855–60 was about 7d.
[5] From United States census reports.
[6] Cf. United States census reports; and Olmsted, The Cotton Kingdom.
[7] Cf. United States census reports; and Olmsted, The Cotton Kingdom.
[8] As early as 1836 Calhoun declared that he should ever regret that the term "piracy" had been applied to the slave-trade in our laws: Benton, Abridgment of Debates, XII. 718.
[9] Governor J.H. Hammond of South Carolina, in Letters to Clarkson, No. 1, p. 2.
[10] In 1826 Forsyth of Georgia attempted to have a bill passed abolishing the African agency, and providing that the Africans imported be disposed of in some way that would entail no expense on the public treasury: Home Journal, 19 Cong. 1 sess. p. 258. In 1828 a bill was reported to the House to abolish the agency and make the Colonization Society the agents, if they would agree to the terms. The bill was so amended as merely to appropriate money for suppressing the slave-trade: Ibid., 20 Cong. 1 sess., House Bill No. 190.
[11] Ibid., pp. 121, 135; 20 Cong. 2 sess. pp. 58–9, 84, 215.
[12] Congressional Globe, 27 Cong. 3 sess. pp. 328, 331–6.
[13] Cf. Mercer's bill, House Journal, 21 Cong. 1 sess. p. 512; also Strange's two bills, Senate Journal, 25 Cong. 3 sess. pp. 200, 313; 26 Cong. 1 sess., Senate Bill No. 123.
[14] Senate Journal, 25 Cong. 2 sess. pp. 297–8, 300.
[15] Senate Doc, 28 Cong. 1 sess. IV. No. 217, p. 19; Senate Exec. Doc., 31 Cong. 2 sess. II. No. 6, pp. 3, 10, etc.; 33 Cong. 1 sess. VIII. No. 47, pp. 5–6; 34 Cong. 1 sess. XV. No. 99, p. 80; House Journal, 26 Cong. 1 sess. pp. 117–8; cf. Ibid., 20 Cong. 1 sess. p. 650, etc.; 21 Cong. 2 sess. p. 194; 27 Cong. 1 sess. pp. 31, 184; House Doc., 29 Cong. 1 sess. III. No. 43, p. 11; House Exec. Doc., 31 Cong. 1 sess. III. pt. 1, No. 5, pp. 7–8.
[16] Senate Journal, 26 Cong. 1 sess., Senate Bill No. 335; House Journal, 26 Cong. 1 sess. pp. 1138, 1228, 1257.
[17] Statutes at Large, III. 764.
[18] Cf. above, Chapter VIII. p. 125.
[19] Cf. Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1827.
[20] Ibid.
[21] House Reports, 24 Cong. 1 sess. I. No. 223.
[22] This account is taken exclusively from government documents: Amer. State Papers, Naval, III. Nos. 339, 340, 357, 429 E; IV. Nos. 457 R (1 and 2), 486 H, I, p. 161 and 519 R, 564 P, 585 P; House Reports, 19 Cong. 1 sess. I. No. 65; House Doc., 19 Cong. 2 sess. IV. No. 69; 21 Cong. 2 sess. I. No. 2, pp. 42–3, 211–8; 22 Cong. 1 sess. I. No. 2, pp. 45, 272–4; 22 Cong. 2 sess. I. No. 2, pp. 48, 229; 23 Cong. 1 sess. I. No. 1, pp. 238, 269; 23 Cong. 2 sess. I. No. 2, pp. 315, 363; 24 Cong, 1 sess. I. No. 2, pp. 336, 378; 24 Cong. 2 sess. I. No. 2, pp. 450, 506; 25 Cong. 2 sess. I. No. 3, pp. 771, 850; 26 Cong. 1 sess. I. No. 2, pp. 534, 612; 26 Cong. 2 sess. I. No. 2, pp. 405, 450. It is probable that the agent became eventually the United States consul and minister; I cannot however cite evidence for this supposition.
[23] Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1824.
[24] Ibid., 1826.
[25] Ibid., 1839.
[26] Ibid., 1842.
[27] British and Foreign State Papers, 1857–8, p. 1250.
[28] Lord Napier to Secretary of State Cass, Dec. 24, 1857: British and Foreign State Papers, 1857–8, p. 1249.
[29] Parliamentary Papers, 1847–8, Vol. LXIV. No. 133, Papers Relative to the Suppression of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa, p. 2.
[30] Report of Perry: Senate Doc., 28 Cong. 2 sess. IX. No. 150, p. 118.
[31] Consul Park at Rio Janeiro to Secretary Buchanan, Aug. 20, 1847: House Exec. Doc., 30 Cong. 2 sess. VII. No. 61, p. 7.
[32] Suppose "an American vessel employed to take in negroes at some point on this coast. There is no American man-of-war here to obtain intelligence. What risk does she run of being searched? But suppose that there is a man-of-war in port. What is to secure the master of the merchantman against her [the man-of-war's] commander's knowing all about his [the merchant-man's] intention, or suspecting it in time to be upon him [the merchant-man] before he shall have run a league on his way to Texas?" Consul Trist to Commander Spence: House Doc., 27 Cong. 1 sess. No. 34, p. 41.
[33] A typical set of instructions was on the following plan: 1. You are charged with the protection of legitimate commerce. 2. While the United States wishes to suppress the slave-trade, she will not admit a Right of Search by foreign vessels. 3. You are to arrest slavers. 4. You are to allow in no case an exercise of the Right of Search or any great interruption of legitimate commerce.—To Commodore Perry, March 30, 1843: House Exec. Doc., 35 Cong. 2 sess. IX. No. 104.
[34] House Reports, 27 Cong. 3 sess. III. No. 283, pp. 765–8. Cf. Benton's speeches on the treaty of 1842.
[35] Report of Hotham to Admiralty, April 7, 1847: Parliamentary Papers, 1847–8, Vol. LXIV. No. 133, Papers Relative to the Suppression of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa, p. 13.
[36] Opinions of Attorneys-General, III. 512.
[37] Tenth Annual Report of the Amer. and Foreign Anti-Slav. Soc., May 7, 1850, p. 149.
[38] Opinions of Attorneys-General, IV. 245.
[39] Senate Doc., 28 Cong. 2 sess. IX. No. 150, pp. 108, 132.
[40] House Exec. Doc., 30 Cong. 2 sess. VII. No. 61, p. 18.
[41] Foote, Africa and the American Flag, pp. 286–90.
[42] British and Foreign State Papers, 1839–40, pp. 913–4.
[43] Cf. United States census reports; and Olmsted, Cotton Kingdom.
[44] House Journal, 26 Cong. 1 sess. p. 118.
[45] Ibid., 27 Cong. 1 sess. pp. 31, 184.
[46] Ibid., 27 Cong. 2 sess. pp. 14, 15, 86, 113.
[47] Senate Journal, 28 Cong. 2 sess. pp. 191, 227.
[48] House Exec. Doc., 31 Cong. 1 sess. III. pt. I. No. 5, p. 7.
[49] Foote, Africa and the American Flag, p. 152.
[50] Ibid., pp. 152–3.
[51] Ibid., p. 241.
[52] Cf. e.g. House Doc., 28 Cong. 2 sess. IV. pt. I. No. 148; 29 Cong. 1 sess. III. No. 43; House Exec. Doc., 30 Cong. 2 sess. VII. No. 61; Senate Exec. Doc., 30 Cong. 1 sess. IV. No. 28; 31 Cong. 2 sess. II. No. 6; 33 Cong. 1 sess. VIII. No. 47.
[53] Foote, Africa and the American Flag, p. 218.
[54] Ibid., p. 221.
[55] Palmerston to Stevenson: House Doc., 26 Cong. 2 sess. V. No. 115, p. 5. In 1836 five such slavers were known to have cleared; in 1837, eleven; in 1838, nineteen; and in 1839, twenty-three: Ibid., pp. 220–1.
[56] Parliamentary Papers, 1839, Vol. XLIX., Slave Trade, class A, Further Series, pp. 58–9; class B, Further Series, p. 110; class D, Further Series, p. 25. Trist pleaded ignorance of the law: Trist to Forsyth, House Doc., 26 Cong. 2 sess. V. No. 115.
[57] House Doc., 26 Cong. 2 sess. V. No. 115.
[58] Foote, Africa and the American Flag, p. 290.
[59] House Doc., 26 Cong. 2 sess. V. No. 115, pp. 121, 163–6.
[60] Senate Exec. Doc., 31 Cong. 1 sess. XIV No. 66.
[61] Trist to Forsyth: House Doc., 26 Cong. 2 sess. V. No. 115. "The business of supplying the United States with Africans from this island is one that must necessarily exist," because "slaves are a hundred per cent, or more, higher in the United States than in Cuba," and this profit "is a temptation which it is not in human nature as modified by American institutions to withstand": Ibid.
[62] Statutes at Large, V. 674.
[63] Cf. above, p. 157, note 1.
[64] Buxton, The African Slave Trade and its Remedy, pp. 44–5. Cf. 2d Report of the London African Soc., p. 22.
[65] I.e., Bay Island in the Gulf of Mexico, near the coast of Honduras.
[66] Revelations of a Slave Smuggler, p. 98.
[67] Mr. H. Moulton in Slavery as it is, p. 140; cited in Facts and Observations on the Slave Trade (Friends' ed. 1841), p. 8.
[68] In a memorial to Congress, 1840: House Doc., 26 Cong. 1 sess. VI. No. 211.
[69] British and Foreign State Papers, 1845–6, pp. 883, 968, 989–90. The governor wrote in reply: "The United States, if properly served by their law officers in the Floridas, will not experience any difficulty in obtaining the requisite knowledge of these illegal transactions, which, I have reason to believe, were the subject of common notoriety in the neighbourhood where they occurred, and of boast on the part of those concerned in them": British and Foreign State Papers, 1845–6, p. 990.