| PAGE |
| THE ANATOMY OF A BIRD | [1] |
| CLASSIFICATION | [34] |
| Order PASSERES. |
| Missel-Thrush. Turdus viscivorus | [39] |
| Song-Thrush. Turdus musicus | [41] |
| Redwing. Turdus iliacus | [45] |
| Fieldfare. Turdus pilaris | [46] |
| Black-throated Thrush. Turdus atrigularis | [52] |
| White’s Thrush. Turdus varius | [52] |
| Blackbird. Turdus merula | [49] |
| Ring-Ouzel. Turdus torquatus | [50] |
| Rock-Thrush. Monticola saxatilis | [52] |
| Wheatear. Saxicola œnanthe | [52] |
| Black-throated Wheatear. Saxicola strapazina | [54] |
| Desert Wheatear. Saxicola deserti | [54] |
| Whinchat. Pratincola rubetra | [54] |
| Stonechat. Pratincola rubicola | [56] |
| Redstart. Ruticilla phœnicurus | [57] |
| Black Redstart. Ruticilla titys | [59] |
| White-spotted Bluethroat. Cyanecula wolfi | [59] |
| Red-spotted Bluethroat. Cyanecula suecica | [59] |
| Redbreast. Erithacus rubecula | [59] |
| Nightingale. Daulias luscinia | [62] |
| Whitethroat. Sylvia cinerea | [64] |
| Lesser Whitethroat. Sylvia curruca | [66] |
| Orphean Warbler. Sylvia orphea | [70] |
| Blackcap. Sylvia atricapilla | [67] |
| Garden Warbler. Sylvia hortensis | [69] |
| Barred Warbler. Sylvia nisoria | [70] |
| Dartford Warbler. Melizophilus undatus | [70] |
| Goldcrest. Regulus cristatus | [72] |
| Firecrest. Regulus ignicapillus | [74] |
| Yellow-browed Warbler. Phylloscopus superciliosus | [79] |
| Chiffchaff. Phylloscopus rufus | [74] |
| Willow-Wren. Phylloscopus trochilus | [76] |
| Wood-Wren. Phylloscopus sibilatrix | [78] |
| Icterine Warbler. Hypolaïs icterina | [79] |
| Rufous Warbler. Aëdon galectodes | [79] |
| Reed-Warbler. Acrocephalus streperus | [79] |
| Marsh-Warbler. Acrocephalus palustris | [82] |
| Great Reed-Warbler. Acrocephalus turdoïdes | [82] |
| Aquatic Warbler. Acrocephalus aquaticus | [82] |
| Sedge-Warbler. Acrocephalus phragmitis | [80] |
| Grasshopper Warbler. Locustella nævia | [82] |
| Savi’s Warbler. Locustella luscinioïdes | [84] |
| Hedge-Sparrow. Accentor modularis | [84] |
| Alpine Accentor. Accentor collaris | [85] |
| Dipper. Cinclus aquaticus | [86] |
| Black-bellied Dipper. Cinclus melanogaster | [88] |
| Bearded Titmouse. Panurus biamicus | [89] |
| Long-tailed Titmouse. Acredula caudata | [92] |
| Long-tailed Titmouse. Acredula rosea | [90] |
| Great Titmouse. Parus major | [92] |
| Coal-Titmouse (Continental). Parus ater | [94] |
| Coal-Titmouse. Parus britannicus | [94] |
| Marsh Titmouse. Parus palustris | [96] |
| Blue Titmouse. Parus cæruleus | [97] |
| Crested Titmouse. Parus cristatus | [98] |
| Nuthatch. Sitta cæsia | [99] |
| Wren. Troglodytes parvulus | [101] |
| White Wagtail. Motacilla alba | [108] |
| Pied Wagtail. Motacilla lugubris | [104] |
| Grey Wagtail. Motacilla melanope | [105] |
| Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla flava | [108] |
| Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla rayii | [107] |
| Meadow-Pipit. Anthus pratensis | [108] |
| Tree-Pipit. Anthus trivialis | [110] |
| Tawny Pipit. Anthus campestris | [113] |
| Richard’s Pipit. Anthus richardi | [113] |
| Water Pipit. Anthus spipoletta | [113] |
| Rock-Pipit. Anthus obscurus | [112] |
| Golden Oriole. Oriolus galbulus | [114] |
| Great Grey Shrike. Lanius excubitor | [116] |
| Pallas’s Great Grey Shrike. Lanius major | [116] |
| Lesser Grey Shrike. Lanius minor | [116] |
| Red-backed Shrike. Lanius collurio | [114] |
| Woodchat. Lanius pomeranus | [116] |
| Waxwing. Ampelis garrulus | [114] |
| Spotted Flycatcher. Muscicapa grisola | [116] |
| Pied Flycatcher. Muscicapa atricapilla | [118] |
| Red-breasted Flycatcher. Muscicapa parva | [118] |
| Swallow. Hirundo rustica | [118] |
| Martin. Chelidon urbica | [121] |
| Sand-Martin. Cotile riparia | [122] |
| Tree-Creeper. Certhia familiaris | [124] |
| Goldfinch. Carduelis elegans | [126] |
| Siskin. Chrysometris spinus | [127] |
| Serin. Serinus hortulanus | [128] |
| Greenfinch. Ligurinus chloris | [128] |
| Hawfinch. Coccothraustes vulgaris | [130] |
| House-Sparrow. Passer domesticus | [132] |
| Tree-Sparrow. Passer montanus | [133] |
| Chaffinch. Fringilla cœlebs | [134] |
| Brambling. Fringilla montifringilla | [137] |
| Linnet. Linota cannabina | [138] |
| Mealy Redpoll. Linota linaria | [140] |
| Lesser Redpoll. Linota rufescens | [139] |
| Greenland Redpoll. Linota hornemanni | [140] |
| Twite. Linota flavirostris | [141] |
| Rosy Bullfinch. Carpodacus erythrinus | [144] |
| Bullfinch. Pyrrhula europæa | [142] |
| Pine Grossbeak. Pinicola enucleator | [144] |
| Parrot Crossbill. Loxia pittyopsittacus | [145] |
| Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra | [144] |
| White-winged Crossbill. Loxia leucoptera | [145] |
| Two-barred Crossbill. Loxia bifasciata | [145] |
| Black-headed Bunting. Emberiza melanocephala | [154] |
| Corn-Bunting. Emberiza miliaria | [146] |
| Yellowhammer. Emberiza citrinella | [148] |
| Cirl Bunting. Emberiza cirlus | [150] |
| Ortolan Bunting. Emberiza hortulana | [154] |
| Rustic Bunting. Emberiza rustica | [154] |
| Little Bunting. Emberiza pusilla | [154] |
| Reed-Bunting. Emberiza schœniclus | [151] |
| Lapland Bunting. Calcarius lapponica | [154] |
| Snow-Bunting. Plectrophanes nivalis | [152] |
| Starling. Sturnus vulgaris | [154] |
| Rose-coloured Pastor. Pastor roseus | [156] |
| Chough. Pyrrhocorax graculus | [157] |
| Nutcracker. Nucifraga caryocatactes | [174] |
| Jay. Garrulus glandarius | [158] |
| Magpie. Pica rustica | [160] |
| Jackdaw. Corvus monedula | [163] |
| Carrion Crow. Corvus corone | [166] |
| Hooded Crow. Corvus cornix | [167] |
| Rook. Corvus frugilegus | [168] |
| Raven. Corvus corax | [172] |
| Skylark. Alauda arvensis | [174] |
| Woodlark. Alauda arborea | [176] |
| Crested Lark. Alauda cristata | [178] |
| Short-toed Lark. Calendrella brachydactyla | [178] |
| White-winged Lark. Melanocorypha sibirica | [178] |
| Shore Lark. Otocorys alpestris | [178] |
| Order PICARIÆ. |
| Swift. Cypselus apus | [178] |
| White-bellied Swift. Cypselus melba | [179] |
| Needle-tailed Swift. Acanthyllis caudacuta | [179] |
| Nightjar. Caprimulgus europæus | [179] |
| Red-necked Nightjar. Caprimulgus ruficollis | [181] |
| Egyptian Nightjar. Caprimulgus ægyptius | [181] |
| Spotted Woodpecker. Dendrocopus major | [181] |
| Barred Woodpecker. Dendrocopus minor | [183] |
| Green Woodpecker. Gecinus viridis | [184] |
| Wryneck. Iẏnx torquilla | [186] |
| Kingfisher. Alcedo ispida | [188] |
| Belted Kingfisher. Ceryle alcyon | [189] |
| Roller. Coracius garrula | [190] |
| Bee-eater. Merops apiaster | [190] |
| Hoopoe. Upupa epops | [190] |
| Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus | [190] |
| Great Spotted Cuckoo. Coccystes glandarius | [193] |
| Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Coccyzus americanus | [193] |
| Black-billed Cuckoo. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus | [193] |
| Order STRIGES. |
| Barn-Owl. Strix flammea | [193] |
| Long-eared Owl. Asio otus | [196] |
| Short-eared Owl. Asio brachyotus | [197] |
| Tawny Owl. Syrnium aluco | [198] |
| Snowy Owl. Nyctea scandiaca | [199] |
| European Hawk-Owl. Surnia ulula | [199] |
| American Hawk-Owl. Surnia funeria | [199] |
| Tengmalm’s Owl. Nyctala tengmalmi | [199] |
| Scops Owl. Scops giu | [199] |
| Eagle Owl. Bubo ignavus | [199] |
| Little Owl. Athene noctua | [199] |
| Order ACCIPITRES. |
| Griffon Vulture. Gyps fulvus | [216] |
| Egyptian Vulture. Neophron percnopterus | [216] |
| Marsh-Harrier. Circus æruginosus | [216] |
| Hen Harrier. Circus cyaneus | [199] |
| Montagu’s Harrier. Circus cineraceus | [201] |
| Buzzard. Buteo vulgaris | [202] |
| Rough-legged Buzzard. Archibuteo lagopus | [216] |
| Spotted Eagle. Aquila clanga | [216] |
| Golden Eagle. Aquila chrysaëtus | [204] |
| White-tailed Eagle. Haliaëtus albicilla | [205] |
| Goshawk. Astur palumbarius | [216] |
| American Goshawk. Astur atricapilla | [216] |
| Sparrow-Hawk. Accipiter nisus | [206] |
| Kite. Milvus ictinus | [207] |
| Black Kite. Milvus nigrans | [216] |
| Swallow-tailed Kite. Elanoïdes furcatus | [217] |
| Honey-Buzzard. Pernis apivorus | [217] |
| Gyrfalcon. Hierofalco gyrfalco | [217] |
| Greenland Falcon. Hierofalco candicans | [217] |
| Iceland Falcon. Hierofalco islandicus | [217] |
| Peregrine Falcon. Falco peregrinus | [208] |
| Hobby. Falco subbuteo | [210] |
| Merlin. Falco æsalon | [211] |
| Red-footed Falcon. Tinnunculus vespertinus | [217] |
| Kestrel. Tinnunculus alaudarius | [212] |
| Lesser Kestrel. Tinnunculus cenchris | [217] |
| Osprey. Pandion haliaëtus | [215] |
| Order STEGANOPODES. |
| Cormorant. Phalacrocorax carbo | [218] |
| Shag. Phalacrocorax graculus | [220] |
| Gannet. Sula bassana | [221] |
| Order HERODIONES. |
| Heron. Ardea cinerea | [223] |
| Purple Heron. Ardea purpurea | [226] |
| Great White Heron. Ardea alba | [226] |
| Little Egret. Ardea gazetta | [226] |
| Buff-backed Heron. Ardea bubulcus | [226] |
| Squacco Heron. Ardea ralloïdes | [226] |
| Little Bittern. Ardetta minuta | [226] |
| Night Heron. Nycticorax griseus | [226] |
| Bittern. Botaurus stellaris | [224] |
| American Bittern. Botaurus lentiginosus | [226] |
| White Stork. Ciconia alba | [226] |
| Black Stork. Ciconia nigra | [226] |
| Spoonbill. Platalea leucorodia | [226] |
| Glossy Ibis. Plegadis falcinellus | [226] |
| Order ANSERES. |
| Grey Lag Goose. Anser cinereus | [227] |
| Bean-Goose. Anser segetum | [228] |
| Pink-footed Goose. Anser brachyrhynchus | [229] |
| White-fronted Goose. Anser albifrons | [230] |
| Cassins Snow Goose. Chen albatus | [227] |
| Brent Goose. Bernicla brenta | [230] |
| Barnacle Goose. Bernicla leucopsis | [232] |
| Red-breasted Goose. Bernicla ruficollis | [227] |
| Mute Swan. Cygnus olor | [233] |
| Polish Swan. Cygnus immutabilis | [233] |
| Whooper Swan. Cygnus musicus | [234] |
| Bewick’s Swan. Cygnus bewickii | [234] |
| Common Sheldrake. Tadorna cornuta | [235] |
| Ruddy Sheldrake. Tadorna casarca | [236] |
| Wigeon. Mareca penelope | [237] |
| American Wigeon. Mareca americana | [238] |
| Pintail. Dafila acuta | [238] |
| Mallard. Anas boscas | [239] |
| Gadwell. Chaulelasmus streperus | [241] |
| Garganey. Querquedula circia | [243] |
| Blue-winged Teal. Querquedula discors | [244] |
| Common Teal. Querquedula crecca | [244] |
| American Green-winged Teal. Querquedula carolinensis | [244] |
| Shoveler. Spatula clypeata | [245] |
| Red-Crested Pochard. Fuligula rufina | [246] |
| Tufted Duck. Fuligula cristata | [246] |
| Scaup. Fuligula marila | [247] |
| Pochard. Fuligula ferina | [248] |
| White-eyed Duck. Nyroca ferruginea | [246] |
| Goldeneye. Clangula glaucion | [249] |
| Barrow’s Goldeneye. Clangula islandica | [246] |
| Buffel-headed Duck. Clangula albeola | [246] |
| Harlequin Duck. Cosmonetta histrionica | [246] |
| Long-tailed Duck. Harelda glacialis | [250] |
| Steller’s Duck. Heniconetta stelleri | [246] |
| Eider Duck. Somateria mollissima | [251] |
| King Eider. Somateria spectabilis | [246] |
| Common Scoter. Œdemia nigra | [253] |
| Velvet Scoter. Œdemia fusca | [254] |
| Surf-Scoter. Œdemia perspicillata | [246] |
| Goosander. Mergus merganser | [255] |
| Red-breasted Merganser. Mergus serrator | [256] |
| Hooded Merganser. Mergus cucullatus | [246] |
| Smew. Mergus albellus | [258] |
| Order COLUMBÆ. |
| Wood-Pigeon. Columba palumbus | [258] |
| Stock-Dove. Columba œnas | [261] |
| Rock-Dove. Columba livia | [261] |
| Turtle-Dove. Turtur communis | [262] |
| Passenger Pigeon. Ectopistes migratorius | [264] |
| Order PTEROCLETES. |
| Pallas’s Sand-Grouse. Syrrhaptes paradoxus | [264] |
| Order GALLINÆ. |
| Pheasant. Phasianus colchicus | [264] |
| Red-legged Partridge. Caccabis rufa | [265] |
| Barbary Partridge. Caccabis petrosa | [266] |
| Partridge. Perdix cinerea | [267] |
| Quail. Coturnix communis | [269] |
| Ptarmigan. Lagopus mutus | [270] |
| Red Grouse. Lagopus scoticus | [272] |
| Black Grouse. Tetrao tetrix | [273] |
| Capercaillie. Tetrao urogallus | [275] |
| Order FULICARIÆ. |
| Water-rail. Rallus aquaticus | [277] |
| Spotted Crake. Porzana maruetta | [277] |
| Baillon’s Crake. Porzana bailloni | [278] |
| Little Crake. Porzana parva | [278] |
| Corncrake. Crex pratensis | [278] |
| Moorhen. Gallinula chloropus | [279] |
| Coot. Fulica atra | [280] |
| Order ALECTORIDES. |
| Crane. Grus communis | [281] |
| Great Bustard. Otis tarda | [281] |
| Little Bustard. Otis tetrax | [281] |
| Macqueen’s Bustard. Otis macqueeni | [281] |
| Order LIMICOLÆ. |
| Stone-Curlew. Œdicnemus scolopax | [282] |
| Collared Pratincole. Glareola pratincola | [284] |
| Cream-coloured Courser. Cursorius gallicus | [284] |
| Golden Plover. Charadrius pluvialis | [284] |
| Eastern Golden Plover. Charadrius fulvus | [286] |
| Grey Plover. Squatarola helvetica | [286] |
| Kentish Plover. Ægialitis cantiana | [287] |
| Little Ringed Plover. Ægialitis curonica | [288] |
| Ringed Plover. Ægialitis hiaticula | [287] |
| Killdeer Plover. Ægialitis vocifera | [288] |
| Dotterel. Endromias morinellus | [289] |
| Lapwing. Vanellus vulgaris | [290] |
| Turnstone. Strepsilus interpres | [292] |
| Oyster-catcher. Hæmatopus ostralegus | [293] |
| Avocet. Recurvirostra avocetta | [316] |
| Black-winged Stilt. Himantopus candidus | [316] |
| Red-necked Phalarope. Phalaropus hyperboreus | [294] |
| Grey Phalarope. Phalaropus fulicarius | [295] |
| Woodcock. Scolopax rusticula | [296] |
| Great Snipe. Gallinago major | [298] |
| Common Snipe. Gallinago cælestis | [299] |
| Jack-Snipe. Limnocryptes gallinula | [300] |
| Broad-billed Sandpiper. Limicola platyrhyncha | [317] |
| Pectoral Sandpiper. Tringa maculata | [317] |
| Bonaparte’s Sandpiper. Tringa fuscicollis | [317] |
| Dunlin. Tringa alpina | [300] |
| Little Stint. Tringa minuta | [302] |
| Temminck’s Stint. Tringa temmincki | [303] |
| American Stint. Tringa minutilla | [317] |
| Curlew-Sandpiper. Tringa subarquata | [303] |
| Purple Sandpiper. Tringa striata | [304] |
| Knot. Tringa canutus | [304] |
| Ruff and Reeve. Machetes pugnax | [306] |
| Sanderling. Calidris arenaria | [308] |
| Buff-breasted Sandpiper. Tryngites rufescens | [317] |
| Bartram’s Sandpiper. Actiturus longicauda | [317] |
| Common Sandpiper. Tringoïdes hypoleucus | [309] |
| Green Sandpiper. Helodromus ochropus | [310] |
| Wood-Sandpiper. Totanus glareola | [316] |
| Redshank. Totanus calidris | [310] |
| Spotted Redshank. Totanus fuscus | [316] |
| Greenshank. Totanus canescens | [312] |
| Red-breasted Snipe. Macroramphus griseus | [317] |
| Bar-tailed Godwit. Limosa lapponica | [316] |
| Black-tailed Godwit. Limosa melanura | [316] |
| Esquimaux Curlew. Numenius borealis | [317] |
| Whimbrel. Numenius phæopus | [313] |
| Curlew. Numenius arquata | [314] |
| Order GAVLÆ. |
| Arctic Tern. Sterna macrura | [317] |
| Common Tern. Sterna fluviatilis | [319] |
| Roseate Tern. Sterna dougalli | [320] |
| Little Tern. Sterna minuta | [320] |
| Caspian Tern. Sterna caspia | [323] |
| Gull-billed Tern. Sterna anglica | [323] |
| Sandwich Tern. Sterna cantiaca | [322] |
| Sooty Tern. Sterna fuliginosa | [323] |
| Scopoli’s Sooty Tern. Sterna anæstheta | [323] |
| Whiskered Tern. Hydrochelidon hybrida | [323] |
| White-winged Black Tern. Hydrochelidon leucoptera | [323] |
| Black Tern. Hydrochelidon nigra | [323] |
| Noddy. Anoüs stolidus | [323] |
| Ivory Gull. Pagophila eburnea | [329] |
| Kittiwake. Rissa tridactyla | [323] |
| Glaucous Gull. Larus glaucus | [329] |
| Iceland Gull. Larus leucopterus | [329] |
| Herring-Gull. Larus argentatus | [324] |
| Lesser Black-backed Gull. Larus fuscus | [325] |
| Common Gull. Larus canus | [326] |
| Great Black-backed Gull. Larus marinus | [327] |
| Great Black-headed Gull. Larus ichthyaëtus | [330] |
| Black-headed Gull. Larus ridibundus | [328] |
| Little Gull. Larus minutus | [330] |
| Sabine’s Gull. Xema sabinii | [330] |
| Common Skua. Stercorarius catarrhactes | [330] |
| Pomatorhine Skua. Stercorarius pomatorhinus | [333] |
| Richardson’s Skua. Stercorarius crepidatus | [333] |
| Buffon’s Skua. Stercorarius parasiticus | [333] |
| Order TUBINARES. |
| Stormy Petrel. Procellaria pelagica | [333] |
| Leach’s Petrel. Procellaria leucorrhoa | [335] |
| Wilson’s Petrel. Oceanites oceanicus | [336] |
| Manx Shearwater. Puffinus anglorum | [336] |
| Sooty Shearwater. Puffinus griseus | [337] |
| Greater Shearwater. Puffinus major | [337] |
| Dusky Shearwater. Puffinus obscurus | [337] |
| Fulmar. Fulmarus glacialis | [337] |
| Capped Petrel. Œstrelata hæsitata | [339] |
| Bulwer’s Petrel. Bulweria columbina | [339] |
| Order PYGOPODES. |
| Great Northern Diver. Colymbus glacialis | [340] |
| Black-throated Diver. Colymbus arcticus | [341] |
| Red-throated Diver. Colymbus septentrionalis | [342] |
| Great Crested Grebe. Podiceps cristatus | [342] |
| Red-necked Grebe. Podiceps griseigena | [345] |
| Sclavonian Grebe. Podiceps auritus | [345] |
| Eared Grebe. Podiceps nigrocollis | [345] |
| Little Grebe. Tachybaptes fluviatilis | [344] |
| Razorbill. Alca torda | [345] |
| Common Guillemot. Lomvia troile | [347] |
| Brünnich’s Guillemot. Lomvia bruennichi | [351] |
| Black Guillemot. Uria grylle | [350] |
| Little Auk. Margulus alle | [351] |
| Puffin. Fratercula arctica | [351] |
| INDEX | [353] |
