FOOTNOTES:
[685] F. Steinitz, “The Ship: its origin and progress,” p. 101.
[686] Napier’s “Florentine History,” vol. iv. book ii. p. 36.
[687] “This,” remarks Captain Napier, “is probably a mistake in copying the MS., or a typographical error, and is more likely to be three thousand botti (to judge from her great dimensions), unless the ‘botti’ signified more in ship measurement than in the markets.”
[688] Vol. ii. p. 7.
[689] The original drawing is said to have been made at Genoa in 1542; but M. Jal thinks it later, and that Charnock has misread 1542 for 1642—Arch. Nas. ii. p. 215.
[690] See Pardessus, vol. ii.
[691] For details of the war with Ancona about A.D. 1167, see Smedley, “Sketches,” vol. i. p. 67, &c.
[692] Amalfi was taken by the Pisans A.D. 1137.—Sismondi, vol. i. p. 203.
[693] Pisa contributed the aid of its ships to the first and third Crusades, but, like Genoa, declined to join in the fourth. (Gibbon, ch. lx.) Its trade with Alexandria is mentioned as early as A.D. 823 by Muratori, Ant. v.
[694] The sack of Pisa was no doubt in return for the aid they had given to the Crusaders, from whom they had themselves derived great advantages, with many privileges and charters from the princes of Antioch and kings of Jerusalem. See original Charters ap. Muratori Ant. v., and Stellæ Chronic. ibid.
[695] Brev. Hist. Pis. ap. Muratori V. vi. col. 186. In 1249 Pisan sailors were in the fleet of Louis IX. at Damietta.—Matth. Paris, p. 793.
[696] 29 Hen. III. c. 6.
[697] The chief cities were in Lombardy, as Milan, Piacenza, Siena, Lucca. Stow states that Lombard Street in London had acquired its name, as the chief residence of these foreign merchants, so early as A.D. 1318.—Survey, p. 376.
[698] Matthew Paris, pp. 419-823, &c. It appears further that, in A.D. 1329, the whole of the customs of England were farmed to the great commercial house of the Bardi at Florence, at a rate of twenty pounds per diem (Rot. Pat. 4 Edw. III.); while the frequent notice of the importation of horses into England from Lombardy (as well as Spain), shows that there was a brisk trade between the two countries.—Rymer, Fœd. V. iii. p. 124, &c.
[699] Napier’s “Florentine History,” vol. iii. p. 53.
[700] See full details of these exultations in Napier, vol. iii.
[701] A similar practice has been noticed in the case of Venice.
[702] The “Fiorino largo di Galea,” or “Broad Galley-piece,” was struck of the exact size and weight of the Venetian ducat, A.D. 1422. See Napier, “Flor. Hist.” iii. p. 56, and further details of the “Metallic Currency of Florence,” vol. iv. p. 9. It may be added that the gold coin—at first so unpopular in England—struck by Edward III. in A.D. 1344, is generally believed to have been made to facilitate trade with Florence.—Cf. Rymer, Fœd. V. v. p. 403, &c.
[703] Roscoe’s “Life of Lorenzo,” vol. ii. p. 60.
[704] Fœd. V. xii. p. 389.
[705] Napier’s “Florentine History,” vol. iv. p. 16.
[706] Ibid. p. 26.
[707] Napier considers the “Fuste” to have been “a lighter species of war-galley,” iv. p. 24. M. Jal gives elaborate details on the subject of the names of mediæval ships, in which he differs very much from writers who have gone before him. He, however, invariably gives the authorities on whom he relies, which other writers have too frequently omitted (see “Arch. Nav.” ii. p. 3, &c.).
[708] Napier’s “Flor. Hist.” iv. p. 29.
[709] As previously stated, it is not possible to reduce these sums with accuracy to the modern English value. The asper seems to have varied much in value, and is now superseded, as a money of account, by the piastre.
[710] Napier’s “Florentine History,” vol. iv. p. 32.
[711] Liutprand, bishop of Cremona, gives the fullest account of the trade of Amalfi in the tenth century (Muratori, “Script.” V. ii. p. 487; “Antiq.” v. ii. p. 884). The merchants of Amalfi built in A.D. 1020 two hospitals at Jerusalem, one dedicated to St. John, which gave the title to the famous Knights Hospitallers, afterwards of Rhodes and Malta (“W. of Tyre,” xviii. c. 4; Brencman, “De Republ. Amalf.” c. 8).
[712] The laws of Alençon and of La Roche inflicted the punishment of cutting out the tongue of the sailor who offended for the second time. Jal, “Arch. Nav.” ii. p. 109. The laws of Richard do not allude to this habit.
[713] Chronic. Jocelyn. de Brakelond, p. 31-34.
[714] The punishment of death for swearing was enjoined by John of Austria just before the battle of Lepanto in A.D. 1571; and similar laws were promulgated by Colbert, the Czar Peter I., and others (Jal, “Arch. Nav.” ibid.).
[715] Jal, “Arch. Nav.” ii. p. 107 et seq., who gives all the punishments mentioned in the text, with reference to the authorities for his statements.
[716] Cf. also Pardessus. v. p. 400.
[717] Keel-hauling seems to have been the common punishment for swearing at Marseilles (see Stat. Mars. Lib. I. and Du Cange).
[718] The Hanseatic law also ordered the branding of the ears.
[719] Marino Faliero was thus exposed. This law would seem to have been general, and not applicable to those only who sold their ships to the infidels.