SIDE WREATH STARTING FROM A NEWEL.
Fig. 6 shows the plan of centre line of rail of a side wreath starting from a newel. Lay down the tangents A B and B C equal in length and to the required angle, according to circumstances, the size of the hall, &c. The farther it stands out into the hall the better it will look, but it must not obstruct the passage or be out of proportion to the size of the stairs. B should be in front of the second riser, or it will make the rail too high at the newel. A will be the face of the newel. Draw from A square to A B, and from C square to C B to meet in O. Then O A will be the radius of the centre line of rail, which draw. Then A B being level will be the horizontal trace.
Fig. 7 shows the elevation. Set up a tread and risers and draw the springing C as it occurs on the plan. Make C 3 equal C B, Fig. 6, and draw B C S resting on the corners.
Fig. 8 shows the face mould. Draw the line A P, and make A D P equal A D O, Fig. 6. Draw V L through P at right angles to A P. Draw D 8 parallel to V L, make D 8 equal B 3, Fig. 7; join A 8 extended to cut V L in O; then O will be the centre. Make A B and 8 C equal A B and D C, Fig. 6. The completion of the mould will be understood. The tangent C B will equal C B, Fig. 7, if the drawing is correct.
Fig. 9 shows the sections which will be in the centre of plank all round.
PLATE 24.
PLATE XXIV.
QUARTER-SPACE LANDING, WREATH IN TWO PIECES.
It was said in a previous case that with a wide rail and the tangents on the same pitch as the straight rail, the inside of rail has a crippled appearance. This can be remedied by having the wreath in two pieces.
Fig. 1 shows the plan laid down so as to make the inside falling line of rail a straight line; and the risers landing and starting placed in the springing. To find the radius of centre line of rail, Fig. 1. Make S N, Fig. 7, equal one step. From N draw N R at 45° with S N, and from S draw a line at 60° with S N to meet the line from N in R, from R draw square to and cut S N in P; then R P will be the radius for the inside of the rail on plan.
Fig. 2 shows the development. Make H R equal stretch-out of centre line of rail on plan. Set up one tread and risers above and below, with the risers in the springing. Draw the centre falling line, resting on the corners and passing through the centre, at the height of half a riser above the landing. To develop tangents, make C S R Fig. 2, equal C B A, Fig. 1, and complete tangents as shown. To draw the horizontal trace at Fig. 1, make A B F, Fig. 1, equal R S F, Fig. 2. Join F C for the required trace. Draw N O square to it.
Fig. 3 shows the face mould. Make A B F equal A B F and B C equal B C, Fig. 2, and F C equal F C, Fig. 1. Make C P equal C N, Fig. 1. Draw the major axis from N square to N C F. Draw from A parallel to F C P to cut major axis in 7. Now if the drawing is correct A 7 will equal A R, Fig. 1. With P as centre and N R, Fig. 1, as radius, strike an arc at S; again, with 7 as centre and A R, Fig. 2, as radius, strike an arc to intersect the first one in S. Join 7 S and P S extended, and P N equal O N, Fig. 1. Draw from N parallel to 7 S to cut the major axis in O, then O will be the centre.
Fig. 4 shows the sections and bevels. Make N N equal radius of centre line of rail, Fig. 1, with O as centre, and for radius just touching each tangent, which distances transfer to Fig. 4. All the sections in this case will be in the centre of the plank.
Fig. 5 shows the face mould for the other side of the plank.
Fig. 6 shows the application of the face moulds to the stuff.
Both joints are square to tangents and face of plank in this case.
PLATE 25.
PLATE XXV.
QUARTER-SPACE LANDING, WREATH IN ONE PIECE, TO FORM ITS OWN EASING INTO THE STRAIGHT RAIL.
Fig. 1 shows the plan laid down exactly the same as in [Plate XXIII].
Fig. 2 shows the elevation. Make Y Y equal the stretch-out of centre line of rail, Fig. 1, and set up one step above and below as shown. Draw the centre falling line resting on the corners and passing through the centre at the height of half a riser above the landing. For development of tangents, make 1, 2, 3 equal A B C, Fig. 1. Square out a level line from the lower joint H, and make H R equal the distance between the line 1 and the springing; join R N; then A B C will be the tangents of face mould. From R draw the joint line square to the straight rail, and R P square to the tangents.
Fig. 3 shows the face mould. Make R A B S equal R A B C, Fig. 2, and S C equal the diagonal on plan, and B C equal B C, Fig. 2. Draw C O and A O parallel to A B and B C, make C N equal C N, Fig. 2. The bevel A and C will be the same, as both pitches are the same.
Fig. 4 shows the sections at the two joints, and the section on the minor axis will be in the centre of the plank. But section A will be above, and that at C below the centre. The distance between C and the falling line is what the section at C will be below, and A above the centre. It will be seen one corner of the rail is cut off at these sections; this makes no difference so long as the moulding of the rail will work it out.
Fig. 5 shows the bevels for the joints to be worked off to, so as to make them joint to the straight rail. Draw P P to the same pitch as O O, Fig. 4; draw C H square to P P; make C N equal 4 4, Fig. 4. At Fig. 2 mark along R P, R S to equal 4 4, Fig. 4; make C S and C S equal S S, Fig. 2, and draw S E for the bevel T to be applied across the end of shank and along the tangent. Join S D for the bevel S, to be applied through the end of shank and along the surface of the stuff; this bevel must be held parallel to the tangent across the joint, that is, square through the plank. Notice that in all these bevel joints if the tangent is steeper than the straight rail, the bevel T is applied so that the ends of shank diminish towards the inside, while if the tangent is flatter, the end of shank will diminish towards the outside. This will be understood by referring to Fig. 3 in this plate, and Fig. 5, [Plate XXI].
Fig. 6 shows the face mould for the under side; the shaded part N S shows the extra length required; this will equal S S, Fig. 2, the other end R S will be the same amount shorter. This mould is reverse to Fig. 3.
Fig. 7 shows the wreath cut out square through the plank, before the moulds are put on. The application of the bevels is seen here.
PLATE 26.
PLATE XXVI.
WINDERS IN THE QUARTER-SPACE, WREATH IN ONE PIECE, TO FORM ITS OWN EASING INTO STRAIGHT RAIL.
Fig. 1 shows plan with face of risers laid, and centre line of rail enclosed with tangents A B C.
Fig. 2 shows the development. Make Y Y equal stretch-out of centre of rail, Fig. 1. Set up treads and risers, placing the risers as they occur on the centre line of rail, Fig. 1; draw the centre falling line as shown. To development tangents make 1 2 C equal A B C, Fig. 1. Continue the tangent C B in a line with straight rail; make H R equal the distance between the line 1 and springing; join R B extended to cut the level line in F. Draw the joint line square to the straight rail, and R P square to the tangent; mark off along R P, R S to equal half thickness of plank.
Fig. 3 shows the face mould for the top side of the plank. Make R A B F and B C equal corresponding letters, Fig. 2, and F C equal F C, Fig. 1; draw C O and A O parallel to A B and B C; draw the major axis O M square to F C through the centre, with M as centre and M O, Fig. 1, as radius strike an arc at P; draw V L through the centre and tangent to the arc. Make M H equal M H, Fig. 1; draw Y J parallel to V L; make Y E equal H E, Fig. 1. Draw Y J parallel to M P, and J K square to major axis; join K E for section line; draw the short tangent from E square to K E.
Fig. 4 shows bevels, width of mould, thickness of plank. Get the levels by taking O, Fig. 3, as centre, and for radius open out to touch each tangent; transfer these distances to Fig. 4 for each bevel as shown, and complete the sections as usual; the section at each joint will be in the centre, but each of the others will be below. Make C E D, Fig. 2, equal C E D, Fig. 1. Make E E and D D equal P J and P O, Fig. 3. Then the difference between K D E and C and the falling line, is what each section will be out of the centre of plank.
Fig. 5 shows the bevels for the bevelled joint at R. Draw P P to the same bevel as the bevel for the shank, marked O O, Fig. 4; draw C H square to P P. Make C N equal 1 1, Fig. 4, make C S and C S equal S S, Fig. 2, and join S E and S P for bevels T and S. Cut the wreath out square through the plank as usual, except at this joint, which is worked across the top and bottom to the bevel T, the bevel S being for the sides. If the joint is worked true to these bevels, it will joint correctly to the straight rail. S S, Fig. 2, is what the face mould will require to be longer for the under side; this is shown by the shaded part on end of shank, Fig. 6, while R S on the shank of the top face mould, Fig. 3, shows the same amount shorter. It is presumed that the method of squaring the wreath is fully understood, and needs no further explaining here, as it can only be a repetition of what was described in the first few plates.
PLATE 27.
PLATE XXVII.
LANDING IN AN OBTUSE ANGLE, THE WREATH TO FORM ITS OWN EASING INTO THE STRAIGHT RAIL.
Fig. 1 is the plan with the risers placed in the springing, and the rail drawn with a radius so as to make the inside falling line nearly a straight line. Draw the centre line of rail to the angle, and bisect it from B. Set off on each side half a tread marked 2 2 and 3 3. Now draw the inside of rail to cut these two lines in 4 and 5; draw through 4 and 5 square to the centre line of rail to meet in O, then O will be the centre and A O the radius. Complete the plan as shown. The elevation is shown at Fig. 2. Make S S equal the centre line of rail, Fig. 1, from A to C. Set up one step above and below and draw the falling line. To develop tangents, make 1 2 C equal A B C, Fig. 1. Make the joints at N and H. Make H R equal the distance between the line 1 and the springing. Join R N for development of tangents. Draw the joint line square to the straight rail, and R P square to the tangents. Mark off along R P, R S to equal 1 1 or 4 4, Fig. 4. Make B F, Fig. 1, equal 2 C, Fig. 2, and join F C. Fig. 3 is the face mould. Make R A B F equal R A B C, Fig. 2, and B C equal B C, Fig. 2, and F C equal F C, Fig. 1. Draw the minor axis from B parallel to F C, and make B O equal B O, Fig. 1. Draw the major axis square to it. The sections are seen at Fig. 4. Make R R equal radius of centre line of rail on plan; make O O equal O O, Fig. 3, and complete sections as usual. The difference between C and the falling line at Fig. 2 is what the section at C will be below the centre, and that at A above; the sections at the joints and at the minor axis will be in the centre of plank.
Fig. 5 shows the face mould for the under side of the plank.
Fig. 6 shows the wreath worked inside and out ready for squaring.
Fig. 7 shows the bevels for the bevelled joints on both ends of wreath. They will be applied the same as in [Plate XXV].
PLATE 28.
PLATE XXVIII.
HALF TWIST STARTING FROM A SCROLL, AND A SIDE WREATH STARTING FROM A NEWEL.
Fig. 1 shows the plan of a stair starting with a scroll. Make D E equal about 4 times the width of rail, which divide into 9 equal parts; make D I equal 5 of these parts; this will be the radius for the largest quadrant of the rail. To find the radius for each of the remaining quadrants, make D 1, Fig. 5, equal D 1, Fig. 1; make 1 2 equal one of the 9 parts, with D as centre and D 1 as radius; strike an arc from 2; square up a line to cut the arc in A; join A D with D as centre and D 2 as radius; strike an arc to cut A D in B; from B draw B 3 square to D 1. Continue the process as far as required to complete the scroll, D 2 will strike the second quadrant and D 3 the third, and so on. The face mould is seen at Fig. 3. Draw C B A at right angles and make C B equal C B, Fig. 2, and A B equal A B, Fig. 1. Make A R equal radius of centre line of rail C 1, Fig. 1, and complete the mould as usual. The scroll itself will only require to be the thickness of the rail, as it is level. All the sections in the wreath will be in the centre of the plank.
Fig. 6 shows the plan, and Fig. 7 the elevation of a side wreath starting from a newel. Make A P, Fig. 8, equal the radius of centre line of rail, Fig. 6, and draw V L through P square to A P. Make A E equal A E, Fig. 6, draw E 8 square to A E, and make E 8 equal B D, Fig. 7. Join A 8 extended to cut V L in O; then O will be the centre and A O the major axis. Make A B and 8 C equal A B and E C, Fig. 6. Join C B, which is the tangent, and if the drawing is correct, this will equal C B, Fig. 7. The tangent A B being level is of course the same length as on plan. All the sections will be in the centre of the plank; these are seen at Fig. 9. The short shank A N is to let into the newel; A being the face of newel.
PLATE 29.
PLATE XXIX.
WINDERS STARTING FROM A CURTAIL STEP.
Fig. 1 shows the plan of a scroll, and wreath to stand over the curtail step and winders. Divide N N into 9 equal parts. Make N 1 equal 5 of these parts and draw the largest quadrant. To draw the remainder make N 1, Fig. 7, equal N 1, Fig. 1; with N as centre and N 1 as radius, strike the arc. Make 1 2 equal 1 of the 9 parts; from 2 erect a perpendicular to cut the arc in 7. Join 7 N. Now with N as centre and N 2 as radius, strike the second arc to cut N 7 in 8; draw 8 3 parallel to 7 2. Again, with N as centre and N 3 as radius, strike the arc to cut N 7 in 9; draw 9 4 parallel to 8 3. This process can be continued as far as required. N 1 will strike the largest quadrant, N 2 the next, and N 3 the next, and so on until the scroll is completed. The centre and inside lines of rail will be struck from the same centres. Make the joint at A, and draw the radius line from 2, which is the centre of this part of the scroll; draw the tangent A B square to it.
Fig. 2 shows the elevation. Set up the treads and risers as they occur on the centre line of rail, Fig. 1, and draw the centre falling line so that it will finish level, about on the line N N, and at a height of about 1 or 2 inches above the top of the first step. Make 3 7 equal the stretch-out of the centre line of rail, Fig. 1 from A to C. Draw the level line through the falling line at 7, and make 3 8 and 8 A equal C B and B A, Fig. 1, and complete the development of tangents as shown. Draw the joint at 7 square to the tangent A B. The scroll must be the distance S S thicker than the thickness of rail, and the joint worked to the bevel as shown.
Fig. 3 is the face mould for the top side of the plank. Make B F, Fig. 1, equal 8 F, Fig. 2, and at Fig. 3 make C B F equal C B F and B A equal B A, Fig. 2, and F A equal F A, Fig. 1. Draw C 11 and A 5 parallel to the horizontal trace F A, and make A 5 and C 11 equal A 5 and C 7, Fig. 1, and draw the major axis through 5 and 11. With 5 as centre and 5 7, Fig. 1, as radius, strike an arc at 7; draw a line through 11 and tangent to the arc. Now, if the drawing is correct, 7 11 will equal the height 3 C, Fig. 2. Make 5 4 3 1 6 7 equal corresponding figures, Fig. 1, and complete the mould as usual. Notice O will be the centre for sections D E R and C, and S S, Fig. 4, will equal the radius 1 D, Fig. 1. But for the section at the joint A, 2 will be the centre and S S, Fig. 5, will equal the radius 2 A, Fig. 1. The bevels, &c., are got as usual. Make 3 4 5 6 7, Fig. 2, equal C R E D A, Fig. 1. Make 4 4 and 5 5 and 6 6, Fig. 2, equal 1 S and 1 O and 1 W, Fig. 3. Now, the difference between 4 5 and 6 and the falling line is what each section is out of the centre of plank.
Fig. 6 is the face mould for the under side of the plank.
PLATE 30.
PLATE XXX.
WINDERS IN THE QUARTER-SPACE, STARTING FROM A NEWEL.
Fig. 1 shows the plan. There will be one baluster on the bottom step, and the remainder placed as shown. In planning stairs of this kind care must be taken not to let the newel obstruct the passage. No fixed rule can be laid down for the position of the newel; circumstances alone must regulate that; but the further the newel is brought round the more graceful will be the falling line of rail.
Fig. 2 is the elevation. Make C A equal the stretch-out of centre line of rail from C to A, Fig. 1, and C D equal C B, Fig. 1. Let B be 12 inches above the floor line; now draw the centre falling line from the joint at R at the top, and to strike the face of the newel level at the height of B, as shown by the dotted lines. Join R B for pitch of tangent B C. The tangent A B will be level, therefore the same length as on plan. Draw the joint at R square to the straight rail, and R P square to the tangent. Mark off along R P, R S to equal 5 5, Fig. 4.
Fig. 3 is the face mould for the top side of the plank. Draw the lines A E and N E at right angles, and make A E equal A E, Fig. 1, and N E equal B D, Fig. 2; join A N, which is the major axis; make C R equal C R above the springing at Fig. 2; add S S, Fig. 2, on to the end of shank, as shown by shaded part. The completion of the face mould will be understood.
Fig. 4 shows the sections. It will be noticed that the sections S and R are above the centre of plank. Make F S R, Fig. 2, equal A S R on the centre line of rail, Fig. 1, and make S S and R R below the falling at Fig. 2 equal R F and R O, Fig. 3. The difference between S and the falling line is what the section at S is above the centre of plank, while that between R and the falling line is what the section at R on the minor axis is above the centre of plank.
Fig. 5 shows the bevels for the bevelled joint at R. Draw H H to the same pitch as the bevel for the section C and draw C E square to H H and C N vertical; draw E D level through N; make C S and C S equal S S, Fig. 2, and join S D and S E for bevels T and S. To cut out the wreath, lay the face mould on the stuff, transfer the tangents on to it, mark off on each side of the tangent at A A 1, and on each side of the tangent at C C N, and on each side of R on the minor axis, ¼ of an inch more than half width of rail, marked P P, Fig. 4. Trace around through I P N inside and outside. Cut the wreath out square through the plank. Before bevelling the wreath, work the joint to the bevels T and S. The bevel T to be applied across the top and bottom, while the bevel S will be applied on the sides. S S is the extra length of stuff required on end of shank, as shown by shaded part on end of face mould. To get out the face mould for the under side, lay Fig. 3 on a thin piece of stuff and transfer the tangents and section lines on to it, and stick a bradawl through A S R C and mark off on each section the width of mould on the opposite side to Fig. 3. The shank will be the same amount shorter that Fig. 3 is longer.
PLATE 31.
PLATE XXXI.
THE PLAN OF RAIL FORMING PART OF AN ELLIPSE, STARTING FROM A NEWEL OVER WINDERS.
Fig. 1 shows the plan of rail with the risers in position. The line O C is the minor axis, and O D the major axis of the ellipse on plan; and as the tangent A B is level, it is of course the H T. From the foci P P draw to A, and bisect the angle, as shown by A Y; this will be the face of the newel on plan. Draw the tangent A B square to it. Draw F S through the centre O V square to A B. Draw O E parallel to A B; this line will be the minor axis on the face mould.
Fig. 2 shows the elevation. A S will equal the stretch-out of the centre line of rail from A to C, Fig. 1; and S B will equal C B, Fig. 1. Draw the falling line as shown so as to strike the face of newel level, at a height of 12 inches above the floor. Square out A B from A and join B R for pitch of tangent. Draw the joint line square to the straight rail and R P square to the tangent.
Fig. 3 shows the face mould for the under side. Draw F S and S P at right angles, and make F S equal F S, Fig. 1; and S P equal the height S C, Fig. 2. Join F P for the major axis of face mould. Make F R equal F O, Fig. 1. Draw R O parallel to S P. Draw O E square to the major axis F P; then O E is the minor axis, and O R is the same line as is marked V L in previous plates. Make O 5 E 6 equal O 5 E 6, Fig. 1. Make F N equal F N, Fig. 1, and draw N Y parallel to R O, and Y D square to major axis. Make Y D equal N D, Fig. 1, and complete the section as usual. Also make P C equal S C, and F A B equal F A B, Fig. 1. Join C B extended, and make C R equal C R, Fig. 2. Now if the drawing is correct C B will equal C B, Fig. 2.
Fig. 4 shows the bevel and section A. Make A B equal O F, Fig. 1; and B C equal O F, Fig. 3. Draw the section of rail, and draw A 2 to cut the top corner parallel to B C. Then A O will be half thickness of plank and A 2 width of mould here.
Fig. 5 shows bevel and section D. Make A B equal O D, Fig. 1. With O as centre for radius, open out the compasses to touch the tangent from D; transfer this distance to Fig. 5, as shown by B C. Now make A D E S, Fig. 2, equal A D E S on the centre line of rail, Fig. 1. Make D N and E H, Fig. 2, equal N Y and R O, Fig. 3. The difference between N and the falling line shows that the latter is nearly in the centre of plank at the section D. Make D 3 and D 4, Fig. 3, equal D 3 and D 4 at the section.
Fig. 6 shows the section on the minor axis, which of course requires no bevel. The difference between 4 and the falling line at Fig. 2 shows what this section is out of the centre of the plank.
Fig. 7 shows bevel and section C. Make A B equal O C, Fig. 1, and with O as centre, and for radius a distance to just touch the tangent, C B, Fig. 3. Transfer this to Fig. 7 as shown by B D, and complete the section as usual.
Fig. 8 shows the bevels for the bevelled joint at R. The method of getting them and their application will be understood.
Fig. 9 shows the face mould for the top side. The difference between this mould and Fig. 3 is that A 2 and D 4 and C 7 is on the inside of A D and C, instead of the outside, as at Fig. 3. In sawing around on the inside, leave the stuff full on the section D, and gauge to a width after the moulds have been removed.
PLATE 32.
PLATE XXXII.
SHOWING THE MOULDING OF RAILS, AND A METHOD OF PROPORTIONATELY INCREASING OR DECREASING THE SIZE OF THEM.
Figs. 1 and 2 show pattern of rails full size, both of which look well when finished, and nice to handle. The shaded parts at Fig. 1 show how the rail should be worked out before it is moulded. It will be seen that Fig. 1 has three dowels, while Fig. 2 has two.
At Fig. 2 is seen a method by which a rail may be proportionately increased or decreased to any size. Let S be the given rail and R the required one. Make A B equal the width of S, and A E the thickness of R; from E draw square to A B, and make E F equal the thickness of S; join A B. From A square out a line and make A D equal the width of the required rail R. From B and D square out lines to meet in C; join A C. From each member in S draw ordinates to cut A C and A F, and where these meet again in R will be the same member in the required rail.
Fig. 3 shows a handrail screw, A being a round nut, a section of which is seen at Fig. 4, and B a square one; W is a round washer. These screws are let into about the centre of the section of rail at the joints. A hole is cut in the under side of each piece for the nuts to go in, and a small bent chisel, made for the purpose, is used to turn the nut A.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET
AND CHARING CROSS.