Footnotes
[1] British and Foreign State Papers, 1854–5, p. 1156.
[2] Cluskey, Political Text-Book (14th ed.), p. 585.
[3] De Bow's Review, XXII. 223; quoted from Andrew Hunter of Virginia.
[4] Ibid., XVIII. 628.
[5] Ibid., XXII. 91, 102, 217, 221–2.
[6] From a pamphlet entitled "A New Southern Policy, or the Slave Trade as meaning Union and Conservatism;" quoted in Etheridge's speech, Feb. 21, 1857: Congressional Globe, 34 Cong. 3 sess., Appendix, p. 366.
[7] De Bow's Review, XXIII. 298–320. A motion to table the motion on the 8th article was supported only by Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Maryland. Those voting for Sneed's motion were Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee. The appointment of a slave-trade committee was at first defeated by a vote of 48 to 44. Finally a similar motion was passed, 52 to 40.
[8] De Bow's Review, XXIV. 473–491, 579–605. The Louisiana delegation alone did not vote for the last resolution, the vote of her delegation being evenly divided.
[9] De Bow's Review, XXVII. 94–235.
[10] H.S. Foote, in Bench and Bar of the South and Southwest, p. 69.
[11] De Bow's Review, XXVII. 115.
[12] Ibid., p. 99. The vote was:—
| Yea. | Nay. | ||||
| Alabama, | 5 | votes. | Tennessee, | 12 | votes. |
| Arkansas, | 4 | " | Florida, | 3 | " |
| South Carolina, | 4 | " | South Carolina, | 4 | " |
| Louisiana, | 6 | " | Total | 19 | |
| Texas, | 4 | " | |||
| Georgia, | 10 | " | Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, and North Carolina did not vote; they either withdrew or were not represented. | ||
| Mississippi, | 7 | " | |||
| Total | 40 | ||||
[13] Quoted in 26th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., p. 38. The official organ was the True Southron.
[14] Quoted in 24th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., p. 54.
[15] Quoted in 26th Report, Ibid., p. 43.
[16] 27th Report, Ibid., pp. 19–20.
[17] Letter of W.C. Preston, in the National Intelligencer, April 3, 1863. Also published in the pamphlet, The African Slave Trade: The Secret Purpose, etc., p. 26.
[18] Quoted in Etheridge's speech: Congressional Globe, 34 Cong. 3 sess. Appen., p. 366.
[19] House Journal, 34 Cong. 3 sess. pp. 105–10; Congressional Globe, 34 Cong. 3 sess. pp. 123–6; Cluskey, Political Text-Book (14th ed.), p. 589.
[20] House Journal, 35 Cong. 2 sess. pp. 298–9. Cf. 26th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., p. 45.
[21] Cf. Reports of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., especially the 26th, pp. 43–4.
[22] Ibid., p. 43. He referred especially to the Treaty of 1842.
[23] Ibid.; Congressional Globe, 35 Cong. 2 sess., Appen., pp. 248–50.
[24] 26th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., p. 44.
[25] Ibid.; 27th Report, pp. 13–4.
[26] 26th Report, Ibid., p. 44.
[27] Quoted in Lalor, Cyclopædia, III. 733; Cairnes, The Slave Power (New York, 1862), p. 123, note; 27th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., p. 15.
[28] Quoted in Cairnes, The Slave Power, p. 123, note; 27th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., p. 19.
[29] 27th Report, Ibid., p. 16; quoted from the Mobile Register.
[30] Edition of 1859, pp. 63–4.
[31] De Bow's Review, XXVII. 121, 231–5.
[32] Report of the Special Committee, etc. (1857), pp. 24–5.
[33] 26th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., p. 40. The vote was 47 to 46.
[34] House Exec. Doc., 36 Cong. 2 sess. IV. No. 7, pp. 632–6. For the State law, cf. above, Chapter II. This refusal of Cobb's was sharply criticised by many Southern papers. Cf. 26th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., p. 39.
[35] New York Independent, March 11 and April 1, 1858.
[36] 26th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., p. 41.
[37] Gregory to the Secretary of the Navy, June 8, 1850: Senate Exec. Doc., 31 Cong. 1 sess. XIV. No. 66, p. 2. Cf. Ibid., 31 Cong. 2 sess. II. No. 6.
[38] Cumming to Commodore Fanshawe, Feb. 22, 1850: Senate Exec. Doc., 31 Cong. 1 sess. XIV. No. 66, p. 8.
[39] New York Journal of Commerce, 1857; quoted in 24th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., p. 56.
[40] "The Slave-Trade in New York," in the Continental Monthly, January, 1862, p. 87.
[41] New York Evening Post; quoted in Lalor, Cyclopædia, III. 733.
[42] Lalor, Cyclopædia, III. 733; quoted from a New York paper.
[43] Friends' Appeal on behalf of the Coloured Races (1858), Appendix, p. 41; quoted from the Journal of Commerce.
[44] 26th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., pp. 53–4; quoted from the African correspondent of the Boston Journal. From April, 1857, to May, 1858, twenty-one of twenty-two slavers which were seized by British cruisers proved to be American, from New York, Boston, and New Orleans. Cf. 25th Report, Ibid., p. 122. De Bow estimated in 1856 that forty slavers cleared annually from Eastern harbors, clearing yearly $17,000,000: De Bow's Review, XXII. 430–1.
[45] Senate Exec. Doc., 33 Cong. 1 sess. VIII. No. 47, p. 13.
[46] House Exec. Doc., 34 Cong. 1 sess. XII. No. 105, p. 38.
[47] New York Herald, Aug. 5, 1860; quoted in Drake, Revelations of a Slave Smuggler, Introd., pp. vii.-viii.
[48] House Exec. Doc., 35 Cong. 2 sess. IX. No. 89. Cf. 26th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., pp. 45–9.
[49] Quoted in 26th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., p. 46.
[50] For all the above cases, cf. Ibid., p. 49.
[51] Quoted in 27th Report, Ibid., p. 20. Cf. Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1859; Senate Exec. Doc., 36 Cong. 1 sess. III. No. 2.
[52] 27th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., p. 21.
[53] Quoted in Ibid.
[54] Issue of July 22, 1860; quoted in Drake, Revelations of a Slave Smuggler, Introd., p. vi. The advertisement referred to was addressed to the "Ship-owners and Masters of our Mercantile Marine," and appeared in the Enterprise (Miss.) Weekly News, April 14, 1859. William S. Price and seventeen others state that they will "pay three hundred dollars per head for one thousand native Africans, between the ages of fourteen and twenty years, (of sexes equal,) likely, sound, and healthy, to be delivered within twelve months from this date, at some point accessible by land, between Pensacola, Fla., and Galveston, Texas; the contractors giving thirty days' notice as to time and place of delivery": Quoted in 26th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., pp. 41–2.
[55] Congressional Globe, 35 Cong. 1 sess. p. 1362. Cf. the speech of a delegate from Georgia to the Democratic Convention at Charleston, 1860: "If any of you northern democrats will go home with me to my plantation, I will show you some darkies that I bought in Virginia, some in Delaware, some in Florida, and I will also show you the pure African, the noblest Roman of them all. I represent the African slave trade interest of my section:" Lalor, Cyclopædia, III. 733.
[56] Senate Misc. Doc., 36 Cong. 1 sess. No. 8.
[57] Senate Journal, 34 Cong. 1–2 sess. pp. 396, 695–8; Senate Reports, 34 Cong. 1 sess. I. No. 195.
[58] House Journal, 31 Cong. 2 sess. p. 64. There was still another attempt by Sandidge. Cf. 26th Report of the Amer. Anti-Slav. Soc., p. 44.
[59] Senate Journal, 36 Cong. 1 sess. p. 274; Congressional Globe, 36 Cong. 1 sess. p. 1245.
[60] Congressional Globe, 32 Cong. 2 sess. p. 1072.
[61] I.e., since 1846: Statutes at Large, XI. 90.
[62] Ibid., XI. 227.
[63] Ibid., XI. 404.
[64] Ibid., XII. 21.
[65] E.g., Clay's resolutions: Congressional Globe, 31 Cong. 2 sess. pp. 304–9. Clayton's resolutions: Senate Journal, 33 Cong. 1 sess. p. 404; House Journal, 33 Cong. 1 sess. pp. 1093, 1332–3; Congressional Globe, 33 Cong. 1 sess. pp. 1591–3, 2139. Seward's bill: Senate Journal, 33 Cong. 1 sess. pp. 448, 451.
[66] Mr. Blair of Missouri asked unanimous consent in Congress, Dec. 23, 1858, to a resolution instructing the Judiciary Committee to bring in such a bill; Houston of Alabama objected: Congressional Globe, 35 Cong. 2 sess. p. 198; 26th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., p. 44.
[67] This was the object of attack in 1851 and 1853 by Giddings: House Journal, 32 Cong. 1 sess. p. 42; 33 Cong. 1 sess. p. 147. Cf. House Journal, 38 Cong. 1 sess. p. 46.
[68] By Mr. Wilson, March 20, 1860: Senate Journal, 36 Cong. 1 sess. p. 274.
[69] Four or five such attempts were made: Dec. 12, 1860, House Journal, 36 Cong. 2 sess. pp. 61–2; Jan. 7, 1861, Congressional Globe, 36 Cong. 2 sess. p. 279; Jan. 23, 1861, Ibid., p. 527; Feb. 1, 1861, Ibid., p. 690; Feb. 27, 1861, Ibid., pp. 1243, 1259.
[70] "The Slave-Trade in New York," in the Continental Monthly, January, 1862, p. 87.
[71] New York Herald, July 14, 1856.
[72] Ibid. Cf. Senate Exec. Doc., 37 Cong. 2 sess. V. No. 53.
[73] 27th Report of the Amer. Anti-slav. Soc., pp. 25–6. Cf. 26th Report, Ibid., pp. 45–9.
[74] 27th Report, Ibid., pp. 26–7.
[75] 26th Report, Ibid., p. 54.
[76] British and Foreign State Papers, 1859–60, pp. 899, 973.
[77] Nov. 29, 1851: House Exec. Doc., 32 Cong. 1 sess. II. pt. 2, No. 2, p. 4.
[78] Dec. 4, 1852: House Exec. Doc., 32 Cong. 2 sess. I. pt. 2, No. 1, p. 293.
[79] Ibid., 34 Cong. 1 sess. I. pt. 3, No. 1, p. 5.
[80] Ibid., 34 Cong. 3 sess. I. pt. 2, No. 1, p. 407.
[81] Commander Burgess to Commodore Wise, Whydah, Aug. 12, 1857: Parliamentary Papers, 1857–8, vol. LXI. Slave Trade, Class A, p. 136.
[82] House Exec. Doc., 35 Cong. 1 sess. II. pt. 3, No. 2, p. 576.
[83] Ibid., 35 Cong. 2 sess. II. pt. 1, No. 2, pp. 14–15, 31–33.
[84] Senate Exec. Doc., 36 Cong. 2 sess. I. No. 1, p. 24. The Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1859, contains this ambiguous passage: "What the effect of breaking up the trade will be upon the United States or Cuba it is not necessary to inquire; certainly, under the laws of Congress and our treaty obligations, it is the duty of the executive government to see that our citizens shall not be engaged in it": Ibid., 36 Cong. 1 sess. III. No. 2, pp. 1138–9.
[85] Senate Exec. Doc., 36 Cong. 2 sess. III. pt. 1, No. 1, pp. 8–9.
[86] Statutes at Large, XII. 40.
[87] Confederate States of America Statutes at Large, 1861, p. 15, Constitution, Art. 1, sect. 9, §§ 1, 2.
[88] From an intercepted circular despatch from J.P. Benjamin, "Secretary of State," addressed in this particular instance to Hon. L.Q.C. Lamar, "Commissioner, etc., St. Petersburg, Russia," and dated Richmond, Jan. 15, 1863; published in the National Intelligencer, March 31, 1863; cf. also the issues of Feb. 19, 1861, April 2, 3, 25, 1863; also published in the pamphlet, The African Slave-Trade: The Secret Purpose, etc. The editors vouch for its authenticity, and state it to be in Benjamin's own handwriting.
[89] L.W. Spratt of South Carolina, in the Southern Literary Messenger, June, 1861, XXXII. 414, 420. Cf. also the Charleston Mercury, Feb. 13, 1861, and the National Intelligencer, Feb. 19, 1861.
[90] Captain Gordon of the slaver "Erie;" condemned in the U.S. District Court for Southern New York in 1862. Cf. Senate Exec. Doc., 37 Cong. 2 sess. I. No. 1, p. 13.
[91] Ibid., pp. 453–4.
[92] Statutes at Large, XII. 132, 219, 639; XIII. 424; XIV. 226, 415; XV. 58, 321. The sum of $250,000 was also appropriated to return the slaves on the "Wildfire": Ibid., XII. 40–41.
[93] Statutes at Large, XII. 368–9.
[94] Senate Exec. Doc., 37 Cong. 2 sess. I. No. 1, pp. 453–4.
[95] Statutes at Large, XII. 531.
[96] For a time not exceeding five years: Ibid., pp. 592–3.
[97] By section 9 of an appropriation act for civil expenses, July 2, 1864: Ibid., XIII. 353.
[98] British officers attested this: Diplomatic Correspondence, 1862, p. 285.
[99] Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1866; House Exec. Doc., 39 Cong. 2 sess. IV. p. 12.
[100] There were some later attempts to legislate. Sumner tried to repeal the Act of 1803: Congressional Globe, 41 Cong. 2 sess. pp. 2894, 2932, 4953, 5594. Banks introduced a bill to prohibit Americans owning or dealing in slaves abroad: House Journal, 42 Cong. 2 sess. p. 48. For the legislation of the Confederate States, cf. Mason, Veto Power, 2d ed., Appendix C, No. 1.