Various New Fats and Oils Suggested for Soap-making.
Carapa or Andiroba oil, derived from the seeds of a tree (Carapa Guianensis) grown in West Indies and tropical America, has been suggested as suitable for soap-making. Deering (Imperial Institute Journ., 1898, 313) gives the following figures:—
| Saponification Equivalent. | Acidity Per Cent. | Melting Point of Fatty Acids, °C. |
| 287 | 12 | 89 |
Another observer (Rev. Chem. Ind., 13, 116) gives the setting point of the fatty acids as 56.4° C.
Candle-nut oil obtained from the seeds of a tree flourishing in India and also the South Sea Islands.
The following figures have been published:—
| Saponification Equivalent.[1] | Titre, °C. | Iodine No. | Observers. | References. |
| 299-304.9 | 13 | 136.3-139.3 | De Negri | Chem. Centr., 1898, p. 493. |
| 291 | ... | 163.7 | Lewkowitsch | Chem. Revue, 1901, p. 156. |
| 296 | 12.5 | 152.8 | Kassler | Farben-Zeitung, 1903, p. 359. |
Curcas oil is produced in Portugal from the seeds of the "purging nut tree," which is similar to the castor oil plant, and is cultivated in Cape Verde Islands and other Portuguese Colonies.
The following data have been observed:—
| Saponification Equivalent.[2] | Titre, °C. | Iodine No. | Observers. | References. |
| 291.4 | 0.36 | 99.5 | Archbut | J. S. C. Ind., 1898, p. 1010. |
| 290.3 | 4.46 | 98.3 | Lewkowitsch | Chem. Revue, 1898, p. 211. |
| 283.1 | 0.68 | 107.9 | Klein | Zeits. angew. Chem., 1898, p. 1012. |
The titre is quoted by Lewkowitsch as 28.6° C.
Goa butter or Kokum butter is a solid fat obtained from the seeds of Garcinia indica, which flourishes in India and the East Indies. Crossley and Le Sueur (Journ. Soc. Chem. Industry, 1898, p. 993) during an investigation of Indian oils obtained these results:—
| Saponification Equivalent.[3] | Acidity Per Cent. | Iodine No. |
| 300 | 7.1 | 34.2 |
Safflower oil is extracted from the seeds of the Carthamus tinctorius, which, although indigenous to India and the East Indies, is extensively cultivated in Southern Russia (Saratowa) and German East Africa. Its use has been suggested for soft-soap making. The following figures have been published:—
| Saponification Equivalent.[4] | Titre, °C. | Iodine No. | Observers. | References. |
| Average of Twelve Samples | 295.5 | 141.29 | Crossley and Le Sueur | J. S. C. Ind., 1898, p. 992; J. S. C. Ind., 1900, p. 104. |
| 287.1 | 141.6 | Shukoff | Chem. Revue, 1901, p. 250. | |
| 289.2 | 130 | Tylaikow | Chem. Revue, 1902, p. 106. | |
| 293.7 | 142.2 | Fendler | Chem. Zeitung, 1904, p. 867. |
Maripa fat is obtained from the kernels of a palm tree flourishing in the West Indies, but, doubtless, the commercial fat is obtained from other trees of the same family. It resembles cocoa-nut oil and gives the following figures:—
| Saponification Equivalent.[5] | Iodine No. | Melting Point of Fatty Acids, °C. | Observer. | Reference. |
| 217 | 9.49 | 25 | Bassière | J. S. C. Ind., 1903, p. 1137. |
Niam fat, obtained from the seeds of Lophira alata, which are found extensively in the Soudan. The fat, as prepared by natives, has been examined by Lewkowitsch, and more recently Edie has published the results of an analysis. The figures are as follows:—
| Saponification Equivalent.[6] | Titre, °C. | Iodine No. | Observers. | References. |
| 295.1 | 78.12 | 42.5 | Lewkowitsch | J. S. C. Ind., 1907, p. 1266. |
| 287.7 | 75.3 | Edïe. | Quart. J. Inst. Comm. Research in Tropics. |
Cohune-nut oil is produced from the nuts of the cohune palm, which flourishes in British Honduras. This oil closely resembles cocoa-nut and palm-nut oils and is stated to saponify readily and yield a soap free from odour. The following figures, obtained in the Laboratory of the Imperial Institute, are recorded in the official Bulletin, 1903, p. 25:—
| Saponification Equivalent. | Iodine No. | Melting Point of Fatty Acids, °C. |
| 253.9-255.3 | 12.9-13.6 | 27-30 |
Mafoureira or Mafura tallow from the nuts of the mafoureira tree, which grows wild in Portuguese East Africa. The following figures are published:—
| Saponification Equivalent. | Iodine No. | References. | |
| Titre, °C. | |||
| 253.8 | 44-48 | 46.14 | De Negri and Fabris, Annal. del Lab. Chim. Delle Gabelle, 1891-2, p. 271. |
| Acidity (as Oleic Acid) Per Cent. | |||
| 232.8-233.7 | 21.26 | 47.8-55.8 | Bulletin Imp. Inst., 1903, p. 27. |
Pongam oil, obtained from the beans of the pongam tree, which flourishes in East India, has been suggested as available for the soap industry, but the unsaponifiable matter present would militate against its use. Lewkowitsch (Analyst, 1903, pp. 342-44) quotes these results:—
| Saponification Equivalent.[7] | Iodine No. | Acidity, Per Cent. | Unsaponifiable, Per Cent. | |
| Oil extracted in laboratory | 315 | 94 | 3.05 | 9.22 |
| Indian specimen | 306 | 89.4 | 0.5 | 6.96 |
Margosa oil is obtained from the seeds of Melia azedarach, a tree which is found in most parts of India and Burma.
Lewkowitsch (Analyst, 1903, pp. 342-344) gives these figures:—
| Saponification Equivalent.[8] | Iodine No. | Titre, °C. |
| 284.9 | 69.6 | 42 |
Dika fat or Wild Mango oil is obtained from the seed kernels of various kinds of Irvingia by boiling with water. Lemarié (Bulletin Imp. Inst., 1903, p. 206) states that this fat is used in the place of cocoa-nut oil in the manufacture of soap. Lewkowitsch (Analyst, 1905, p. 395) examined a large sample of dika fat obtained from seeds of Irvingia bateri (South Nigeria) and gives the following data:—
| Saponification Equivalent.[9] | Iodine No. | Titre, °C. | Unsaponifiable, Per Cent. |
| 229.4 | 5.2 | 34.8 | 0.73 |
Baobab-seed Oil.—Balland (Journ. Pharm. Chem., 1904, p. 529, abstracted in Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1905, p. 34) states that the natives of Madagascar extract, by means of boiling water, from the seeds of the baobab tree, a whitish solid oil, free from rancidity, and possessed of an odour similar to Tunisian olive oil. He suggests that it may, with advantage, replace cocoa-nut oil in soap manufacture.
Persimmon-seed Oil.—Lane (J. S. C. Ind., 1905, p. 390) gives constants for this oil which he describes as semi-drying, of brownish yellow colour, and having taste and odour like pea-nut (arachis) oil. The following are taken from Lane's figures:—
| Saponification Equivalent.[10] | Iodine No. | Titre, °C. |
| 298.4 | 115.6 | 20.2 |
Wheat oil, extracted from the wheat germ by means of solvents, has been suggested as applicable for soap-making (H. Snyder, abstr. J. S. C. Ind., 1905, p. 1074). The following figures have been published:—
| Saponification Equivalent.[11] | Acidity, Per Cent. | Iodine No. | Titre, °C. | Observers. | References. |
| 306 | 5.65 | 115.17 | 29.7 | De Negri. | Chem. Zeit., 1898(abstr. J. S. C., 1898, p. 1155). |
| 297 | 20 | 115.64 | ... | Frankforter & Harding | J. Amer. C. Soc., 1899, 758-769 (abstr. in J. S. C. I., 1899, p. 1030). |
Tangkallah fat, from the seeds of a tree growing in Java and the neighbouring islands, is suitable for soap-making. Schroeder (Arch. Pharm., 1905, 635-640, abstracted in J. S. C. Ind., 1906, p. 128) gives these values:—
| Saponification Equivalent.[12] | Acidity, Per Cent. | Iodine No. | Unsaponifiable, Per Cent. |
| 209 | 1.67 | 2.28 | 1.44 |
It is a hard fat, nearly white, possessing neither taste nor characteristic odour and solidifying at about 27° C.
Oil of Inoy-kernel.—(Bulletin Imp. Inst., 1906, p. 201). The seeds of Poga oleosa from West Africa yield on extraction an oil which gives the figures quoted below, and is suggested as a soap-maker's material:—
| Saponification Equivalent. | Iodine No. | Titre, °C. |
| 304 | 89.75 | 22 |