TABLE OF CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
| PAGE | ||
| Name of Scotia, or Scotland | [1] | |
| Ancient extent of the kingdom | [2] | |
| Physical features of the country | [7] | |
| Mountain chains | [9] | |
| The Cheviots | [9] | |
| The Mounth | [10] | |
| Drumalban | [10] | |
| The Grampians | [11] | |
| The Debateable lands | [14] | |
| Periods of its history | [16] | |
| Celtic Scotland | [17] | |
| Critical examination of authorities necessary | [17] | |
| Spurious authorities | [21] | |
| Plan of the work | [26] | |
BOOK I.
HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY.
CHAPTER I.
ADVANCE OF THE ROMANS TO THE FIRTHS OF
FORTH AND CLYDE.
| Early notices of the British Isles | [29] |
| B.C. 55. Invasion of Julius Cæsar | [31] |
| A.D. 43. Formation of province in reign of Claudius | [33] |
| A.D. 50. War with the Brigantes | [36] |
| A.D. 69. War with the Brigantes renewed | [39] |
| A.D. 78. Arrival of Julius Agricola as governor | [41] |
| A.D. 79. Second Campaign of Agricola; overruns districts on the Solway | [43] |
| A.D. 80. Third summer; ravages to the Tay | [45] |
| A.D. 81. Fourth summer; fortifies the isthmus between Forth and Clyde | [46] |
| A.D. 82. Fifth summer; visits Argyll and Kintyre | [47] |
| A.D. 83-86. Three years’ war north of the Forth | [48] |
| A.D. 86. Battle of ‘Mons Granpius’ | [52] |
| A.D. 120. Arrival of the Emperor Hadrian, and first Roman wall between the Tyne and the Solway | [60] |
CHAPTER II.
THE ROMAN PROVINCE IN SCOTLAND.
| Ptolemy’s description of North Britain | [62] | |
| The coast | [65] | |
| The Ebudæ | [68] | |
| The tribes and their towns | [70] | |
| A.D. 139. First Roman wall between the Forth and Clyde. Establishment of the Roman province in Scotland | [76] | |
| A.D. 162. Attempt on the province by the natives | [79] | |
| A.D. 182. Formidable irruption of tribes north of wall repelled by Marcellus Ulpius | [79] | |
| A.D. 201. Revolt of Caledonii and Mæatæ | [80] | |
| A.D. 204. Division of Roman Britain into two Provinces | [81] | |
| A.D. 208. Campaign of the Emperor Severus in Britain. Situation of the hostile tribes | [82] | |
| Roman roads in Scotland | [86] | |
| Severus’s wall | [89] | |
| A.D. 287. Revolt of Carausius; Britain for ten years independent | [91] | |
| A.D. 289. Carausius admitted Emperor | [92] | |
| A.D. 294. Carausius slain by Allectus | [93] | |
| A.D. 296. Constantius Chlorus recovers Britain | [93] | |
| A.D. 306. War of Constantius Chlorus against Caledonians and other Picts | [94] | |
| Division of Roman Britain into four provinces | [96] | |
| A.D. 360. Province invaded by Picts and Scots | [97] | |
| A.D. 364. Ravaged by Picts, Scots, Saxons, and Attacotts | [98] | |
| A.D. 369. Province restored by Theodosius | [100] | |
| A.D. 383. Revolt by Maximus | [104] | |
| A.D. 387. Withdrawal of Roman troops from Britain; first devastation of province by Picts and Scots | [105] | |
| A.D. 396. Repelled by Stilicho, who sends a legion to guard the northern wall | [105] | |
| A.D. 402. Roman legion withdrawn; second devastation of province | [106] | |
| A.D. 406. Again repelled by Stilicho, and army restored | [107] | |
| A.D. 407. Constantine proclaimed Emperor. Withdraws the army from Britain; third devastation by Picts and Scots | [108] | |
| A.D. 409. Gerontius invites Barbarians to invade empire. Termination of Roman Empire in Britain | [111] | |
CHAPTER III.
BRITAIN AFTER THE ROMANS.
| Obscurity of history of Britain after the departure of the Romans | [114] | |
| Settlement of barbaric tribes in Britain | [114] | |
| Ignorance of Britain by writers of the sixth century | [115] | |
| Position of Britain at this time as viewed from Rome | [117] | |
| The four races in Britain | [119] | |
| The Britons | [120] | |
| The Picts | [123] | |
| The Scots | [137] | |
| The Saxons | [144] | |
| War with Octa and Ebissa’s colony | [152] | |
| Kingdom of Bernicia | [155] | |
| A.D. 573. Battle of Ardderyd | [157] | |
| A.D. 603. Battle of Degsastane or Dawstane | [162] | |
CHAPTER IV.
ETHNOLOGY OF BRITAIN
| Inquiry into Ethnology of Britain proper at this stage | [164] | |
| An Iberian or Basque people preceded the Celtic race in Britain and Ireland | [164] | |
| Ethnologic traditions | [170] | |
| British traditions | [171] | |
| Irish traditions | [172] | |
| Dalriadic legend | [184] | |
| Pictish legends | [185] | |
| Saxon legends | [189] | |
| Languages of Britain | [192] | |
| Anglic language | [193] | |
| British language | [193] | |
| Language of the Scots | [193] | |
| The Pictish language | [194] | |
| Evidence derived from topography | [212] | |
CHAPTER V.
THE FOUR KINGDOMS.
| Result of ethnological inquiry | [226] | |
| The four kingdoms | [227] | |
| Scottish kingdom of Dalriada | [229] | |
| Kingdom of the Picts | [230] | |
| Kingdom of the Britons of Alclyde | [235] | |
| Kingdom of Bernicia | [236] | |
| The Debateable lands | [237] | |
| Galloway | [238] | |
| A.D. 606. Death of Aidan, king of Dalriada; Aedilfrid conquers Deira, and expels Aeduin | [239] | |
| A.D. 617. Battle between Aeduin and Aedilfrid | [239] | |
| A.D. 627. Battle of Ardcorann between Dalriads and Cruithnigh | [241] | |
| A.D. 629. Domnall Breac becomes king of Dalriada | [242] | |
| A.D. 631. Garnaid, son of Wid, succeeds Cinaeth mac Luchtren as king of the Picts | [242] | |
| A.D. 633. Battle of Haethfeld. Aeduin slain by Caedwalla and Penda | [243] | |
| A.D. 634. Battle of Hefenfeld. Osuald becomes king of Northumbria | [244] | |
| A.D. 635. Battle of Seguise, between Garnait, son of Foith, and the family of Nectan | [246] | |
| A.D. 634. Battle of Calathros, in which Domnall Breac was defeated | [247] | |
| A.D. 638. Battle of Glenmairison, and siege of Edinburgh | [249] | |
| A.D. 642. Domnall Breac slain in Strathcarron | [250] | |
| A.D. 642. Osuald slain in battle by Penda | [252] | |
| A.D. 642-670. Osuiu, his brother, reigns twenty-eight years | [253] | |
| Dominion of Angles over Britons, Scots, and Picts | [256] | |
| A.D. 670. Death of Osuiu, and accession of Ecgfrid his son | [260] | |
| A.D. 672. Revolt of the Picts | [260] | |
| A.D. 678. Wilfrid expelled from his diocese | [262] | |
| Expulsion of Drost, king of the Picts, and accession of Brude, son of Bile | [262] | |
| A.D. 684. Ireland ravaged by Ecgfrid | [264] | |
| A.D. 685. Invasion of kingdom of Picts by Ecgfrid; defeat and death at Dunnichen | [265] | |
| Effect of defeat and death of Ecgfrid | [267] | |
| Position of Angles and Picts | [267] | |
| Position of Scots and Britons | [271] | |
| Contest between Cinel Loarn and Cinel Gabhran | [271] | |
| Conflict between Dalriads and Britons | [273] | |
CHAPTER VI.
THE KINGDOM OF SCONE.
| State of the four kingdoms in 731 | [275] |
| Alteration in their relative position | [276] |
| Legend of St. Bonifacius | [277] |
| A.D. 710. Nectan, son of Derili, conforms to Rome | [278] |
| Establishment of Scone as capital | [280] |
| The Seven provinces | [280] |
| The Coronation Stone | [281] |
| A.D. 717. Expulsion of Columban clergy | [283] |
| Simultaneous revolution in Dalriada and kingdom of the Picts | [286] |
| A.D. 731-761. Aengus mac Fergus, king of the Picts | [289] |
| Suppressed century of Dalriadic history | [292] |
| Foundation of St. Andrews | [296] |
| A.D. 761-763. Bruide mac Fergusa, king of the Picts | [299] |
| A.D. 763-775. Ciniod, son of Wredech, king of the Picts | [300] |
| A.D. 775-780. Alpin, son of Wroid, king of the Picts | [301] |
| A.D. 789-820. Constantin, son of Fergus, king of the Picts | [302] |
| Norwegian and Danish pirates | [302] |
| A.D. 820-832. Aengus, son of Fergus, king of Fortrenn | [305] |
| A.D. 832. Alpin the Scot attacks the Picts, and is slain | [306] |
| A.D. 836-839. Eoganan, son of Aengus | [307] |
| A.D. 839. Kenneth mac Alpin invades Pictavia | [308] |
| A.D. 844. Kenneth mac Alpin becomes king of the Picts | [309] |
| The Gallgaidhel | [311] |
| Obscurity of this period of the history | [314] |
| Causes and nature of revolution which placed Kenneth on the throne of the Picts | [314] |
| Where did the Scots come from? | [316] |
| What was Kenneth mac Alpin’s paternal descent? | [321] |
| A.D. 860-864. Donald, son of Alpin, king of the Picts | [322] |
| A.D. 863. Constantin, son of Kenneth, king of the Picts | [323] |
| A.D. 877-878. Aedh, son of Kenneth, king of the Picts | [328] |
| A.D. 878-889. Girig mac Dungaile and Eochodius, son of Run | [329] |
CHAPTER VII.
THE KINGDOM OF ALBAN.
| A.D. 889-900. Donald, son of Constantin, king of Alban | [335] |
| A.D. 900-942. Constantin, son of Aedh, king of Alban | [339] |
| A.D. 937. Battle of Brunanburg | [352] |
| A.D. 942-954. Malcolm, son of Donald, king of Alban | [360] |
| A.D. 945. Cumbria ceded to the Scots | [362] |
| A.D. 954-962. Indulph, son of Constantin, king of Alban | [365] |
| A.D. 962-967. Dubh, son of Malcolm, king of Alban | [366] |
| A.D. 967-971. Cuilean, son of Indulph, king of Alban | [367] |
| A.D. 971-995. Kenneth, son of Malcolm, king of Alban | [368] |
| A.D. 995-997. Constantin, son of Cuilean, king of Alban | [381] |
| A.D. 997-1004. Kenneth, son of Dubh, king of Alban | [382] |
CHAPTER VIII.
THE KINGDOM OF SCOTIA.
| A.D. 1005-1034. Malcolm, son of Kenneth, king of Scotia | [384] |
| A.D. 1018. Battle of Carham, and cession of Lothian to the Scots | [393] |
| A.D. 1034-1040. Duncan, son of Crinan, and grandson of Malcolm, king of Scotia | [399] |
| A.D. 1040-1057. Macbeth, son of Finnlaec, king of Scotia | [405] |
| A.D. 1054. Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland, and puts Malcolm, son of King Duncan, in possession of Cumbria | [408] |
| A.D. 1057-8. Lulach, son of Gilcomgan, king of Scotia | [411] |
| A.D. 1057-8-1093. Malcolm, eldest son of King Duncan, king of Scotia | [411] |
| Malcolm invades Northumbria five times | [417] |
| A.D. 1092. Cumbria south of the Solway Firth wrested from the Scots | [429] |
| State of Scotland at King Malcolm’s death | [432] |
CHAPTER IX.
THE KINGDOM OF SCOTIA PASSES INTO FEUDAL SCOTLAND.
| Effects of King Malcolm’s death | [433] |
| A.D. 1093. Donald Ban, Malcolm’s brother, reigns six months | [436] |
| A.D. 1093-1094. Duncan, son of Malcolm, by his first wife Ingibiorg, reigns six months | [437] |
| A.D. 1094-1097. Donald Ban again, with Eadmund, son of Malcolm, reigned three years | [439] |
| A.D. 1097-1107. Eadgar, son of Malcolm Ceannmor by Queen Margaret, reigns nine years | [440] |
| A.D. 1107-1124. Alexander, son of Malcolm Ceannmor by Queen Margaret, reigns over Scotland north of the Firths of Forth and Clyde as king for seventeen years | [447] |
| A.D. 1107-1124. David, youngest son of Malcolm Ceannmor by Queen Margaret, rules over Scotland south of the Forth and Clyde as earl | [454] |
| A.D. 1124-1153. David reigns over all Scotland as first feudal monarch | [457] |
| A.D. 1130. Insurrection of Angus, Earl of Moray, and Malcolm, bastard son of Alexander I. | [460] |
| A.D. 1134. Insurrection by Malcolm mac Eth | [462] |
| A.D. 1138. David invades England; position of Norman barons | [465] |
| Composition of King David’s army | [466] |
| A.D. 1153-1165. Malcolm, grandson of David, reigns twelve years | [469] |
| A.D. 1154. Somerled invades the kingdom with the sons of Malcolm mac Eth | [469] |
| A.D. 1160. Revolt of six earls | [471] |
| A.D. 1160. Subjection of Galloway | [472] |
| A.D. 1160. Plantation of Moray | [472] |
| A.D. 1164. Invasion by Somerled. His defeat and death at Renfrew | [473] |
| A.D. 1166-1214. William the Lyon, brother of Malcolm, reigns forty-eight years | [474] |
| A.D. 1174. Revolt in Galloway | [475] |
| A.D. 1179. King William subdues the district of Ross | [475] |
| A.D. 1181. Insurrection in favour of Donald Ban Macwilliam | [476] |
| A.D. 1196. Subjection of Caithness | [479] |
| A.D. 1211. Insurrection in favour of Guthred Macwilliam | [482] |
| A.D. 1214-1249. Alexander the Second, son of King William the Lyon, reigned thirty-five years. Crowned by the seven earls | [483] |
| A.D. 1215. Insurrection in favour of Donald Macwilliam and Kenneth Maceth | [483] |
| A.D. 1222. Subjection of Arregaithel or Argyll | [484] |
| A.D. 1235. Revolt in Galloway | [487] |
| A.D. 1249. Attempt to reduce the Sudreys, and death of the king at Kerrera | [488] |
| A.D. 1249-1285. Alexander the Third, his son, reigned thirty-six years. Ceremony at his coronation | [490] |
| A.D. 1250. Relics of Queen Margaret enshrined before the seven earls and the seven bishops | [491] |
| A.D. 1263. War between the kings of Norway and Scotland for the possession of the Sudreys | [492] |
| A.D. 1266. Annexation of the Western Isles to the Crown of Scotland | [495] |
| A.D. 1283. Assembly of the baronage of the whole kingdom at Scone, on 5th February, to regulate the succession | [496] |
| A.D. 1285-6. Death of Alexander the Third | [496] |
| Conclusion | [497] |
APPENDIX.
| Remains of the Pictish Language | [501] |
ILLUSTRATIVE MAPS.
| Map showing mountain chains | to face page | [8] |
| The five Ebudæ of Ptolemy compared with the islands south of Ardnamurchan Point | ” | [68] |
| The four Kingdoms | ” | [228] |
| The Kingdom of Alban | ” | [340] |
| The Kingdom of Scotia | ” | [396] |
| Feudal Scotland | ” | [496] |