Footnotes
[1] Smith, Generall Historie of Virginia (1626 and 1632), p. 126.
[2] Cf. Southey, History of Brazil.
[3] De Laet, in O'Callaghan, Voyages of the Slavers, etc., p. viii.
[4] See, e.g., Sainsbury, Cal. State Papers; Col. Ser., America and W. Indies, 1574–1660, p. 279.
[5] Cf. below, pp. 27, 32, notes; also Freedoms, XXX., in O'Callaghan, Laws of New Netherland, 1638–74 (ed. 1868), p. 10; Brodhead, History of New York, I. 312.
[6] The following is a summary of the legislation of the colony of New York; details will be found in Appendix A:—
| 1709, | Duty Act: £3 on Negroes not direct from Africa (Continued by the Acts of 1710, 1711). | |
| 1711, | Bill to lay further duty, lost in Council. | |
| 1716, | Duty Act: | 5 oz. plate on Africans in colony ships. |
| 10 oz. plate on Africans in other ships. | ||
| 1728, | " | 40s. on Africans, £4 on colonial Negroes. |
| 1732, | " | 40s. on Africans, £4 on colonial Negroes. |
| 1734, | " | (?) |
| 1753, | " | 40s. on Africans, £4 on colonial Negroes. (This act was annually continued.) |
| [1777, | Vermont Constitution does not recognize slavery.] | |
| 1785, | Sale of slaves in State prohibited. | |
| [1786, | " | in Vermont prohibited.] |
| 1788, | " | in State prohibited. |
[7] O'Callaghan, Laws of New Netherland, 1638–74, pp. 31, 348, etc. The colonists themselves were encouraged to trade, but the terms were not favorable enough: Doc. rel. Col. Hist. New York, I. 246; Laws of New Netherland, pp. 81–2, note, 127. The colonists declared "that they are inclined to a foreign Trade, and especially to the Coast of Africa, ... in order to fetch thence Slaves": O'Callaghan, Voyages of the Slavers, etc., p. 172.
[8] Charter to William Penn, etc. (1879), p. 12. First published on Long Island in 1664. Possibly Negro slaves were explicitly excepted. Cf. Magazine of American History, XI. 411, and N.Y. Hist. Soc. Coll., I. 322.
[9] Acts of Assembly, 1691-1718, pp. 97, 125, 134; Doc. rel. Col. Hist. New York, V. 178, 185, 293.
[10] The Assembly attempted to raise the slave duty in 1711, but the Council objected (Doc. rel. Col. Hist. New York, V. 292 ff.), although, as it seems, not on account of the slave duty in particular. Another act was passed between 1711 and 1716, but its contents are not known (cf. title of the Act of 1716). For the Act of 1716, see Acts of Assembly, 1691–1718, p. 224.
[11] Doc. rel. Col. Hist. New York, VI. 37, 38.
[12] Doc. rel. Col. Hist. New York, VI. 32–4.
[13] Ibid., VII. 907. This act was annually renewed. The slave duty remained a chief source of revenue down to 1774. Cf. Report of Governor Tryon, in Doc. rel. Col. Hist. New York, VIII. 452.
[14] Laws of New York, 1785–88 (ed. 1886), ch. 68, p. 121. Substantially the same act reappears in the revision of the laws of 1788: Ibid., ch. 40, p. 676.
[15] The slave population of New York has been estimated as follows:—
| In | 1698, | 2,170. | Doc. rel. Col. Hist. New York, IV. 420. | |
| " | 1703, | 2,258. | N.Y. Col. MSS., XLVIII.; cited in Hough, N.Y. Census, 1855, Introd. | |
| " | 1712, | 2,425. | Ibid., LVII., LIX. (a partial census). | |
| " | 1723, | 6,171. | Doc. rel. Col. Hist. New York, V. 702. | |
| " | 1731, | 7,743. | Ibid., V. 929. | |
| " | 1737, | 8,941. | Ibid., VI. 133. | |
| " | 1746, | 9,107. | Ibid., VI. 392. | |
| " | 1749, | 10,692. | Ibid., VI. 550. | |
| " | 1756, | 13,548. | London Doc., XLIV. 123; cited in Hough, as above. | |
| " | 1771, | 19,863. | Ibid., XLIV. 144; cited in Hough, as above. | |
| " | 1774, | 21,149. | Ibid., | " |
| " | 1786, | 18,889. | Deeds in office Sec. of State, XXII. 35. | |
Total number of Africans imported from 1701 to 1726, 2,375, of whom 802 were from Africa: O'Callaghan, Documentary History of New York, I. 482.
[16] Cf. below, Chapter XI.
[17] Vermont State Papers, 1779–86, p. 244. The return of sixteen slaves in Vermont, by the first census, was an error: New England Record, XXIX. 249.
[18] Vermont State Papers, p. 505.
[19] The following is a summary of the legislation of the colony of Pennsylvania and Delaware; details will be found in Appendix A:—
| 1705, | Duty Act: (?). | |
| 1710, | " | 40s. (Disallowed). |
| 1712, | " | £20 " |
| 1712, | " | supplementary to the Act of 1710. |
| 1715, | " | £5 (Disallowed). |
| 1718, | " | " |
| 1720, | " | (?). |
| 1722, | " | (?). |
| 1725–6, | " | £10. |
| 1726, | " | |
| 1729, | " | £2. |
| 1761, | " | £10. |
| 1761, | " | (?). |
| 1768, | " | re-enactment of the Act of 1761. |
| 1773, | " | perpetual additional duty of £10; total, £20. |
| 1775, | Bill to prohibit importation vetoed by the governor (Delaware). | |
| 1775, | Bill to prohibit importation vetoed by the governor. | |
| 1778, | Back duties on slaves ordered collected. | |
| 1780, | Act for the gradual abolition of slavery. | |
| 1787, | Act to prevent the exportation of slaves (Delaware). | |
| 1788, | Act to prevent the slave-trade. | |
[20] From fac-simile copy, published at Germantown in 1880. Cf. Whittier's poem, "Pennsylvania Hall" (Poetical Works, Riverside ed., III. 62); and Proud, History of Pennsylvania (1797), I. 219.
[21] From fac-simile copy, published at Germantown in 1880.
[22] Bettle, Notices of Negro Slavery, in Penn. Hist. Soc. Mem. (1864), I. 383.
[23] Cf. Bettle, Notices of Negro Slavery, passim.
[24] Janney, History of the Friends, III. 315–7.
[25] Ibid., III. 317.
[26] Bettle, in Penn. Hist. Soc. Mem., I. 395.
[27] Penn. Col. Rec. (1852), II. 530; Bettle, in Penn. Hist. Soc. Mem., I. 415.
[28] Laws of Pennsylvania, collected, etc., 1714, p. 165; Bettle, in Penn. Hist. Soc. Mem., I. 387.
[29] See preamble of the act.
[30] The Pennsylvanians did not allow their laws to reach England until long after they were passed: Penn. Archives, I. 161–2; Col. Rec., II. 572–3. These acts were disallowed Feb. 20, 1713. Another duty act was passed in 1712, supplementary to the Act of 1710 (Col. Rec., II. 553). The contents are unknown.
[31] Acts and Laws of Pennsylvania, 1715, p. 270; Chalmers, Opinions, II. 118. Before the disallowance was known, the act had been continued by the Act of 1718: Carey and Bioren, Laws of Pennsylvania, 1700–1802, I. 118; Penn. Col. Rec., III. 38.
[32] Carey and Bioren, Laws, I. 165; Penn. Col. Rec., III. 171; Bettle, in Penn. Hist. Soc. Mem., I. 389, note.
[33] Carey and Bioren, Laws, I. 214; Bettle, in Penn. Hist. Soc. Mem., I. 388. Possibly there were two acts this year.
[34] Laws of Pennsylvania (ed. 1742), p. 354, ch. 287. Possibly some change in the currency made this change appear greater than it was.
[35] Carey and Bioren, Laws, I. 371; Acts of Assembly (ed. 1782), p. 149; Dallas, Laws, I. 406, ch. 379. This act was renewed in 1768: Carey and Bioren, Laws, I. 451; Penn. Col. Rec., IX. 472, 637, 641.
[36] Penn. Col. Rec., VIII. 576.
[37] A large petition called for this bill. Much altercation ensued with the governor: Dallas, Laws, I. 671, ch. 692; Penn. Col. Rec., X. 77; Bettle, in Penn. Hist. Soc. Mem., I. 388–9.
[38] Dallas, Laws, I. 782, ch. 810.
[39] Ibid., I. 838, ch. 881.
[40] There exist but few estimates of the number of slaves in this colony:—
| In | 1721, | 2,500–5,000. | Doc. rel. Col. Hist. New York, V. 604. |
| " | 1754, | 11,000. | Bancroft, Hist. of United States (1883), II. 391. |
| " | 1760, | "very few." | Burnaby, Travels through N. Amer. (2d ed.), p. 81. |
| " | 1775, | 2,000. | Penn. Archives, IV 597. |
[41] Dallas, Laws, II. 586.
[42] Cf. Argonautica Gustaviana, pp. 21–3; Del. Hist. Soc. Papers, III. 10; Hazard's Register, IV. 221, §§ 23, 24; Hazard's Annals, p. 372; Armstrong, Record of Upland Court, pp. 29–30, and notes.
[43] Force, American Archives, 4th Ser., II. 128–9.
[44] Ibid., 5th Ser., I. 1178; Laws of Delaware, 1797 (Newcastle ed.), p. 884, ch. 145 b.
[45] The following is a summary of the legislation of the colony of New Jersey; details will be found in Appendix A:—
| 1713, | Duty Act: | £10. |
| 1763 (?), | Duty Act. | |
| 1769, | " | £15. |
| 1774, | " | £5 on Africans, £10 on colonial Negroes. |
| 1786, | Importation prohibited. | |
[46] Leaming and Spicer, Grants, Concessions, etc., p. 398. Probably this did not refer to Negroes at all.
[47] Cf. Vincent, History of Delaware, I. 159, 381.
[48] Laws and Acts of New Jersey, 1703–17 (ed. 1717), p. 43.
[49] N.J. Archives, IV. 196. There was much difficulty in passing the bill: Ibid., XIII. 516–41.
[50] Ibid., IX. 345–6. The exact provisions of the act I have not found.
[51] Ibid., IX. 383, 447, 458. Chiefly because the duty was laid on the importer.
[52] Allinson, Acts of Assembly, pp. 315–6.
[53] N.J. Archives, VI. 222.
[54] Acts of the 10th General Assembly, May 2, 1786. There are two estimates of the number of slaves in this colony:—
| In | 1738, | 3,981. | American Annals, | II. 127. |
| " | 1754, | 4,606. | " | II. 143. |