The Subtropical Garden; or, beauty of form in the flower garden.

by W. Robinson

*FERULAS.

I wish it were not necessary to write in praise of such very fine plants as these, so noble in aspect and beautiful in leaf. If 2000 kinds of herbaceous plants are grown, the first things that show clearly above the ground in the very dawn of spring (even in January) are their deep-green and most elegant leaves. In good garden soil they look like masses of Leptopteris superba, that most exquisite of ferns. Their chief charm will probably be found to consist in their furnishing masses of the freshest green and highest grace in early spring. The leaf is apt to lose some of its beauty and fade away early in autumn, but this may to some extent be retarded by cutting out the flower-bearing shoots the moment they appear. Not that these are ugly; for, on the contrary, the plants are fine and striking when in flower. It is indispensable that the Ferulas, like some other hardy foliage-plants, be planted permanently and well at first, as it is only when they are thoroughly established that you get their full effect. At a first view, the best way to treat them would appear to be so to arrange them that they would be succeeded by things that flower in autumn, and only begin their rich growth in early summer; but it will be equally wise to plant them near the margin of a shrubbery, or wherever it is desired to have a diversified and bold type of vegetation. We may look forward to the day when a far greater variety of form will be seen in English gardens than is at present observable, and these Ferulas are thoroughly well worth growing for their superb spring and early summer effect. The best species are

F. communis and tingitana. Probably a few others, including F. glauca, neapolitana, nodiflora, asparagifolia, Ferulago, and persica, may with advantage be added where much variety is sought, but the effect of any of the first three cannot be surpassed. Among the “aspects of vegetation” which we may enjoy in these cold climes, nothing equals that of their grand leaves, pushing up with the snowdrop. In semi-wild spots, where spring flowers abound, it will prove a most tasteful and satisfactory plan to drop a Ferula here and there in a sunny spot, and leave it to nature and its own good constitution afterwards. In general aspect these plants are much alike; it is better, however, to describe some of them individually.

*Ferula asparagifolia.—An ornamental perennial, 4 ft. or 5 ft. high, with very graceful and finely-cut leaves, the radical ones 1 ft. to 2 ft. long (including the leaf-stalk), repeatedly subdivided: the divisions very narrow, linear, pointed, and set with hairs; the upper stem-leaves are reduced to short sheaths, the lowest of which bear a short pinnate limb.

*Ferula communis.—A very fine and striking hardy perennial, growing from 6 ft. to 10 ft. or more high, with much-divided, spreading, shining green leaves, repeatedly subdivided into linear, flaccid segments; the lower leaves spreading more than 2 ft. each way; the sheaths of the upper leaves very large.

*Ferula Ferulago.—A very ornamental kind, with striped stems, 6 ft. to 8 ft. high, and much-divided leaves, with divided spreading leaflets, which are nearly as broad as those of F. tingitana, but longer, and of a darker green.

*Ferula glauca.—A valuable and imposing foliage-plant, 4 ft. to 6 ft. or more high, with very much divided leaves, shining above, glaucous beneath, cut into long, linear, flat segments. The stalks of the upper leaves are widened above.

*Ferula persica.—A hardy perennial from Persia and the Caucasus, with a glaucous stem from 3 ft. to 6 ft. high, tapering gradually upwards, and very handsome, much-divided leaves, with rather distant lance-shaped leaflets, widening and toothed or cut at the apex. Flowers in umbels, without any general or partial involucrum. This plant is easily distinguished by its strong asafœtida odour, and requires warm sandy soil.

*Ferula tingitana.—A very noble plant, from 6 ft. to 8 ft. high, with a stout stem and very glistening leaves, which are broader than those of any other species, and repeatedly subdivided into oblong or lance-shaped deeply-toothed segments.

Ficus Chauvieri.—A noble species, with a faultless habit, which does well in the open air, and is the best kind after F. elastica. The leaves are oval-obtuse in outline, of a very dark glistening green, with pale-yellow veins, and usually have one or more large undulations on the margin. Useful for the same purposes as the following species.

Ficus elastica (India-rubber Plant).—This is one of those valuable leathery-leaved things that are useful in hothouse, drawing-room, or flower-garden. It not only exists in the open air in summer in good health, but makes a good growth under the influence of our weak northern sun. Never assuming the imposing proportions of other plants mentioned herein, it is best adapted for select mixed groups, and, in small gardens, as isolated specimens amongst low bedding plants. It will best enjoy stove treatment in winter, and is propagated from cuttings. It should be put out at the end of May. In all cases it is better to use plants with single stems.

*Fuchsia.—The Fuchsia, one of the most beautiful ornaments of the garden when well grown, is comparatively rarely seen in our flower-gardens. It is to be regretted that this is the case, for assuredly there is nothing in cultivation more calculated to improve the aspect of things therein. Not showy in mass of flower, like many things common enough now, it is of the highest order of beauty; while the drooping habit of the shoots of most kinds gives the plant a grace which is valuable indeed, and which no flower-garden should be without. Even in dwarf lines, where this drooping tendency is not seen to such advantage, or, it may be, presents a disadvantage, the Fuchsia is very valuable; but it is when we use plants with rather tall stems or pyramids that the full beauty of the Fuschia as a flower-garden plant is seen. And the right way to manage them is to make them as far as possible produce all their growth in the open air. That is the secret: start them, nurture them, and make them full of leaves and strong young growth in the spring, so as to go out strong, and most likely you will find them very disappointing indeed; but keep them back and do not let them burst forth into leaf until put in the open air in May, and they will then go on and retain all the strength they gather, suspending quantities of graceful blossoms until the leaves have deserted the trees, when they should be taken up and put in a dry cave, cellar, or shed for the winter. In a cool position of that kind it would not be difficult to “keep them back” in spring. And supposing they seemed inclined to push forth too much before the time had quite arrived when it would be convenient or desirable to put them in the flower-garden, there should be no difficulty in placing them in some quiet, sheltered nook, where they might receive more protection than in the flower-garden proper, and yet have full opportunity to make growth in the open air—the great point to be attained. The freest and hardiest kinds should be chosen for this purpose. In many places refuse plants may be turned to good account in this way. Given a lot of specimen Fuchsias—arrived, perhaps, at that stage when they must be parted with to make way for younger plants and newer kinds—nothing is simpler than to make of these standards for the flower-garden, by cutting away the lower and middle side shoots, and leaving the head to form a standard. Their exceptional grace when placed among fine foliage-plants induces me to allude to them here.

*Funkia Sieboldiana.—A Japanese plant, remarkable for the elegance of its leaves, which are large, broadly heart-shaped, of a greyish-green colour, slightly undulating, and finely marked with regular lines of prominent ribs. The flowers are of a light lilac or bluish colour, and are borne in a drooping unilateral cluster at the extremity of a leafless stem 1 ft. or 16 ins. high. Thrives best in a light, cool, sandy soil in a sheltered half-shady position. It will also thrive well in peat. Multiplied by division of the tufts in autumn, once in three or four years. Useful among the dwarfer herbaceous plants, etc., and occasionally as a groundwork in beds of shrubs with fine foliage.

*Galega officinalis.—A handsome, hardy, and vigorous-growing plant, 3 ft. to 5 ft. high, forming graceful tufts of pinnate leaves, and flowering abundantly and for a long time; the flowers are of a pale blue, in long, dense clusters or spikes. Although it will grow in almost any soil, it does best in a deep, free, moist, sandy clay. This not uncommon herbaceous plant is alluded to here in consequence of its graceful leaves, which fit it for taking a part in the groups of handsome hardy subjects so often suggested in this book.

Geranium anemonæfolium.—A handsome perennial from Madeira, with a simple, woody, erect stem 1 ft. to 14 ins. in height, covered with dry scales. The leaves, which are of a bright green, smooth, and very much divided, are chiefly collected at the base of the plant, from which they extend horizontally on stalks from 20 ins. to 2 ft. long. The flowers are very numerous, and of a lilac rose-colour. It is a highly ornamental plant both in foliage and flower, and may be used with good effect grouped with comparatively dwarf kinds, or occasionally as an edging to tall subjects. It is best raised in frames and put out early in May. Multiplied by seed, which it yields freely.

*Gynerium argenteum (Pampas grass).—This fine plant is so well known that there is no excuse for naming it here, except the opportunity to say a few words as to the splendid use we may make of it in the branch of gardening we are now discussing. It deserves as much attention as any plant in cultivation, and yet how rarely is any thorough preparation made for its perfect development. What is there growing in garden or in wild more nobly distinct and beautiful than the great silvery plumes of this plant waving in the autumnal gusts—the burial plumes as it were of our summer too early dead? What tender plant so effective as this in giving a new aspect of vegetation to our gardens, if it be tastefully placed and well grown? Long before it flowers it possesses more merit for its foliage and habit than scores of things cultivated indoors for their effect—Dasylirions, etc., for example—and it would be well worthy of being extensively used if one of its silken-crested wands were never put forth in autumn. It is not enough to place it in out-of-the-way spots, but the general scene of every garden and pleasure-ground should be influenced by it. It should be planted even far more extensively than it is at present, and given very deep and good soil either natural or made. The

soils of very many gardens are insufficient to give it the highest degree of strength and vigour, and no plant better repays for a thorough preparation, which ought to be the more freely given when it is considered that one preparation suffices for many years. If convenient, give it a somewhat sheltered position in the flower-garden, so as to prevent as much as possible that ceaseless searing away of the foliage which occurs wherever the plant is much exposed to the breeze. We rarely see such fine specimens as in quiet nooks where it is pretty well sheltered by the surrounding vegetation. It is very striking to come upon noble specimens in such quiet green nooks; but, as before hinted, to leave such a magnificent plant out of the flower-garden proper is a decided mistake. Seed and division.

*Gunnera scabra.—Mr. Darwin met with this in a region where the vegetation is so luxuriant that the branches of the trees extend over the sea, somewhat like those of a shrubbery of evergreens over a gravel walk. “I one day noticed growing on the sandstone cliffs some very fine plants of the Panke (Gunnera scabra), which somewhat resembles the rhubarb on a gigantic scale. The inhabitants eat the stalks, which are sub-acid, and tan leather with the roots, and prepare a black dye from them. The leaf is nearly circular, but deeply indented on its margin. I measured one which was nearly 8 ft. in diameter, and therefore no less than 24 ft. in circumference! The stalk is rather more than a yard high, and each plant sends out four or five of these enormous leaves, presenting altogether a very noble appearance.” Of a spot in the same neighbourhood he says: “The forest was so impenetrable that no one who has not beheld it can imagine so entangled a mass of dying and dead trunks. I am sure that often for more than ten minutes together our feet never touched the ground, and we were frequently ten or fifteen feet above it; so that the seamen, as a joke, called out the soundings!” Yet I have grown this plant to great size in a cold British bog. Mr. Darwin does not speak of the inflorescence, which is more remarkable than the leaves. The little flowers and seeds are seated densely on conical fleshy masses a few inches long, and these in their turn being seated as densely as they can be packed on a thick stem, the whole has the appearance of a compound cone a couple of feet high (on strong plants), very heavy, and perhaps the oddest-looking thing ever seen in the way of fructification. This great spike springs from the root itself, the leaves also springing from the root, as in the case of the rhubarbs. I had two plants in a wet peat bog—one in deep rich soil, with the crown well raised above the level, and the whole protected under a couple of barrowloads of leaf mould; the other left exposed, and not allowed any particularly good soil. Both plants survived the severest winters, but the protected and well-fed one grew much the larger. The leaves of the larger plant used sometimes to grow 4 ft. in diameter, the texture being of extraordinary thickness and rugosity. I have, however, in the Royal Gardens at Kew, seen it grown to a larger size than that. The bottom there is the reverse of bog, while the situation is warmer and more sheltered than where I grew it. But the Kew people met its wants very cleverly, by building a little bank of turf around it, so

as to admit of its absorbing a thorough dose of water now and then, while in winter it was protected with dry leaves and a piece of tarpaulin. Similar protection, plenty of water in summer, and a warm and sheltered position, are all that are necessary for success with this very striking subject. It is not difficult to obtain, and may be raised from seed, though that is a slow way. It should be planted in some isolated spot, and not as a rule in the “flower-garden proper,” as it must not be disturbed after being well planted, and would associate badly with the ordinary occupants of the parterre. The plant cannot have too much sun or warmth, but makes little progress if its huge leaves are torn by storms. In places with any diversity of surface it will be easy to select a spot well open to the sun and yet sheltered by surrounding objects (shrubs, clumps, etc.). The figure shows more the habit of the plant than the character of its huge compound fleshy spike, on which the small seeds are thickly scattered.

*Gymnocladus canadensis (Kentucky Coffee-tree).—A remarkable hardy forest tree, which, kept in a young state, will furnish a fine head of foliage. It has twice-divided leaves, the leaflets of which stand vertically. On young trees the leaves are more than 3 ft. long, and on subjects confined to a single stem and cut down every year they would prove even larger than that. It grows wild in Canada, but more abundantly and larger in Kentucky and Tennessee, where it used to be employed as a substitute for coffee—hence the common name. It loves a rich deep soil, and is propagated by seeds and cuttings of the roots. It will prove very suitable for planting in similar positions to those recommended for the Ailantus.

Hedychium Gardnerianum.—A stove herbaceous plant from the East Indies, growing from 3¼ ft. to 6½ ft. high, with broadly lance-shaped clasping leaves in two rows, and bearing, in autumn, lemon-coloured flowers with a strong Jonquille perfume, in terminal spikes nearly a foot long. Another species, H. aurantiacum, has handsome orange flowers. These handsome plants may have been seen flowering in the open air in the gardens at Battersea Park, very pleasing and effective in shady nooks—not planted out but kept in the pots in which they were grown. They should be put out about the end of May.

*Helianthus annuus (Sun-flower).—This common and familiar annual plant may be usefully employed in adorning the rougher parts of pleasure-grounds in warm positions, where it will thrive to best advantage. Although very hardy and capable of being grown in almost any soils, it prefers those that are substantial and free.

*Helianthus orgyalis.—A very distinct-looking hardy plant, growing 6 ft. or 8 ft. high. Its distinctiveness arises from the fact that the leaves are recurved in a peculiarly graceful manner. At the top of the shoots, indeed, their aspect is most striking, from their springing up in great profusion and then bending gracefully down. It will form a capital subject for groups of fine-leaved, hardy plants, or for isolation by wood-walks, etc. As it is apt to come up rather thickly, the cultivator will act judiciously by thinning out the shoots when very young, so that those which remain may prove stronger and better furnished with leaves. N. America.

*Hemerocallis fulva.—This is one of those fine old plants formerly grown in almost every garden, but which

has latterly sunk into unmerited neglect, as from its luxuriance, the height of its stem (nearly 4 ft.), and its fine, large, tawny-orange flowers, it well deserves a place among vigorous and striking subjects. It is thoroughly hardy and will thrive in almost any soil, but comes to greatest perfection in that which is deep, substantial, and moist, and in almost any position. Multiplied by dividing the tufts once in three or four years in autumn when the leaves are withered, or in spring. There is a variety of this species with double flowers, and one with variegated leaves, both of which are somewhat tender and require well-drained soil and a sheltered position.

Other species in cultivation are H. flava, H. disticha, H. graminea, and H. Dumortieri. All these plants are desirable associates for the hardy fine-leaved plants.

*Heracleums (Cow-parsnips).—No perennials rival these plants in size, and few in distinctness of appearance. The shape and width of their leaves, the height of their stems, and especially the great size of their umbels, produce an effect of a very striking character. Planted singly on slopes in the rougher parts of pleasure-grounds, on or about ruins, rough wild declivities, or by pieces of water or streams, they are seen to excellent advantage; their enormous leaves forming great tufts of vegetation, sometimes nearly 13 ft. in diameter. The period of their greatest vigour and beauty is from May to the end of July; and this should be distinctly borne in mind when arranging them, as, once the great leaves fade away with the heats of early August, they become very ragged, and soon disappear altogether. They delight in a moist, deep, clay soil, but will grow vigorously in almost any kind of cool soil, and even on rubbish-heaps. They are easily multiplied, either from seed or by division of the tufts early in spring, or after the ripening of the seed. They usually sow themselves freely.

*Heracleum eminens.—A peculiarly distinct species, easily known by the blunt or roundish lobes of its trifoliate leaves, which also possess the advantage of lasting longer than the leaves of other kinds. They are of a thick texture, and finely covered with velvety down, which gives them a slightly glaucous appearance, whereby they may also be distinguished. I have only seen the plant in a young state in Paris gardens, and cannot say what it is like when fully grown; but it is probably dwarfer in stature and more compact in habit than most of the other kinds, and, as the leaves last so much longer in perfection, it is suited for grouping among choicer subjects. For isolation on the grass, after the fashion of the Acanthuses, etc., it is particularly well suited. Seed or division.

*Heracleum flavescens.—A vigorous species, 5 ft. to 6 ft. high, with deeply-furrowed rough stems, and convex green leaves, with ovate or oblong serrate divisions. Flowers yellowish, in large umbels. Suitable for banks of rivers or ponds, where effective foliage is desired. S. Europe. Seed.

*Heracleum persicum.—A vigorous perennial, of rapid growth and imposing dimensions, attaining a height of more than 6½ ft., and bearing whitish flowers in umbels, the upper one of which is more than 16 ins. across. The stem does not branch much, and the leaves are chiefly radical and very large. Persia.

*Heracleum pubescens.—This species bears yellowish-white flowers, in umbels about a foot in diameter, and grows to a height of from 6 ft. to 9 ft. or more. The leaves are very large, roughish on the upper side, and much divided into elliptical segments, which are pointed and stand close together. Crimea.

*Heracleum villosum.—A species distinguished by its very downy and fringed fruit, with robust stems, 6½ ft. high or more. Leaves broad, much divided, the segments coarsely toothed, covered with a whitish down on the under side. Flowers in large umbels. Caucasus.

*Heracleum Wilhelmsii.—The leaves of this species are very large, downy, and wrinkled, much divided, with lance-shaped, acute segments distant from each other. The stem is more than 6½ ft. high, and bears whitish flowers, in umbels from 10 ins. to 12 ins. in diameter. Siberia.

Several other species are in cultivation, the principal of which is H. platytænium, a biennial of very large dimensions, and remarkably ornamental in habit and foliage.

Humea elegans.—This well-known plant may be very agreeably associated with many of the subjects mentioned in this book, and is a graceful object in the centres of beds, etc. To be put out early in May. New Holland.

*Hydrangea quercifolia.—This is quite distinct in aspect from the common Hydrangeas, and sufficiently striking to deserve a place where variety of form is sought. The leaves are, as the name indicates, somewhat lobed and oak-like in outline. It is best adapted to form a bush, its natural habit, and is best used singly. I, however, have never tried to train young plants of it with a single stem; it might be worth the trial. It is a native of N. America. A rich and somewhat moist soil, with shelter, will be found to suit it best. Well adapted for isolation.

*Inula Helenium.—A vigorous-growing British plant, about 3 ft. or 4 ft. high, with a stout stem, branching in the upper part, and large, oblong-oval leaves, of a delicate green colour. The flowers are yellow, and are borne in loose clusters. Well suited for planting along with other large-leaved plants, or as isolated specimens on rough slopes, or wild places, in free, moist, good soil. Multiplied by division in spring or autumn, or by seed.

*Jubæa spectabilis.—A very handsome, hardy S. American palm, with a short, arboreous, smooth stem, which sometimes attains a height of nearly 40 ft., and spreading pinnate leaves, of a full, deep-green colour, and from 6 ft. to 12 ft. long, the leaflets being from 1 ft. to 1½ ft. long and about an inch wide, springing in pairs from nearly the same spot, and standing out in different directions. The leaf-stalks are very thick at the base, where they are enclosed in a dense mass of rough, brown fibres, which grow upon their lower edges. The soil for this plant should be a mixture of two parts of rich loam and two parts composed of peat, leaf-mould, and sand. This exists in the open air throughout the winter, near London, but not in such a condition as to encourage many to try it in this way. Grown in tubs in the conservatory in winter, and placed in the open air in summer, it will prove very satisfactory for association with the hardier palms.

*Juncus effusus spiralis.—A very singular-looking rush, forming spreading tufts of leaves, which, instead of growing, straight, like those of other kinds, are curiously twisted in a regular corkscrew form. From its very unusual appearance it is well worthy of cultivation, and may be planted with advantage on the margins of pieces of water, near cascades, etc., or in the artificial bog. It is easily multiplied by division of the tufts.

*Kochia scoparia.—An annual plant of the Goose-foot family, forming a neat, compact, pointed bush, from 3 to 5 ft. in height. The flowers are green and insignificant, but the graceful habit of the plant renders it valuable and effective, placed either singly or in groups, on the slopes of pleasure-grounds, especially from July to September—the time of its full development. It should be sown in April and May, in a hotbed, and afterwards planted out in beds or borders. Southern Europe.

*Kœlreuteria paniculata.—A small sized, hardy, deciduous tree, from N. China, from 15 ft. to 19 ft. high, and handsome both in foliage and flower. The leaves are pinnate, and of a dark, glistening-green colour; the leaflets ovate, and coarsely toothed. Flowers yellow, in terminal, spreading clusters, and succeeded by large, reddish, pendent, bladdery capsules, which render the tree conspicuous till late in the autumn. It does best in rich, moist soil. When planted in a dry and arid position, the leaves are never so large or glistening, and soon turn yellow and fall. It is one of the trees which may, as advised for the Ailantus, be kept in a small state by cutting them down annually, and will, thus treated, furnish a fine effect. Easily multiplied by seed, layers, and cuttings.

Latania borbonica.—A well-known, hardy, and favourite palm, attaining a height of 25 ft., with large, fan-shaped leaves, over 5 ft. broad, of a cheerful green colour, and with pendent marginal segments. The leaf-stalks are over 4 ft. or 5 ft. long, and are armed at the edges for half their length with short reflexed spines. May be placed in the open air about London and southward in sunny dells in summer, and is a fine warm-conservatory or stove ornament in winter.

*Lavatera arborea.—This plant, which has the appearance of a small tree, attains in the southern counties the height of nearly 10 ft. The stem is simple for some distance, and then branches into a broad, compact, roundish, and very leafy head. It may be used to adorn warm and sheltered parts of pleasure-grounds and rough places. In rich well-drained beds it would prove a worthy companion for the Ricinus and the Cannas. It is most at home on dry soils, but during the summer months thrives on all. When planted in the shelter of a south wall it has been known to live for several years and to have almost woody stems from 2 ins. to 4 ins. in diameter at the base. Italy.

*Ligularia macrophylla (Large-leaved L.).—A vigorous perennial, with an erect stem nearly 3½ ft. high, and very large, glaucous, erect, long-stalked, oval leaves. The flowers are yellow, and are borne in a dense long spike at the end of the stem. The most suitable soil for this plant is that which is free, moist, and somewhat peaty. Multiplied by careful division in autumn or in spring. It is a useful subject for grouping with fine-leaved herbaceous plants, but will seldom command a place in the select flower-garden. Caucasus.

*Malva crispa.—A vigorous-growing annual, 3 to 6½ ft., or more, in height, growing in an erect, pyramidal bush of densely-crowded, broad leaves, with a very undulating curled or frizzled margin. The flowers are small, white, and inconspicuous. Bushes of this are pretty in groups, beds, or borders. It may be sown in cool frames and put out early in May, by which means strong plants may be obtained early in the season.

*Martynia lutea.—A very pretty annual from Brazil, about 1½ ft. high, with roundish leaves and handsome yellow flowers, collected in cylindrical clusters at the angles of the principal branches. It requires a light, rich, cool soil, a warm position, and frequent watering in summer. Its large leaves and ornamental bloom make it a desirable subject for beds, groups, and borders. Increased by seed.

*Megaseas.—Some parts of pleasure-grounds for which there may be a difficulty in finding any subject that will either thrive in such places, or that is not too commonplace to be thought of, may be very advantageously occupied by a few specimens of Megasea cordifolia and M. crassifolia, the large, leathery, persistent leaves of which will, in such positions, preserve their freshness through the winter, and in the earliest days of spring be surmounted by dense clusters of very pleasing rose-coloured flowers. These plants are very hardy perennials, and will require hardly any care after planting them. They are well suited for embellishing cascades and rough rockwork, are not fastidious as to soil, and are easily multiplied by division of the tufts.

Melanoselinum decipiens.—An umbelliferous shrub, from Madeira, with a round simple stem, bare below, and large spreading compound leaves with oval toothed segments and sheathing leaf-stalks. Flowers white, borne in umbels. Should be planted out in May. A useful subject for isolation on grass-plats, etc., and requiring greenhouse or warm-frame treatment in winter. Young plants are to be preferred for ornamental purposes. Multiplied by seed.

Melia Azedarach (Pride of India).—A very ornamental tree, but with us usually seen in a small state. It is a native of India, but is now naturalised in various parts of S. Europe. It usually grows from 13 ft. to 17 ft. high, and bears its smooth dark-green pinnate leaves chiefly clustered together at the ends of the branches. The flowers are of a lilac colour, and emit an agreeable perfume: they are produced in large bunches which issue from the axils of the leaves. The fruit is considered poisonous. Healthy young plants kept to a single stem, and cut down to within a foot or two of the base annually, form graceful objects in the ornamental garden, throwing up an erect stout stem regularly clothed with leaves twice and thrice divided, from 16 ins. to more than 2 ft. long and from 1 ft. to nearly 18 ins. across. Plant out in early summer. A substantial, well-manured soil, a shady position, and frequent waterings in summer are necessary for

the development of the ornamental qualities of the Melia. In winter it requires the shelter of a greenhouse with us. Multiplied by seed or layers.

*Melianthus major.—This is usually treated as a greenhouse plant, and is sometimes put out of doors in summer. So grown, however, the full beauty of the plant has not time to develope; and much the better way is to treat it as a half-hardy subject, putting it out in some sunny and sheltered spot, where the roots will not suffer from wet in winter. The shoots will be cut down by frost, but the root will live and push up strong stems in spring, forming by midsummer a bush about 3 ft. high, very distinct and beautiful, with large, pinnate, light sea-green leaves, which will not suffer from rain storms. I have grown it in this way to a much more presentable condition than it ever assumes indoors, where it is usually drawn too much. I used to protect the roots in winter by placing leaves over them, and then covering all with a handlight, but have seen the plant survive without this precaution. It is, however, best to make quite sure by using protection, except where the soil and climate are particularly favourable. Melianthus minor has the habit of M. major, but is smaller in every respect and flowers later. Its inflorescence also is different, the flowers being of a yellowish red, and growing in short clusters. Cape of Good Hope.

*Meum athamanticum.—One of the most elegant and gracefully-cut plants in an order second to no other for these qualities. The leaves are divided so finely as to appear as if they were made of vegetable hair, and the plant is dwarf and neat in habit, from 6 inches to 1 foot high; easy of growth in ordinary soils, and perfectly hardy and perennial. It is probable that in dry seasons it might “go off” too soon for association with autumn-flowering plants, but for rockwork, borders, or mixed arrangements of any sort it is invaluable. A British plant, easily increased by division.

*Molopospermum cicutarium.—A very ornamental umbelliferous plant, 5 ft. or more in height, with large, deeply-divided leaves of a lively green colour, forming a dense irregular bush. The flowers, which are insignificant and of a yellowish-white colour, are borne in small roundish umbels. There is a deep green and fern-like beauty displayed profusely by some of the umbelliferous family, but I have rarely met with one so remarkably attractive as this species. Many of the class, while very elegant, perish quickly, get shabby indeed by the end of June, and are therefore out of place in the tasteful flower-garden; but this is firm in character, of a fine rich green, stout yet spreading in habit, growing more than a yard high, and making altogether a most pleasing bush. It is perfectly hardy, and easily increased by seed or division, but rare as yet. Loves a deep moist soil, but will thrive in any good garden soil. It is a fine subject for isolation or grouping with other hardy and graceful-leaved umbelliferous plants. Carniola.

Monstera deliciosa.—This very remarkable-looking plant has been found to bear being placed in the open air with impunity in shady and sheltered spots from the beginning of June till the end of September. Its great perforated leaves look so singular that everybody should grow it who has a stove in which to do so, and it is so

readily grown and propagated that a plant may soon be spared for placing in the open air during the warmer months. Although, however, it will exist in the open air for a few months in warm and sheltered spots in this country, it is only to be seen to perfection in the stove. Few subjects possess nobler or more singular foliage, or are more worthy of a place for effect alone, while its fruit is edible and produced freely enough when the plant is well-grown. The culture is quite simple—plenty of rich soil, a high temperature, and abundance of moisture. I have seen the plant fruit well in what is called an “intermediate house,” but, where convenient, it is much better to place it in a warm stove. Wherever rockwork or any picturesque arrangement is attempted in any of these structures; no nobler plant can be selected for its embellishment. It crawls over such positions with a snake-like stem, and a trail of great leathery leaves perforated in many places, as shown in the plate. Mexico.

Montagnæa heracleifolia (Polymnia grandis).—This is second to no other plant for its dignified and finished effect in the flower-garden, forming a handsome shrub with large, opposite, much-divided, and elegantly-lobed leaves, which are often nearly 3 ft. long, presenting very striking and luxuriant masses of foliage. The stem and leaf-stalks are spotted with white, and the leaves when young are covered with a soft white down. Like most large soft-growing things in this way, it is best planted out in a young state, so as to ensure a fresh and unstinted growth. Easily multiplied from cuttings, which plants freely produce if placed in heat in January. It is best planted out at the end of May, and should be in every collection. Mexico.

*Morina longifolia.—A hardy perennial of handsome and singular appearance, the large spiny leaves resembling those of certain Thistles, while the long spikes of whorled flowers, which are from 2 to 3 ft. high, are almost identical in form with the inflorescence of many of the Labiate family. It grows well in ordinary well-drained soil, preferring that which is mellow, deep, and moist. Easily multiplied by sowing the seed as soon as it ripens, in light, peaty, sandy soil. In our winters it would be advisable to cover the plants with litter, as it is the dampness and sudden changes of the atmosphere which appear to injure it rather than the cold. Being a fine-flowering plant, as well as remarkable for its leaves, it is excellent for every kind of mixed border, and also for grouping with the smaller and medium-sized perennials that have fine foliage or are singular in appearance. Nepaul.

*Mulgedium alpinum.—A tall mountain-plant of the Sow-thistle family, with very broad leaves and stems over 3 ft. high. The flowers are very numerous, of a dark-blue colour, resembling those of the Chicory, and are borne erect on the upper parts of the branching stems. A somewhat shaded position and a very moist deep loam are necessary to the vigorous growth of this plant, which will prove effective in the rougher parts of the pleasure-ground. Multiplied by division. Alps.

*Mulgedium Plumieri.—A vigorous herbaceous perennial, 4 ft. to 6 ft. high, with very large, deeply-cut radical leaves somewhat glaucous underneath, bearing late in summer large spreading terminal corymbs of blue flowers. A good subject for association with strong-growing herbaceous plants in groups, or as isolated tufts by wood-walks, in deep rich soil. S. of France.

Musa Ensete.—The noblest of all the fine-leaved plants yet used in the flower-garden is Musa Ensete—the great Abyssinian Banana, discovered by Bruce—the stem of which has been known to attain a diameter of more than 3 ft. at the base, and a height of from 13 ft. to nearly 20 ft. The huge leaves, borne nearly erect, are oblong in shape and of a beautiful bright-green colour, with a very stout deep-red midrib. In the open air they often grow nearly 10 ft. long and nearly 2 ft. broad. The fruit of this kind is not edible, like that of the Banana and Plantain (Musa paradisiaca and M. sapientum), but the leaves are magnificent, and they stand the rain and storms of our northern climes with little laceration, while all the other kinds of Musa become torn into shreds. It has hitherto been generally grown in stoves; but it is an interesting and, until recently, little known fact, that the finest of all the Banana or Musa tribe is also the hardiest and most easily preserved. When grown for the open air it will of course require to be kept in a house during winter and planted out the first week in June. In any place where there is a large conservatory or winter-garden it will be found most valuable, either for planting therein or for keeping over the winter, as, if merely housed in such a structure during the cold months, it will prove a great ornament among the other plants, while it may be put out in summer, when the attraction is all out of doors. Other kinds of Musa have been tried in the open air in England, but have barely existed, making it clear that they should not be so cultivated in this country. M. Ensete is the only species really worth growing in this way. Where the climate is too cold to put it out of doors in summer, it should be grown in all conservatories in which it is desired to establish the noblest type of vegetation. It also stands the drought and heat of a dwelling-house remarkably well, and though, when well developed, it is much too big for any but Brobdingnagian halls, the fact may nevertheless be taken much advantage of by those interested in room-decoration on a large scale. The plant is difficult to obtain as yet, but will, I trust, be soon made abundant by our nurserymen.

In September, 1868, I saw a fine plant of this Musa

that had remained in the open ground in Baron Haussmann’s garden in the Bois de Boulogne during the preceding winter. It was left in the position in which it grew during the summer of 1867, and in the month of November covered with a little thatched shed, the space about the plant being filled with dry leaves. All the leaves were cut off. In spring the protection was removed and the plant pushed vigorously. It had, when I saw it, 16 leaves, not one of which was torn or lacerated, although it was in an exposed position. It was not more than 5 ft. high, but was more attractive than much larger individuals of the same species, from being so compact and untattered in its foliage. As most people who grow it will have means of keeping it indoors in winter, and as it is so rare, this mode of keeping it is not likely to be taken advantage of with us at present; but that it can and has been so wintered is an interesting fact.

Other species are: M. paradisiaca (the Plantain); M. sapientum (the Banana); M. Cavendishii, a dwarf-growing kind, seldom exceeding 5 ft. or 6 ft. in height, and fruiting freely in a stove; M. superba, and M. zebrina. These, however, are all properly hothouse kinds, and do not thrive in the open air.

Nelumbium luteum.—This is perhaps second to none of its fine family in beauty. In the Paris Garden a plant remained in a fountain-basin, in a very sheltered position, for several years, flowering yearly. On the 11th of September, 1868, the petals of one of these flowers measured each 6 ins. in length! and consequently the flower fully spread out was more than a foot in diameter. The singular-looking disk within these great fragrant flowers is as interesting as the flower itself, and far more peculiar. The flowers are of a pale yellow, with a single deep stain of rosy crimson at the apex of each petal. The leaves push boldly above the water, are quite round, 12 ins. to 15 ins. in diameter, and of a peculiar bluish-green. If the hand be placed under one of them, so as to slightly raise the outer parts of the large plate-like leaf, a hollow will of course be formed; and if water be poured into this so as to cover exactly the centre of the stem which supports and feeds the leaf, a curious result will be noticed. Bubbles of air will rise rapidly one after another from exactly over the part where the leaf joins its stem. In this particular leaf this spot is marked by being of a much lighter green than the remainder of the leaf. This would be well worth trying in the southern counties on the margin of ponds, etc., where it would be fine associated with Nuphar advena, and the like. It should be put out early in May.

Nelumbium speciosum (Sacred Bean).—An Egyptian water-plant of very great beauty, with round sea-green leaves from 10 ins. to over a foot in diameter, some of which float on the surface of the water, while others are elevated above it at various heights up to 2½ ft. Above the highest leaves appear the large, solitary, white, rosy-tipped flowers, which are about 10 ins. broad, and are very fragrant. As the plant is somewhat tender, it should be grown in tubs, and placed in rather shallow water (which is more easily warmed by the sun) from the end of May until the end of September in a position

sheltered from sudden changes of the atmosphere. A mixture of good loam, sharp sand, and charcoal seems to answer it best. Multiplied by division of the rootstocks, or by seed. Wherever there is a contrivance for heating the water in a small pond or tank in the open air, these two remarkable plants would be well worth a trial.

Nicotiana Tabacum (Common Tobacco).—There are several varieties of this well-known plant, distinguished by the different length and width of their oblong lance-shaped leaves and the lighter or deeper colour of their rosy flowers. A deep, well-drained, light soil, rich in decayed vegetable matter, is essential to this plant, as is also copious watering in summer. As it is so readily raised from seed, and grows luxuriantly in rich soil, I need not say it is a very desirable subject for association with the Castor-oil plant and the like, and especially suited for the many who desire plants of noble habit, but who cannot preserve the tender ones through the winter under glass. It should be raised in a hotbed, and put out in May. Height, 6 ft. or more. N. macrophylla is the finest variety.

Nicotiana wigandioides.—A species of recent introduction, with a simple stem 6 ft. or more high, and very large, broad, woolly leaves which grow in a somewhat erect position. If placed in a hothouse at the close of the year, it becomes woody and branching, and assumes an arborescent habit. Requires good substantial, well-manured soil, and copious watering. This is a useful plant for grouping with the medium-sized tender subjects in rich, light, well-drained soils, and should be planted out about the middle of May.

*Nuphar advena.—A hardy Water-lily from N. America, with broad, oval-heart-shaped leaves, some floating on the surface of the water, and some emerging well above it. The flowers are rather large, of a golden-yellow colour, with scarlet stamens. This plant is as hardy as our native water-lilies, and is therefore adapted for any position in which they will grow. In N. America it occurs chiefly in still or stagnant waters. The bold and large leaves make it peculiarly suitable for placing near the margin of water in the vicinity of groups of picturesque plants.

*Onopordum Acanthium.—A native biennial plant of bold, habit and vigorous growth, with stout, branching stems often more than 5 ft. high, and very large, undulating, spiny leaves, covered with long, whitish, cobweb-like hairs. Flowers purplish, in large, solitary, terminal heads. O. illyricum has greener and more deeply-cut leaves, stiffer stems, a more branching habit, and much more spiny leaves and stems. O. arabicum grows to the height of nearly 8 ft. with an erect and very slightly branching habit, and has both sides of the leaves, as well as the stems, covered with a white down. All these species are very hardy, and thrive well in ordinary soil. They are particularly adapted for the rougher and more neglected parts of pleasure-grounds, where they will sow themselves.

*Osmunda regalis.—This, the largest and most striking of our native ferns (sometimes attaining a height of 8 ft.), is one of the most ornamental subjects that can be grown in certain positions. It should be planted in moist peaty soil in half-shady places, on the banks of streams, the margins of pieces of water, by cascades, etc. It may also be planted in the water with good effect. It has been found to do well exposed to the full sun, when its roots are in a constantly moist, porous, moss-covered soil, in a position sheltered from strong winds. In shady positions it would be found to attain great stature if planted in deep, well-manured soil. The various North American Osmundas should also be associated with this. There are several varieties to be met with in gardens, the handsomest of which perhaps is O. r. cristata. Popular and almost universally cultivated as the Osmunda is; however, it is not at all common to see the Royal Fern and several other Osmundas otherwise than in a shabby, or at best in a half-developed, condition. Mr. A. Parsons, of Danesbury, a well-known florist and cultivator of ferns, has overcome this difficulty, and narrates his marked success in the pages of the Florist and Pomologist. He formed a very large fernery in an old chalk-pit, and with much success; but, notwithstanding all the care taken of the Osmundas and allied ferns, they were tried for four seasons with no satisfactory results, the roots of the surrounding trees robbing them of both soil and water. “A change was then made: a piece of ground, of irregular shape, large enough to contain about 20 plants, was staked out, and the mould, or, more correctly speaking, the chalk, was removed to the depth of 3 ft.; a bricklayer followed, and put in a floor of three bricks laid on the flat, set in good Portland cement, and over that a layer of plain tiles, the sides being made up to the ground-level with a 4½-inch wall, well built up in the same kind of cement; this made the whole water-tight, and prevented the roots of the surrounding trees from penetrating and robbing the ferns of their moisture. The space was filled up with earth, compounded of good loam, peat, and leaf-mould, in equal proportions, with about one-fifth of good rotten manure added thereto; these ingredients were thoroughly mixed and well trodden in, and then the ferns were planted. In forming this bed, provision was made for the escape of the surplus water, by introducing into the front wall, at about 4 ins. from the bottom, a common 3-in. drain-pipe, which communicated with a small tank, about 3 ft. square, sunk into the chalk, so that all waste water became absorbed. This method proved to be eminently successful, the plants far surpassing in size any I have ever seen under artificial cultivation, and, judging from report, rivalling their growth in their natural habitats. Last season I could boast of Osmunda regalis with fronds at least 8 ft. in length, Osmunda spectabilis 4½ ft., Osmunda Claytoniana 5 ft., Osmunda cinnamomea 3 ft., and the beautiful Osmunda regalis, var. cristata, 3 ft. in length. Adiantum pedatum grew from 2 ft. to 3 ft. in height, and others were proportionally fine. The plants were not drawn up by being planted closely together, but were placed at a fair distance apart, and became handsome and noble specimens. Every spring I apply a dressing of about two inches of rotten manure to the surface, and just cover it with mould for the sake of appearance. The artificial swamp is the admiration of all the visitors here. The plants are always in a healthy and vigorous state, and have none of that half-starved appearance so frequently to be seen. The result of my experience induces me to believe that a more liberal treatment would not be found objectionable in the cultivation of many more of our native ferns. I intend making the experiment this season, and may possibly find time to make known what amount of success I may meet with. In concluding my remarks upon what I may term ‘growing Osmundas under difficulties,’ I would observe that the points to be principally attended to are—(1) a deep water-tight and root-tight tank, the depth of which may, with advantage, be more than in the case I have described; (2) a rich nutritious soil; (3) a reasonable amount of water; and (4) a drain to carry off the surplus.”

*Pæonia tenuifolia.—A charming plant, about 1½ ft. or 2 ft. high, with numerous upright stems almost completely hidden by the dense finely-cut leaves, producing an effect which very much resembles that afforded by the foliage of the Ferulas. The flowers are of a deep crimson, or purplish-red, and about 2½ ins. broad, solitary and erect on the tops of the stems. It does well in almost any soil or position, and might with advantage be now and then used as an isolated specimen on the turf.

*Panicum altissimum.—A very handsome hardy perennial grass, very like P. virgatum, and often confounded with it, although much more elegant in habit. It forms dense, erect tufts from 2 ft. to 6½ ft. high, according to climate, soil, and temperature. The leaves are linear, finely toothed, long, and arching. When in flower the plant presents a very attractive appearance, the inflorescence consisting of very large panicles of slender whorled branchlets covered with numerous small spikelets of flowers, which ultimately assume a tinge of dark chestnut-red.

*Panicum bulbosum.—A tall and strong species, with a free and beautiful inflorescence. It grows about 5 ft. high, and the flowers are very gracefully spread forth. It forms an elegant plant for the flower-garden in which grace and variety are sought; for dotting about here and there, near the margins of shrubberies, etc.; and for naturalisation.

*Panicum capillare.—A hardy annual kind, growing in tufts from 16 ins. to 20 ins. high, and very ornamental when in full flower, the tufts being then covered with large, pyramidal panicles, which are borne both at the ends of the stems and in the axils of the stem-leaves. Grows in any soil or position, and sows itself. I noticed it in great abundance in cultivated fields in many parts of Canada and the United States. Well suited for border beds or isolation, being one of the most graceful plants in cultivation. It is commonly grown under the name of Eragrostis elegans.

*Panicum virgatum.—A handsome, bold, hardy species from N. America, growing, in good soil, to a height of nearly 3½ ft. It forms close, compact tufts of leaves, a foot or more long, which, from July to the first frosts, are crowned with very large, dense, branching panicles. The general colour of the plant is a fine lively green, and its graceful habit renders it an admirable subject for the picturesque flower-garden, the pleasure-ground, etc., in isolated tufts. It is also fine for borders. The best mode of multiplying it is by division in the spring, when vegetation is just commencing.

*Papaver bracteatum (Great Scarlet Poppy).—A remarkably vigorously-growing perennial species from Siberia and N. Russia, with simple, rough, hairy stems more than 4 ft. high, each terminated by a single flower 9 ins. broad, and of a bright deep brick-red colour, with a large black spot at the base of each petal, and 2 or 3 leaf-like bracts at the base of each flower. The radical leaves, which are very deeply divided, form a dense broad tuft resting on the ground. A very ornamental plant for the open parts of pleasure-grounds, flourishing in almost any kind of well-drained soil. It will prove most effective as an isolated plant in the rougher parts of the pleasure-ground. A plant of it would also show to great advantage in a group of green-leaved subjects like the Ferulas. Very closely resembling the preceding is the Armenian species P. orientalis. It is however smaller in every respect, and the flowers want the distinguishing bracts.

Papyrus antiquorum (Egyptian Paper-plant).—A very graceful reed, or rather cyperus, which yielded the material used as paper by the ancient Egyptians. The rootstocks spread horizontally under the mud in places where the plant grows, continuing to throw up stems as they creep along. These stems are triangular and grow from 3 ft. to 8 ft. high; they are quite leafless except at the top, where they bear a large parasol-like tuft of green, gracefully-arching filaments. Shallow parts of pieces of water in a warm position are the most suitable places for this plant. It may, however, also be planted in soil which is kept constantly moist. Multiplied by division of the rootstocks; the pieces to be planted under water, if possible. In gardens south of London this fine plant may be tried in the open air in summer from June till September in warm spots; if not planted in shallow water, or the artificial bog, it should receive a very liberal supply of water in summer.

*Paulownia imperialis.—A Japanese tree of moderate size, with a large, dense, spreading head, and broad, entire or lobed, opposite leaves covered with hoary down. The flowers are nearly 2 ins. long, in terminal panicles, and of a purplish-violet colour. Young plants, say of a year, or in the first spring of their existence as independent plants, will, if cut down to the ground, make a luxuriant growth during the current year, and indeed prove more effective than the Ferdinanda eminens. The stem rises quite vertically and with great vigour, and looks simply a column of noble leaves. Plants growing in an ordinary nursery-quarter were (Sept. 8, 1868) 7 ft. and 8 ft. high from the ground, and the leaves from 20 ins. to 22 ins. in diameter. It was noticeable, too, that those at the top of each shaft were as large as those half-way up and near the base, which is not usually the case; and of course every variation of this kind is valuable, as it helps us to produce variety. Planted in rich ground and treated specially to secure a subtropical effect, greater dimensions than the above may readily be obtained, and older plants when cut down may be expected to produce stronger stems and leaves. They should be cut down every year in winter or spring, and confined to one stem.

*Petasites vulgaris.—A native plant of vigorous growth and striking appearance, forming dense spreading tufts of enormous radical leaves, usually about 2 ft. or 2½ ft. high. The leaves are heart-shaped in outline, and sometimes 3 ft. in width. A suitable subject for planting in any position where the soil is moist and deep, as on the margins of pieces of water or in damp glades. There is a variety (P. v. niveus) which has white, instead of rosy, flowers. This is also quite hardy, but does best in a slightly shaded position in deep clayey or sandy-clay soil.

Phœnix dactylifera (Date Palm).—A handsome palm with a rugged stem, and pinnate dark-green leaves from 6 ft. to 12 ft. long; the divisions linear-lance-shaped, very much pointed, and standing out quite straight. Easily increased from seed. Suitable for the greenhouse in winter and the open garden in summer, from the end of May till the beginning of October. Africa and India.

Phormium tenax (New Zealand Flax).—A hardy plant, with something of the habit of a large Iris, forming tufts of broad, shining, leathery leaves from 5 ft. to 6½ ft. high, gracefully arching at the top. The flowers, of a lemon colour, are borne in erect loose spikes just above the foliage. Generally with us it will be found to enjoy greenhouse temperature, though in genial places in the south and west of England and Ireland it does very well in the open air. Its best use is for the decoration of the garden in summer, a few specimens well grown and plunged in the grass or the centre of a bed giving a most distinct aspect to the scene. The larger such plants are, the better, of course, will be the effect. The small ones will prove equally useful and effective in vases, to which they will add a grace that vases rarely now possess. It is pre-eminently useful from its being alike good for the house, conservatory, and hall-decoration in winter. Multiplied by division of the tufts in summer, and thriving best in a light deep soil. Wherever indoor decoration on a large scale is practised it is indispensable, and it should be remarked that, unless for vase decoration, it requires to be grown into goodly specimens before affording much effect out of doors; but when grown large in tubs, it is equally grand for the large conservatory and for important positions in the flower-garden. In the extreme south of England and Ireland the New Zealand Flax will thrive in the water as well as on dry land; and where this is the case it may of course be used with fine effect as an aquatic. Doubtless, too, the variegated variety of the New Zealand Flax would be a capital plant to try in the open air in nice situations in the south and west of England and Ireland, where the green plant sometimes does so well. In any case it will do finely out of doors for the summer.

*Phytolacca decandra (Virginian Poke).—A vigorous herbaceous perennial, from 5½ ft. to nearly 10 ft. high, with stems of a reddish hue, very much branched above; the branches, leaf-stalks, veins of the leaves, and flower-stalks being also red. The flowers are numerous, in cylindrical spikes, and are at first white, afterwards changing to a delicate rose-colour. In autumn the leaves change to a uniform reddish tinge, which has a fine effect, contrasted with the numerous pendent purple berries. This is a very hardy plant, requiring hardly any attention and growing in almost any kind of soil. Multiplied either by seed or by division. It forms a very free and vigorous mass of vegetation, and, though perhaps scarcely refined enough in leaf to justify its being recommended for flower-garden use, no plant is more worthy of a place wherever a rich herbaceous vegetation is desired; whether near the rougher approaches of a hardy fernery, open glades near woodland walks, or any like positions. N. America.

*Poa aquatica.—A stout, rapidly increasing native grass, growing from 4 ft. to 6 ft. high, with broad, flat leaves and the inflorescence in much-branched handsome panicles, sometimes nearly a foot long. It is not uncommon in England and Ireland, mostly occurring in wet ditches, by rivers, and in marshes. It is one of the boldest and handsomest hardy grasses, for planting by the margins of pieces of artificial water or streams, associated with such plants as the Typhas, Acorus, bullrush, great water-dock, etc.

*Poa fertilis.—Just within the main entrance of the Royal Gardens at Kew a very graceful-looking grass might have been seen isolated on the turf during the past year or two. It is a comparatively dwarf subject, and not at all striking in bloom like the Pampas, but withal very distinct and desirable. It is one of the most elegant grasses, forming dense tufts of long, soft, smooth, slender leaves, which arch outwards and downwards in the most graceful manner on every side, and, in the flowering season, are surmounted by airy, diffuse, purplish or violet-tinged panicles, rising to a height of from 20 ins. to 3 ft., the grassy tufts being usually about half that height. This plant is widely distributed over Southern Europe, Northern Asia, and North America, in wet meadows and on low banks of streams. Of all the dwarf perennial grasses it is perhaps the best for isolation on the grass, where its fine dense and graceful tufts of long hair-like leaves and elegant panicles form a quite distinct-looking and ornamental object.

*Polygonatum multiflorum (Solomon’s Seal).—This, one of the most graceful of our native plants, is too distinct and pleasing in aspect to be omitted from an enumeration of ornamental subjects. It is best suited for a shady position under trees, or the fringes of shrubberies, or groups of tall and widely-branching plants, where its elegantly arching stems and pretty pendent flowers would attain greatest perfection, and exhibit a very marked contrast to the surrounding types of vegetation. A well-drained, sandy, and peaty soil will be found to suit it best, and it is well adapted for the wild and semi-wild parts of the pleasure-ground. Easily multiplied by division of the rootstocks.

*Polygonum cuspidatum (Sieboldi).—Forms large and noble tufts of lively green, which increase in beauty from year to year. It grows to a height of 3½ ft. to 6 ft. and more, the stems being at first erect and simple, then becoming much branched, the branches arching, and spreading nearly horizontally at the top. The white flowers, which are disposed in clusters forming close panicles, are succeeded by handsome rosy-white fruit. When planted singly, and away from other subjects, its head assumes a rather peculiar and pretty arching character; and therefore it is not quite fit for forming centres or using in groups, so much as for planting singly on the turf, there leaving it to take care of itself and come up year after year. In this way it would be particularly useful in the pleasure-ground or diversified English flower-garden. It is also good for any position in which a bold and distinct type of vegetation is desired, while of course, when we come to have fine groups of hardy “foliage-plants” in our gardens, its use will be much extended. The deeper and better the soil, the finer will its development prove. You cannot make the soil too deep and good if you want the plant to assume a very striking character. It runs very much at the root in all directions horizontally just below the surface of the soil. By cutting away the runners, and thus concentrating the sap in the central stems, tufts have been obtained from 9 ft. to 13 ft. high, and as much across. Japan.

Polymnia grandis. (See Montagnæa heracleifolia.)

Polymnia pyramidalis.—A free, bold, and tall plant, with somewhat of a sunflower habit, but withal very fine, and making a tall green growth by the end of July, before many other things used in this way begin to push. The leaves are not so large as those of the other species, and differ in shape, being nearly cordate; but the growth is vigorous, and the habit distinct. It pushes up a narrow pyramidal head of foliage to a height of nearly 10 ft. in Paris gardens, and will be found to do well in the south of England. Easily multiplied in spring by division or cuttings from plants placed in heat in January, or from seed sown in a pot. The species Uvedalia and maculata are rather coarse herbaceous plants, fitted for rough places in warm positions, and deep, rich soil. New Granada.

*Pontederia cordata.—One of the handsomest water-plants in cultivation, combining gracefulness of habit and leaf with beauty of flower. It forms thick tufts of almost arrow-shaped, erect, long-stalked leaves from 1½ ft. to more than 2 ft. high, crowned with the handsome blue flower-spikes, which issue from the leafstalks just below the base of the leaves. It should be planted in shallow pieces of water. Multiplied by division of the tufts at any season. N. America.

Pothos acaulis.—A noble plant of the Arum family, with huge simple dark-green leaves, forming a magnificent rosette. It requires stove treatment in winter and spring, and having made its growth and been hardened off under cover, it may be placed out in the open air in sheltered warm places in the southern counties, from the middle of June to the end of September. It, however, sometimes suffers from cold, and is on the whole only likely to be of very partial use. Among the other large Aroids which have been tried in Battersea Park, the best are Philodendron macrophyllum, P. Simsii, and Anthurium Hookeri. Being rather tender they all require a very warm and well-sheltered position. W. Indies.

*Rhaponticum cynaroides.—A hardy perennial from the Pyrenees, 3 ft. or more in height, with a rigid, simple, furrowed stem, and lobed or entire oblong radical leaves, covered underneath with silvery down. Flowers solitary, purple, in very large heads. It thrives in a deep, substantial, moist, but well-drained and free soil. This and, to a smaller extent, the following species are worthy of a place in full collections of hardy fine-leaved plants, for borders, the margins of groups, and, in the case of R. cynaroides, for isolation. Both are easily increased by division.

*Rhaponticum pulchrum.—A hardy perennial from the Caucasus, with numerous simple stems 2 ft. or more in height, and much-divided, undulating, toothed leaves of an ashy or sea-green colour on the upper side, and whitish underneath. The flowers are borne in small solitary purplish heads late in summer. A very suitable subject for embellishing dry, arid, rocky positions. R. scariosum is another kind, useful for the same purposes as the preceding species.