FOOTNOTES:
[372] Hom. Il. ii. 510. Od. xii. 409, &c.
[373] Plin. vii. 207, cf. Cic. ad Attic. xvi. 4. The biremis was often a little boat managed by two oars. Horat. iii. 29, 62. Lucan, viii. 562.
[374] Thucyd. i. c. 13.
[375] Athen. v. 37.
[376] Polyb. in Excerpt.
[377] Liv. xlv. 34.
[378] Plutarch, Themist. c. 4.
[379] Plut. ibid.
[380] Plut. Vit. Demet. c. 10.
[381] Plut. Vit. Anton. c. 4. Hor. iv. ii. 4. Virg. Æn. viii. 691. Dio. L. 33.
[382] As noticed in the Introduction to this work, these sails were called Suppara. Lucan, v. 429. Stat. Sylv. ii. 2, 27. Senec. Epist. c. 77.
[383] Thucyd. ii. c. 93.
[384] Athen. v. c. 37.
[385] Athen. v. c. 37.
[386] Dio. xxix. 32. Horat. Epod. i. 1. Veget. iv. 33. Sueton. Vit. Calig. c. 37.
[387] In the “Monthly Magazine,” vol. xviii., London, 1758, p. 445, there is a review of a work, entitled “The Memoirs of a Protestant condemned to the Galleys of France,” written by himself, which contains, in minute detail, a description of a French galley in which, in the year 1701, he was condemned to labour. The account was originally published at the Hague, and was afterwards translated into English, 2 vols. 12mo.
[388] The curious treatise by Scheffer, entitled “I. Schefferi de varietate Navium,” is preserved in Gronovius’s “Thesaurus Antiq. Græc.” vol. viii fol. In the same vast collection are treatises by Bayfius, Doletus, and Laurentius, on similar subjects, which are worthy of examination.
[389] Polyb. i. c. 23.
[390] Mitford’s Hist. of Greece, vol. ii. p. 194.
[391] Pownall’s “Treatise on the Study of Antiquities,” Appendix, no. iii., pp. 236-40.
[392] Vol. i. p. 47.
[393] Vossius’ Treatise, entitled “I. Vossii de Triremium et Liburnicarum constructione dissertatio,” is printed in Graevii Thes. Antiq. Roman, vol. xii. fol. See also “Charnock’s History,” vol. i. p. 52. etc.
[394] In the course of our examination of this subject we have received from the Revd. J. O. W. Haweis, of Colwood, Crawley, in the county of Sussex, a paper so ingenious and original, that, though we doubt its practicability, we have much pleasure in printing it in the Appendix to this volume.—See [Appendix No. 1], pp. 625-8.
[395] “An Essay (pamphlet) on the War-Galleys of the Ancients.” By John Howell. W. Blackwood: Edinburgh, 1826.
[396] Howell’s Pamphlet, p. 48.
[397] Athen. v. c. 37.
[398] Although Homer (Odys. xiii. v. 81-95) states that Ulysses was rowed from Corcyra (Corfu) to Ithaca, a distance of eighty nautical miles, without apparently any resting of the oarsmen, there is no proof that ancient galleys were propelled continuously by their oars, or for a longer period on a stretch than the one set of rowers could endure. To this day the Malay pirates sometimes row more than ten hours without change, and are fed at their oars. Nor is there anything to show how many spare men were carried for reliefs, in case of accident.
[399] Thucyd. i. c. xciv., etc., etc.
[400] Ptolemy’s ship had a beam of 57 feet.
[401] Thucyd. i. c. xiv.
[402] Thucyd. c. x.
[403] Hom. Il. xiv.
[404] Hom. Odys. xii.
[405] Howell’s Pamphlet, p. 7.