History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce, Volume 3 (of 4)

by W. S. Lindsay

INDEX.

• Advance notes wholly wrong in principle. We do not pay our servants their wages in advance, p. [542]
• ——, less pretence in giving them to the sailor, than to the mechanic or house servant, ibid.
• ——, proposal to make illegal, rejected by the House of Commons, ibid.
• ——, comprehensive view of, by the Royal Commission on Unseaworthy Ships, p. [543]
• America, rapid progress of, in the first half of the present century, p. [1]
• ——, reasons for this, pp. [2]-[3]
• ——, eighty years after the Declaration of Independence, rivals all other nations, in the amount of shipping, p. [3]
• ——, in 1860, owns more tonnage than the whole of the United Kingdom, p. [3], note
• ——, distinct contracts for the sailors of, in the bank and cod, and whale fisheries, p. [9]
• —— adopts from other nations the laws best fitted for her condition, ibid.
• ——, various regulations in, with reference to contracts between seamen and masters, pp. [9]-[10]
• ——, duties of mates in, much like those of other countries, p. [10]
• ——, in, masters of vessels are liable to actions of law if they enforce their authority too severely, ibid.
• ——, regulations adopted in the courts of, for the duties of masters and mates, pp. [10]-[11]
• —— caused the first infringement of the principle of the old Navigation Laws, p. [99]
• ——, Protectionist farmers in, stop the importation of Canadian corn into, p. [126]
• ——, the policy of, with reference to the English repeal of the Navigation Laws most important to ascertain, p. [212]
• ——, general policy of, ever since her Independence, has been Protectionist, p. [213], note.
• ——, the dwellers in, on the sea-board of the States, very strongly Protectionist, p. [215]
• —— builds, in 1848, a new and very superior class of vessels for trade from New York to California, and thence to China, p. [289]
• —— declines the convention with reference to privateering, p. [407]
• American Captains, memorial of, in 1820, to Congress complaining of the differential duties levied by France, p. [4], and note.
• American Government had, for many years, to expend large sums for destitute seamen, p. [15]
• —— at once accepts the conditions of the repeal of the Navigation Laws, but withholds their own coasting trade, p. [286]
• American Law, careful provisions by, for all sailors employed in their ships, p. [11]
• —— considers the masters and owners of ships common carriers, p. [20]
• —— as applied to mercantile matters very nearly the same as the English, ibid.
• —— expressly provides that merchant seamen shall have full opportunities of laying the complaints before their consuls abroad, p. [23]
• American merchant service offers more inducements than the English for young men to enter it, p. [17]
• —— generally anxious that their captains should have a share in vessels, ibid.
• ——, hence, secures for officers in its ships, men of superior position and attainments, ibid.
• ——, nature of the contracts in, between owners and captains, p. [18]
• ——, excellent schools provided by, for training boys, ibid.
• ——, sailors employed in, can almost always read, write, and cypher, ibid.
• ——, spirit and character of the “shipping articles” usual in, as affecting seamen, owners, masters, and consignees, pp. [19]-[20]
• ——, conditions about wages, in, with securities for their due payment, pp. [21]-[2]
• ——, power given to the sailors employed in, to appeal to the Admiralty courts, pp. [22]-[3]
• American Navigation Laws, conditions and peculiarities of, pp. [328]-[9]
• American Seamen, Act of 1803 and 1840 with reference to the payment and discharge of, pp. [12]-[14]
• ——, general character of, p. [25]
• American ships (under the Navigation Law) might carry British goods to British settlements in the East Indies, p. [95]
• —— allowed to clear from English ports to China, while English merchants could not send a ship thither, p. [105]
• American Shipowners require the masters of their vessels to have knowledge of commercial pursuits as well as of navigation, p. [15]
• American tonnage and classification differ from that of England, p. [187]
• American Vessels, Masters of, far superior to those of English ships during the first half of the present century, p. [15]
• American War of Independence, at the commencement of, the Americans could neither import nor export, except in British ships, p. [100]
• Americans obtain, nearly, a monopoly of the trade between China and Great Britain in 1849, p. [290]
• Americans so outstripped by English sailing vessels, that English ships are often chartered to bring early teas from China to New York, pp. [418]-[20]
• Americans of the West, naturally hope for a free exit of their goods to Europe, &c., from the mouth of the St. Lawrence, p. [125]
• —— and the Canadians naturally desire Free-trade, p. [125]
• Ancel, M., discouraging report of, pp. [458]-[9]
• Ancona, Consul of, reply by, to the Foreign Office Circular, p. [45]
• Annatto, case of ship laden with, pp. [119]-[20].
• Anne, Queen, Act of, for securing seafaring apprentices, p. [183]
• Anti-Corn-Law League, object and action of, pp. [77]-[8]
• Austria, regulations of, with reference to the commanders of their merchant vessels, p. [36]
• ——, special Commercial Treaty made with, 1838-40, pp. [110]-[2]
• ——, details of treaty with, in 1840, valuable as showing the influence of the new civilizing power, steam, p. [111]
• Austria, French War with, caused a great demand for English shipping, p. [398]
• Bahia, the Consul at, reply by, to the Foreign Office Circular, pp. [47]-[8]
• Baker, Mr., Consul at Riga, reply by, to Foreign Office Circular, p. [43]
• Bancroft, Mr., has interviews with Lord Palmerston in the autumn of 1847, p. [163]
• ——, emphatic language of, at one of these, ibid.
• ——, doubt if he meant all he said, pp. [163]-[4]
• ——, letter from, to Lord Palmerston, Nov. 3, 1847, pp. [164]-[5]
• ——, communications by, to the English Government, imply complete reciprocity, p. [169]
• ——, certain, that up to March 5, 1849, he had succeeded in deceiving both Lord Palmerston and Mr. Labouchere, p. [223]
• Bank Charter Act of 1844 suspended for a second time, 1858, causes the failure of many banks, p. [361]
• Baring, Mr. T., thinks that we ought in all cases to adhere to the main principles of the Navigation Laws, p. [261]
• —— thinks if the merchants have really suffered as much as stated from the laws, they would have complained, ibid.
• Belvidere, The, or Royal Alfred Aged Seaman’s Institution, great value of, p. [37], note
• Bentinck, Lord George, resumes the debate on the Navigation Laws on June 9, 1848, the fourth night, p. [201]
• ——, death of, Sept. 21, 1848, and universal respect to, shown on the day of his funeral, p. [219]
• Bergasse, M., a Protectionist, gives evidence, practically, confirming the Free-trade assertions, p. [454]
• Berkeley, Captain, evidence of, p. [186]
• Board of Trade, Commission by, May 17, 1847, to examine into matters connected with the commercial marine, p. [50]
• ——, return of, confirms the general truth of the replies to Mr. Murray’s Circular to the Consuls, ibid.
• Booker, Mr., Vice-Consul of Cronstadt, reply to the Foreign Office Circular, pp. [42]-[3]
• Boston sends ships to the East Indies and China as early as 1789, p. [7]
• Bouverie, Mr., amendment proposed by, not accepted by even the Shipowners, p. [249]
• —— urges that his amendment is strictly in accord with Free-trade principles, pp. [251]-[2]
• ——, amendment of, ultimately supported by only 15 members, p. [254]
• Braysher, Mr., evidence of (as Collector of Customs in London), on the practical working of the Navigation Laws, pp. [153]-[5]
• ——, peculiar anomalies in the Navigation Laws shown by, p. [154]
• Bright, J., Mr., energetically supports Mr. Cobden in his exertions against Protection, pp. [77]-[8]
• —— urges in vain on Mr. Labouchere the importation of cotton, then abundant at Havre, p. [155], note
• British Ships, condition constituting previously to the repeal of the Navigation Laws, pp. [93]-[95]
• ——, the owner of, under the Navigation Law, could not live in Paris, p. [117]
• —— are excluded from the trade between the Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States, p. [373]
• British Ships and Seamen, Acts of Parliament passed between 1849 and 1875 inclusive, relating to British ships and seamen, and other Parliamentary Papers respecting thereto, Append. p. [634]
• British Tonnage, Returns of, if sufficiently extended, afford an adequate estimate of the actual state of British shipping, p. [375]
• Brougham, Lord, splendid oration of, against the repeal of the Navigation Laws, pp. [266]-[74]
• —— condemns with great severity Mr. Porter’s statistics, pp. [267]-[9]
• —— objects to sweep away all restriction without obtaining any equivalent, p. [269]
• —— holds that the policy of the Navigation Laws rested on the partial monopoly they gave to British shipping, p. [271]
• ——, and that the fleets, with which we destroyed the power of Bonaparte, were created by the Navigation Laws, p. [272]
• —— believes the repeal of the Navigation Laws would encourage the infernal slave-trade, p. [273]
• Buchanan, Mr., replies to Mr. Crampton, by sending him the Act of Congress of May 24, 1828, p. [212]
• —— distinctly states that a letter had been written on Nov. 3, 1846, urging a Free-trade treaty between America and England, but reserving the coasting-trade of both countries, p. [214]
• Bülow, Count, replies on the part of Prussia that no pledge could be given for future legislation, p. [216]
• Buoyancy, the reserve, no possible means of determining, p. [528]
• Cabotage, technical name for the French coasting-trade, p. [447]
• Canada, fleets from, respectively called, according to the time of year, the “Spring” or the “Fall” fleets, p. [123]
• ——, by great exertions, secures more rapid communication between interior and the sea than America, ibid.
• ——, people of, naturally hope that the German emigration to the United States would pass through it, pp. [124]-[5]
• ——, produce of, so long as protected, had little ground for complaint, p. [130]
• ——, could not be imported into England through New York, p. [131].
• ——, general results of the effect of the Navigation Laws as regarding, pp. [132]-[3]
• Canadians, a large number of them, maintain that the effect on Canada of Protection was, practically, mischievous, p. [127]
• —— assume that the opening of Canadian seaports to vessels of all nations would restore their trade, p. [128]
• ——, though for a modified Free-trade, which might benefit themselves, were not prepared for it unconditionally, ibid.
• —— naturally hope that they may be able to engross the trade of Western America, p. [130]
• Canton, American vessels allowed to trade there, though British vessels were not, p. [106]
• Cardwell, Mr. (now Lord Cardwell) thinks the effect of maintaining the “long-voyage” clause would defeat the policy of the warehousing system, p. [237]
• —— asserts that the “warehousing system” was the result of a judicious relaxation of the Navigation Laws, p. [238]
• ——, remarkable action of, in the preparation of the Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, p. [320], note
• ——, greatly increases the number of lighthouses, &c., p. [414]
• Castro, Viscount de, replies sarcastically to Lord Palmerston’s letter of inquiry, pp. [216]-[17]
• Chain cables, great mistake to test them by enormous strains, as these tend to destroy the fibre of the iron, p. [318], note, and p. [480]
• —— and anchors, now tested through the agency of Lloyd’s Registry, p. [557]
• China, trade with, passages of “Clipper Ships” engaged in, Append. p. [611]
• Clay, Mr., though a Free-trader, declines to support Government till the restrictions on Shipowners were done away with, p. [200]
• “Clipper Ships” first built at Aberdeen in 1846, to compete with the Americans on the Chinese coasts, p. [288]
• Coasting clauses, in Mr. Labouchere’s Bill, withdrawn on the receipt of Mr. Buchanan’s letter, p. [223]
• Coasting Trade rigidly kept in the hands of England; indeed, made more strict by the Act of 1825, pp. [106]-[7]
• —— thrown open, and manning clause repealed, in 1854, p. [353]
• ——, we do not even now know the number of ships in our, p. [465]
• Coasting Trade of America liable to be diminished on the opening of the railway across Central America to Panama, p. [374]
• ——, all parties agree that America has acted selfishly in withholding her, p. [384]
• ——, error in supposing it only a trade to San Francisco, p. [385]
• Coasting Trade of North American Colonies still confined to British vessels, p. [400]
• Cobden, Richard, letter from, to Mr. Lindsay, March, 1856, p. [75] and note
• —— the chief of the new statesmen, who exploded the pernicious fallacies of Protection, pp. [74]-[77]
• —— asserts that we can build better ships than the foreigners, and cheaper too, quality considered, p. [201]
• —— that the sailor is as able to compete with foreigners as the artisan, ibid.
• —— that the Shipowner pays none of the rates with which the landowner was charged, p. [202]
• —— asserts that the constant assertion of maritime superiority tends only to provoke other nations, ibid.
• —— first meets M. Chevalier at the Exhibition of 1851, p. [436]
• —— determines with him to modify the tariffs of France, ibid.
• “Coffin” Ships, if these still exist, this is not from any neglect on the part of Parliament, p. [503]
• Colbert, in 1661, devotes much attention to French maritime affairs, p. [423]
• Collision, after, masters of ships compelled, by Act of 1853, to stand by and help, p. [513]
• Colonie, this name, in the strictest sense, confined to La Guadaloupe, Martinique, and Bourbon, p. [434]
• Colonie, or Colonie à Culture, represents the English Plantation, ibid.
• Commercial Marine of France, Commission to inquire into, 1870, pp. [450]-[1]
• ——, rival views with reference to, of the French Protectionists and Free-traders, pp. [451]-[2]
• Commercial Maritime Law, in inextricable confusion, owing to the multitude of Acts, p. [308]
• Commercial Treaties, various, passed between England and America between 1794 and 1817, pp. [59]-[60]
• Commission, Royal, on Unseaworthy Ships, appointed unanimously, in answer to Mr. Plimsoll’s appeals, p. [484]
• ——, its members, their ability and impartiality, ibid.
• —— see, clearly, that increasing legislation will not remedy the evils complained of, p. [486]
• ——, opinion of, as to what “unseaworthiness” really means, ibid.
• —— determine to leave to the Shipowner the proper loading of his ships, p. [488]
• —— consider that a Government survey would only remove the responsibility from the Shipowners, p. [489]
• ——, and, therefore, doubt its expediency, ibid.
• —— point out that, already, there are great complaints of Government interference, ibid.
• ——, decline to make the powers of the Board of Trade more stringent, p. [491]
• —— are of opinion that the shipping offices have been of great value, p. [496]
• —— propose a new scheme for training boys for sea, p. [498]
• —— doubt the expediency of the present form of certificate of the Board of Trade as regards emigrant ships, p. [532]
• —— suggest the appointment of a permanent legal adviser to the Board of Trade, p. [549]
• ——, Report of, on the whole, most able, p. [501]
• Committee of 1836, for inquiring into shipping, form many sound conclusions, p. [466]
• Committee of 1843, estimate by, of the loss of ships and lives, pp. [467]-[8]
• —— confirms the Act of that of 1846, and adds much new and useful matter, p. [471]
• Congress, in 1789, retaliates on British Commerce and Navigation, pp. [57]-[8]
• ——, conciliatory action of May, 1830, in reference to trade with England, p. [63]
• Coninck, M. de, an ardent advocate of Free-trade, p. [453]
• ——, evidence as to the real value of the complaints of the Protectionists, ibid.
• Conseil Supérieur publishes three large volumes of evidence, and announces that great changes in the French law are imperative, p. [445]
• Consuls, alike in America and England, forbidden to trade on their own account, p. [13]
• Convention of Commerce between Great Britain and France, 1826, Append. p. [563]
• Cooper, Mr. T. C., graphic account of a race up Channel with two American ships, p. [291], note
• Corn, enormous price of, in 1847, and consequent disastrous reaction, p. [159]
• Council, Order in, July, 1823, issued in opposition to the Act of Congress of March, 1823, p. [62]
• ——, further, July, 1826, directed against the action of Congress, p. [63]
• —— can modify, in certain cases, the stringency of the Navigation Laws, p. [96]
• ——, power, given to relax or restrict trade with different places, of the most capricious nature, p. [114]
• Crisis, Commercial, of 1857-8, various causes of, pp. [361]-[2]
• Customs do not take notice of coasting vessels in ballast, or with certain cargoes, p. [465]
• Customs, Act of, 1825, general effect, the throwing open English ports to the rest of world, under certain exceptions, p. [61]
• Dantzig, the Consul at, reply by, to the Foreign Office Circular, pp. [45]-[6]
• Decazes, Duke, sensible views of, p. [460]
• Denmark, excellent system in, of education for the mates and for the higher grades of the merchant service, p. [28]
• Disraeli, Mr., replies, sarcastically, to Mr. Cobden, pp. [202]-[3]
• ——, on reporting progress, protests against the whole Bill as already seriously damaged, pp. [254]-[5]
• —— thinks all that we had heard last year about the United States must be taken as a tabula rasa, p. [263]
• Draught of water, very little advantage in publicly recording this, p. [529]
• “Droits de tonnage” levied on all foreign vessels up to 1793, p. [424]
• —— on foreign ships, abolished, ultimately, in 1867, p. [432]
• Drouyn de Lhuys, M., letter from, declining the overtures of Lord Palmerston for reciprocity, pp. [215]-[6]
• Drummond, H., amusing but illogical speech of, pp. [244]-[6]
• East India, Trade with, has been always exceptional, p. [103]
• ——, conceded to ships not fulfilling the rules of the Navigation Laws, ibid.
• ——, Lascars employed in, are not to count as British seamen, and a certain proportion of English sailors required according to ship’s tonnage, p. [105]
• East India Company (Dutch) practically prevents English vessels from trading with Dutch settlements in the East, p. [400]
• Education needed even more for sailors than for landsmen, but England has done little yet in this direction, p. [541]
• Ellenborough, Lord, unwilling to diminish our navy, at the present period, by a single ship, p. [274]
• ——, the more so, that by the new agency of railways, great forces can be suddenly concentrated on any one place, p. [275]
• —— moves in Committee of May 24 that the operation of the Bill be deferred for one year, but is beaten by twelve, pp. [280]-[2]
• —— urges that the effect of such undue haste will be to throw 45,000 seamen out of employ, p. [281]
• ——, on third reading, points out many things that ought at once to be done for the relief of the Shipowner, pp. [283]-[4]
• Emigrant ships, the year 1854, the most fatal to them on record, no less than nine having been then lost, p. [324]
• ——, no less than sixty-one lost in seven years ending Dec. 1853, ibid.
• ——, disgraceful state of the early, pp. [330]-[1]
• ——, great mortality on board, noticed by Congress in Jan. 1854, p. [331]
• ——, order by United States Passenger Act, that every master shall pay a fine of ten dollars for each passenger who may die on the voyage, p. [334]
• Emigrants, average annual number of, between 1815 and 1854, [102],923 persons, p. [323]
• ——, medical inspection of, unsatisfactory, p. [328]
• ——, various rules drawn out to secure the safety and comfort of, pp. [331]-[3]
• ——, caution to, not to purchase “through” tickets, p. [337]
• ——, but “through” tickets by the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada perfectly reliable, ibid.
• Emigrants, dietary to, amount and character of, required originally, with the changes therein, pp. [329]-[330]
• Emigration, sums sent home for, amounted to from half a million to one million and a half annually, p. [323]
• ——, resolutions, 1855, of the Senate of the United States in reply to questions on, pp. [333]-[4]
• Emigration Commissioners, many and valuable improvements suggested and carried out by, p. [337]
• Emigration officers appointed at Liverpool in 1864, and their duties, pp. [327]-[8]
• Emigration system previously to 1855, evil working of, and frauds practised on the emigrants, pp. [325]-[6]
• Engineers (marine) required, by the Act of 1862, to undergo the same examination in steam as Masters in sailing, p. [347]
• ——, which, though at first doubted, has proved of great value, p. [348]
• England, alone of the nations, had no code for the regulation of her merchant sailors, p. [298]
• England, people of, half inclined to join France against Austria, p. [397]
• ‘Equador,’ The, case of, as showing the fallacious and evil working of the Registry Law, pp. [115]-[16]
• ——, importance of the decision of the Court of King’s Bench in this case, p. [116]
• ——, showing, as it does, that a Corporation wholly consisting of foreigners may register a ship as British, p. [117]
• Europe, trade with, continually modified, but finally settled by the Customs Act of 1825, pp. [101]-[2]
• ——, character of it, under the Navigation Laws, pp. [101]-[3]
• Examination of Masters, Mates, &c., has produced immense good since the passing of the Act of 1850, p. [302]
• Exhibition of 1851, started by Society of Arts, and supported by the Prince Consort, p. [435]
• Farrer, Mr. T. H. (now Chief Secretary to the Board of Trade), England greatly indebted to him for his exertions to ameliorate the state of the merchant seamen, pp. [298]-[9]
• ——, evidence of, on the question of over-insurance, p. [546]
• —— opposes all legislation interfering with the details of a Shipowner’s duty, p. [551]
• Favoured-Nation Clause, sometimes, no doubt, beneficial, but often pernicious, p. [126]
• Fleury, M., letter from, and reply, June 17 and 23, 1862, Append. p. [590]
• Foreign nations are suspicious of even a modified surrender of Protection on the part of England, p. [64]
• —— do not understand the real position of free England, pp. [64]-[5]
• Foreign Office, defects in, when dealing with commercial matters, p. [405]
• —— apathetic, in not securing, by diplomacy, better terms of reciprocity from foreign Powers, p. [406]
• ——, correspondence with, respecting the liability of British Shipowners in the courts of the United States of America, p. [571]
• Foreign Office Circular, of July 1, 1843, requiring information from Consuls abroad with reference to the character of British shipmasters and seamen, pp. [42]-[3]
• —— of great value, though unfair and invidious in form, p. [43]
• Foreign Shipmasters far more careful than the English in the stowage and transport of their cargoes, p. [52]
• Fortescue, Mr. (now Lord Carlingford), provisions in Bill introduced by, in 1873, strongly in favour of seamen, p. [515]
• France, peculiar system adopted in, of combining the navy and commercial marine, p. [30]
• ——, all seamen in, considered to be in Government employ, and, therefore, enrolled and pensioned, ibid.
• —— provides for her seafaring classes a better education than that of any other country, p. [31]
• ——, Reciprocity Treaty with, may be taken as a specimen of other such treaties, p. [67].
• —— in reply to Lord Palmerston, declines to have anything to do with Free-trade, p. [215]
• ——, real object of war with Austria to advance her frontier to the Rhine, pp. [397]-[8]
• ——, since Charles IX., has had to depend on other nations for many necessaries of life, p. [435]
• ——, Commercial Treaty of 1860, the result of the labours of Messrs. Cobden and Chevalier, p. [436]
• ——, its general conditions and effects, p. [437]
• ——, the great natural advantages of, not her armies, the true sources of her lasting greatness and happiness, p. [462]
• France, people of, probably not more than one million (out of thirty millions) depend for livelihood on French shipping, p. [439]
• Free-trade, Manchester and Liverpool at issue on this great question, pp. [134]-[5]
• ——, chief advocates of, before Mr. Ricardo’s committee—Messrs. Lefevre, Macgregor, and Porter, pp. [136]-[40]
• Free-trade Party triumphant after dissolution of July, 1847, p. [158]
• Free-traders, many, lose their seats in Parliament owing to the vigorous action of the Shipowners’ Society, p. [389]
• Freight, by the law of nations, considered to be the “Mother of Wages,” p. [21]
• ——, enormous rise in, during 1853, and the causes thereof, pp. [296]-[7]
• French Assembly, under the influence of M. Thiers, reverse in Jan. and Feb. 1872 much of the law of 1866, p. [457]
• French Colonial Trade (Pacte Colonial), special regulations for preserving and increasing, pp. [425]-[6]
• ——, three special rules for, p. [426]
• ——, regulations of, extremely disadvantageous to France herself, and hard on her colonies, pp. [426]-[7]
• —— substantially maintained, and more vigorously enforced by the French revolutionary leaders, p. [427]
• ——, measures adopted for, after the French Revolution, to be considered as war measures, p. [428]
• ——, many of the regulations of, exact copies of the old English ones, ibid.
• ——, preserved with some modifications by all its Governments, p. [433]
• French Colonies, complaint of the chief, that they no longer derive any advantage from the Pacte Colonial, p. [443]
• French Differential Duties known by the names of the surtaxes de pavillon and the surtaxes d’entrepôt, p. [432]
• French, Emperor of, letter to, by Mr. Lindsay, on the subject of the Navigation Laws of France, Jan. 10, 1861, Append. p. [582]
• French Export Houses constantly employ English shipmasters as giving them less trouble, p. [455]
• French Markets, after the peace, for some time supplied by the aid of foreign shipping, p. [431]
• French Mercantile Law of May 19, 1866, leading conditions of, pp. [446]-[7]
• French Mercantile Marine did not keep pace with French commerce owing to the baneful influence of Protection, p. [435]
• —— increased where in competition with that of other nations, p. [439]
• —— decreased under the operation of their Protective Laws, ibid.
• —— so like the English as often to be called Les Actes de Navigation, p. [430]
• French Mercantile Marine Law, as amended, did not finally pass the Chambers till 1866, p. [445]
• French Navigation Law, the first, absurdly stringent under Charles IX., p. [422]
• ——, impartial law of July 3, 1860, with reference to, p. [443]
• French Ship, conditions entitling a vessel to this privilege, pp. [423]-[4]
• ——, no alien permitted to command, p. [424]
• ——, various enactments for securing the true character of, p. [429]
• Genoa, Consul at, reply by, to the Foreign Office Circular, p. [45]
• Gibson, Milner, Mr., gives the sanction of Government to Mr. Ricardo’s motion, p. [88]
• ——, the country greatly indebted to, as a practical sailor, for carrying out the “Rule of the road at sea,” pp. [345]-[6]
• ——, value of the Bill introduced by, in 1861, p. [413]
• Gladstone, Mr., objects to the discretionary power given to the Queen in Council, and to the reservation of the coasting trade, p. [198]
• ——, relying chiefly on the sincerity of Mr. Bancroft, cautiously supports the repeal of the Navigation Laws, pp. [198]-[9]
• —— thinks it best to stick to the path of experience, and to carry out principles analogous with those of Mr. Huskisson, p. [239]
• —— strongly urges the removal of every burden with which the Shipowner is now oppressed, ibid.
• —— urges that experience only points to conditional relaxation, p. [240]
• —— again strongly opposes the idea of retaliation, ibid.
• ——, in fine, thinks that substantial justice can only be rendered by conditional legislation, p. [242]
• —— again urges conditional legislation, but not in the form proposed by Mr. Bouverie, p. [250]
• —— would, at once, remove all taxes affecting the British Shipowners, p. [251]
• Government cannot legislate or dictate how a particular trade is to be carried on, p. [539]
• —— very properly concludes that it cannot leave the lives of many persons in the hands of incompetent officers and men, p. [52]
• Government, English, informs the American Government of its intentions with regard to the Navigation Laws, one day before the Queen’s speech, 1847, p. [166]
• Graham, Sir James, very able speech of, on third reading, pp. [258]-[260]
• —— objects to both reciprocity and retaliation, p. [259]
• —— considers the whole question involved to be Protection or no Protection, p. [260]
• Gray, Mr. T., rhymes made by, to facilitate recollection of the “Rule of the road at sea,” p. [345], note
• ——, thinks several of the Acts for saving life do more harm than good, p. [492]
• Great Britain has only quite recently instituted a system of examinations for her mercantile marine, p. [36]
• —— possesses no State institution for the benefit of her merchant seamen, p. [37]
• ‘Great Republic,’ The, the finest and largest of the American clippers, pp. [359]-[360]
• Grey, Earl, replies to the strictures of the Earl of Hardwicke, p. [172]
• —— clearly shows that the Navigation Laws were of no advantage to the shipowner, p. [275]
• ——, and proves that the Navigation Laws were a proximate cause of the independence of America, p. [276]
• Guano-trade with Africa asserted by General Shipowners’ Society to be the cause of the return of prosperity to the shipping interest, p. [70]
• Harbours of Refuge, large sums of money advanced for the construction or improvement of, p. [515]
• Hardwicke, Earl of, selected as the mouth-piece of the Protectionists in the Upper House, p. [171]
• ——, speech of, Feb. 25, 1848, on moving a Select Committee of the House of Lords, pp. [171]-[2]
• Harper, J. W. A., evidence of, as to the impossibility of enforcing a load-line, p. [526]
• Harris, Capt., tries to enforce the apprenticing system, but fails, p. [256]
• Harrowby, Earl of, holds that where the interests of commerce and navigation conflict, those of navigation ought to predominate, p. [275]
• Henley, Mr., thinks that the principle of Free-trade has not been sufficiently tested as yet for it to be applied to another great interest, p. [238]
• Herries, Mr. (Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1828), takes up the cause of the Shipowners in 1848, by a counter resolution, p. [192]
• ——, speech of, pp. [193]-[7]
• —— states that interests to the extent of 60 millions are affected by any change in the Navigation Laws, p. [195]
• —— professes, generally, to follow the Protective policy inaugurated by Mr. Huskisson, ibid.
• —— hopes that no merely experimental changes will be countenanced or adopted, p. [196].
• ——, amendment of, finally rejected by a majority of 117, p. [206]
• ——, March, 1849, moves that Mr. Labouchere’s Bill be read again “this day six months,” p. [231]
• —— considers all the details of the Bill with great minuteness, pp. [231]-[2]
• —— makes a final speech against the Bill on the third reading, April 23, 1849, pp. [256]-[7]
• —— urges the great importance of the petitions against the Bill, and that the Navigation Laws have nothing strictly to do with Free-trade, p. [257]
• Hesketh, Mr., Consul at Rio di Janeiro, reply of, to the Foreign Office Circular, p. [47]
• Hildyard, Mr., points out the great value of the coasting trade of America, p. [243]
• Holt, Mr. A., sensible note by, on the effect of Government surveys, p. [490], note
• Hudson, Mr. (as member for Sunderland), supports the Protectionist side of the question, p. [199]
• Impressment, indefensible, and not to be resorted to, except when the country is actually in peril, p. [184], note
• Improvement of condition of Masters, Mates, &c., Act passed in 1850 with this object, p. [298]
• —— receives Royal assent August 14, and details, pp. [299]-[306].
• India, the Governor-General of, empowered to grant special privileges to States in alliance with the East India Company, p. [104]
• Inspection by Government of manufacturers’ work, wholly wrong in principle, p. [480]
• Inspection by Government, much doubt whether it would do the good expected, p. [482]
• Insurance of Ships, difficulties surrounding this subject, especially in the case of valued policies, p. [547]
• ——, the Royal Commission on Unseaworthy Ships, urge the necessity of a complete revision of the laws on, p. [548]
• Interference of Government may be carried so far as to be very injurious, p. [509], and note
• Jardine, Matheson and Co. commission Hall and Co., of Aberdeen, to build a ship of as fine lines and greater strength than any of the Americans, pp. [293]-[4]
• Java, case of ship from, laden with coffee, pp. [120]-[1]
• Labouchere, Mr., replies to the arguments of Mr. Herries, p. [197]
• —— formally lays the Government resolution for repeal of the Navigation Laws on the table, Aug. 10, 1848, p. [207]
• —— brings in the Bill for the repeal of the Navigation Laws, Aug. 16, 1848, but defers discussion on it till next session, ibid.
• —— (as President of the Board of Trade) moves, Feb. 14, 1849, nearly the same resolutions as in preceding year, p. [220]
• —— affects to believe that the Americans will not persevere in calling a voyage from New York to California a “Coasting” one, yet they do still, ibid.
• ——, his scheme for the Coasting trade, after all, a bungling one, p. [222]
• ——, after the receipt in England of Mr. Buchanan’s letter, still maintains that Mr. Bancroft “was a most honourable and straightforward man,” p. [223]
• ——, motion of, for second reading of the Bill carried by fifty-six, p. [246]
• ——, on motion for going into Committee, March 23, withdraws the Coasting clauses, p. [247]
• —— tries to excuse himself by showing that Sir T. Fremantle had changed his mind, p. [248]
• ‘Lancelot, Sir,’ The, extraordinary speed of, in sailing from China to London, p. [418], and note
• Lansdowne, Marquess of, introduces Bill for repeal of Navigation Laws into the Lords, May 7, 1849, p. [265].
• —— thinks that the Navigation Law might have been a suit of impenetrable armour, but is now only an imperfect garment of shreds and patches, ibid.
• —— urges that Bonaparte at the height of his power longed for three things he could not obtain—ships, colonies, and commerce, p. [266]
• Lefevre, Mr. (now Sir J. S.), well fitted by his mathematical training to study complicated questions of law or trade, p. [137]
• Legislation, most recent, not unlike the old Navigation Laws as attempting to regulate the business of Shipowners, p. [552]
• Letters of Marque, Government decline issuing, at the commencement of the Crimean War, p. [353]
• Liability, Limited, principle of, as shown in the powers given to the Board of Trade, p. [340]
• Liberal policy of England, no doubt the cause of the great increase of imports and exports in 1853, p. [296]
• ——, the nations who have adopted it have far outstripped all others, p. [421]
• Liddell, Mr. (Earl Ravensworth), replies, on the Protectionist side, to Mr. Ricardo, pp. [88]-[90]
• Life, loss of, at sea between 1818 and 1836, p. [465]
• ——, greatly increased by old imperfect classification of ships, p. [466]
• ——, returns of, three years previous to 1863 and 1874, show great accuracy, and may be relied on, pp. [468]-[9]
• Life, saving of, none of H. M.’s ships can make any claim for, p. [218]
• ——, no charge against Government that they have not done their utmost in, p. [513]
• Lighthouses, buoys, and beacons, dealt with under the 6th Section of Merchant Shipping Act, 1854, pp. [313]-[4]
• Lighthouses, Colonial, Act of 1855 passed as part of the great Act of 1854, p. [321]
• Lighting of the British coasts greatly improved of recent years, p. [514]
• Lindsay, Mr., his letters to the ‘Morning Herald’ in opposition to the Government scheme of repealing Navigation Laws without reciprocity from other nations, p. [208], note.
• —— contracts for six vessels in one week (1849) on an improved form, to compete with those of other nations, p. [221], note
• ——, interview with Napoleon III., and remarkable evidence of his knowledge in all matters of transport, p. [355], note
• —— moves and carries in the House of Commons the appointment of a Committee to consider all questions relative to the Transport Service, p. [358], note
• —— moves for a Committee to inquire into the operation of certain burdens specially affecting merchant shipping, p. [366]
• —— moves an Address to the Queen for inquiry into the burdens on the shipping interest, Jan. 31, 1860, p. [398]
• —— draws up the final report of the Committee on the shipping interest, p. [399]
• —— moves, March 29, 1860, an address to Her Majesty, with a view to negotiations with the Emperor of the French, and the modification of the French Navigation Laws, p. [438], and note
• ——, audiences with Napoleon III. to urge the value to France of free navigation, p. [440], note
• Lisbon, commercial association at, letter to, by Mr. Lindsay, Jan. 28, 1863, Append. p. [596]
• Liverpool, Petition from, principal terms urged in, pp. [228]-[9]
• Load-line, the marking of, enforced compulsorily by the Act of 1871, p. [475]
• ——, the, Royal Commission on Unseaworthy Ships declines to endorse with their approbation Mr. Plimsoll’s fancies about, p. [487]
• ——, details of the views about, of the Royal Commission on Unseaworthy Ships, p. [488]
• ——, a fixed, would do more harm than good, p. [527]
• —— must, ultimately, depend on the opinion of an expert, ibid.
• Local charges at ports, French Government protest against, p. [445]
• ——, exemption in favour of certain British ships, in 1852, Append. p. [620]
• Log-book, official, masters of all ships required by the Act of 1850 to keep, and under heavy penalties, also, if badly kept, p. [304]
• Lloyd’s Register of British and Foreign Shipping, history of, Append. p. [624]
• Lloyd’s Registry and other private associations do much towards the improvement of shipping, p. [471]
• London Merchants, Petition of, in 1820, the real commencement of Free-trade, does not allude to the Navigation Laws, p. [217]
• ‘Lord of the Isles,’ The, beats two American clippers from Foo-chow-foo to London, p. [294]
• Loss of Life must be considered in proportion to the number of vessels actually afloat, p. [511]
• Loss of Life on British Coasts, analysis of, and of the causes leading to, pp. [511]-[13]
• Losses by Railway Accidents, character of the inquiry into, as contrasted with that in lost ships, p. [495]
• Losses of Ships, present mode of inquiry into, not satisfactory to any one, p. [493]
• ——, the essential point to ascertain how the accident arose, whether from badness of ship, or the incapacity of those commanding her, p. [495]
• ——, the amount, during recent years, greatly exaggerated, p. [504]
• ——, no reliable statistics about, till 1855, when the Board of Trade undertook to prepare these, p. [505]
• ——, and of lives, often, much greater in one year than in those preceding or following it, p. [506]
• Louisiana, sold by France to America in 1803, for 15 million of dollars, p. [3]
• Lyell, Mr., M.P., proposes Committee of 1844 to inquire into the condition of the English commercial marine, pp. [69]-[70]
• Lyons, Lord (Boston, U.S.), letter to, from Mr. Lindsay, 1860, Append. p. [567]
• Macgregor, Mr., offers statements full of inaccuracies to Mr. Ricardo’s Committee, p. [137]
• Marine boards, Local, established at the principal seaports, p. [299]
• —— empowered to establish shipping offices, where all sailors are to be engaged, p. [300]
• Marine Insurance, the Royal Commission on Unseaworthy Ships disapproves the present form of, p. [501]
• Marseilles always a comparatively free port, p. [433]
• ——, object of the privilege to, to draw to France the commerce of the Mediterranean, ibid.
• Martin, Adm. Sir G. Byam, evidence of, pp. [178]-[186]
• —— asserts that the repeal of Navigation Laws will certainly diminish the number of shipwrights, p. [179]
• —— will concede nothing of the Navigation Laws, ibid.
• —— thinks that Shipowners will go to foreigners for cheap ships if Navigation Laws are abolished, p. [180]
• ——, and that the merchant service is valuable to the navy as supplying their men, p. [181]
• —— states that Lord Howe’s victory of June 1, 1794, was gained mainly by merchant seamen, ibid.
• ——, and that Admiral Gardner collected 35,000 to 40,000 merchant seamen, p. ibid.
• ——, estimate by, of English mercantile tonnage now more than trebled, p. [182], note
• —— thinks supply of seamen could not have been kept up in long war but by compulsory apprenticing, p. [182]
• ——, and that impressment cannot be wholly given up, p. [184]
• —— holds that the law compelling so many apprentices to be taken with each ship is a most wise one, p. [185]
• Massachusetts, the merchants of, supply their own people and the north of Europe with the produce of India and China, p. [7]
• Master, powers of, to be always fully upheld, pp. [497]-[8]
• Masters and Mates of foreign-going ships compelled to give testimonies of character for sobriety, &c., and to pass an examination, p. [300]
• McIver, Mr. C., evidence of, about the “classing” of ships, p. [535], note
• MacTavish, Mr., Consul at Baltimore, reply by, to the Foreign Office Circular, pp. [46]-[7]
• Measurement of Ships, the new, worked out by Mr. Moorson, and embodied in Act of 1854 by Mr. T. H. Farrer, p. [309], note
• —— takes capacity as the basis of the calculations, p. [309]
• —— adopted at the recent Congress for the tonnage of all nations passing through Suez Canal, p. [310]
• Mercantile Marine Fund dealt with in 7th Section of Merchant Shipping Act, 1854, p. [314]
• Mercantile Marine Board, and Code of Mercantile Maritime Laws, recommended by Committee of 1836, p. [470]
• Merchant Seaman’s Fund, in England, intended for the sole benefit of that class, p. [31]
• —— abolished in 1851, after long and gross mismanagement, p. [37], and note
• ——, the winding-up of it placed under the Board of Trade, p. [306]
• ——, Act passed August 8, 1851, for winding it up, and for its better management in future, ibid.
• Merchant Seamen, necessity of good education for, recognised by all other nations before England, p. [27]
• Merchant Shipping, short Act passed by Government, Sept. 6, 1875, p. [522]
• ——, extraordinary and dangerous power granted to the officers of the Board of Trade by the Act of Sept. 6, 1875, pp. [522]-[3]
• Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, its vast size, comprehensive details, &c., pp. [308]-[321]
• Merchant Shipping Act of 1875 withdrawn, as so altered that Mr. Disraeli declined to go on with it, p. [578]
• Merchant Shipping Code ought to be amended, and then effectually carried out, p. [555]
• Merit, the Official Certificate of, tends to screen the manufacturer, and to secure articles only so good as to pass inspection, p. [481]
• Minturn, Mr. (an eminent New York merchant), evidence of, pp. [186]-[90]
• ——, as to materials used in American ships, wages, number of hands required, &c., p. [188]
• ——, and as to the cost of the New York Packets, p. [187]
• —— thinks that the commerce of America has not really gained by Reciprocity treaties, p. [190]
• —— asserts that the Temperance system has been of the greatest value in American ships, ibid.
• Misconduct endangering life, or breach of duty by drunkenness, &c., &c., considered a misdemeanour by Act of 1850, p. [303]
• Money-Order Office, a special, opened for the benefit of sailors, p. [350]
• Montreal gradually became deserted by the Western merchants of America, p. [131]
• Murray, Mr., general conclusions of (Nov. 1847), drawn from the replies to the Foreign Office Circular, and suggestions for remedies, pp. [48]-[50]
• —— proposes “A Board or Department of Commercial Marine,” p. [49]
• Naples, Consul at, reply by, to the Foreign Office Circular, pp. [45]-[6]
• Napoleon III. announces, Jan. 1, 1860, his intended rupture with Austria, p. [397]
• —— at once sees how much the French would gain from free navigation, pp. [440]-[1]
• Naturalisation of goods, special evil in the case of those brought to Europe, p. [118]
• Naval Courts instituted abroad by Act of 1850, p. [304]
• Navigation, a Treaty of, ought to have accompanied the French Treaty of 1860, p. [437]
• Navigation Bill, third reading of it carried by a majority of 61 in the House of Commons, p. [263]
• ——, second reading of, carried by a majority of 10 in the Lords, p. [278]
• Navigation Laws, for two centuries considered universally the cause of England’s superiority on the ocean, p. [54]
• ——, views of foreign nations on the character and value of them to England, pp. [54]-[5]
• ——, study of them leads to but one conclusion—how much trouble our ancestors took to “beggar their neighbours,” p. [107]
• ——, condensed summary of, as in force in 1847, pp. [107]-[8]
• —— so far relaxed, as to call places, not geographically belonging to Austria, &c., ports, p. [113]
• —— full, in 1847, of anomalies which could neither be explained nor defended, pp. [113]-[15]
• ——, great difficulty in executing them, as they were in 1847, owing to the Registry Law, p. [114]
• ——, anecdote of the vessel chartered with cochineal for the Canary Islands, p. [121]
• ——, their ultimate working of no value to any one but the Shipowner, and, economically, a total waste of capital, p. [121]
• —— in many instances direct obstructions to ordinary trade, caused by, pp. [121]-[2]
• —— studied as much to see how they could be evaded as acted on in good faith, p. [122]
• ——, special difficulty of carrying out their principles in the case of Canada, p. [123]
• ——, advocates of their repeal, in 1847, not altogether successful, p. [140].
• ——, chief advocates of them as they were, Mr. G. F. Young, Mr. Richmond, Mr. Philippe, Mr. Imrie, Mr. Duncan Dunbar, and Mr. Macqueen, p. [141], note
• ——, arguments of the Shipowners in favour of the, pp. [141]-[3]
• ——, under, there was in 1847, coincidentally, a protected and an unprotected trade, p. [154], note
• ——, difficulty under, as to what was or was not a manufactured article, pp. [155]-[6]
• ——, under, foreign ships, up to 1845, could carry passengers but not goods, coastwise, pp. [156]-[7]
• ——, the Queen, in Speech from Throne, Nov. 18, 1847, recommends their consideration, p. [162]
• ——, twenty-five witnesses called by the Committee for the repeal of, and nine against, p. [157]
• ——, many questions on, to be dealt with by Government, unsupported, at the time, by any facts, pp. [177]-[8]
• ——, debate on-first division—June 2, 1848, for adjournment carried by 236 to 73, p. [200]
• ——, inquiry into restrictions imposed by, recommended in Speech from the Throne, pp. [218]-[9]
• ——, the Royal Assent given to the Bill for their repeal, June 26, 1849, p. [285]
• Neutrals, Government resumes the right of allowing effective blockades by, p. [354]
• Neutrals, rights of, respected in the war with Russia, and privateering abolished, p. [406]
• New England produces the almost entire supply of native-born American seamen, pp. [25]-[6]
• New Orleans, extraordinary growth of the trade of, since 1820, p. [5], note
• New York profited greatly during the earlier part of the revolutionary war in Europe, p. [5]
• —— greatly advantaged by the commencement of the Erie Canal in 1825, pp. [5]-[6].
• ——, details of the amount of tonnage entering it, between 1822 and 1871, p. [6], note
• —— suffered severely between 1806 and 1815 from captures, condemnations, and embargoes, ibid.
• Norway, character of the Seaman’s Institution in, founded Dec. 1834, pp. [39]-[40]
• Norway and Sweden require for the officers of their ships an even more rigid examination than that of Denmark, p. [29]
• Ocean race, the celebrated, from China to England in 1866, p. [417], note
• Overloading, evidence of Mr. W. J. Lamport on, p. [527], note
• Owner’s liability in the case of passenger ships, real facts about, pp. [338]-[9]
• Oxford, Bishop of, tries to get a clause inserted that privileges should not be given to countries who had not adhered to the treaties for the suppression of the slave-trade, p. [285]
• “Pacte de Famille,” allowing the Bourbon-ruled kingdoms to trade freely with France, Jan. 2, 1768, p. [425]
• Panic, Commercial, of 1847, shipping interest alone flourished during, owing to the great demand for corn in Ireland, pp. [158]-[9]
• Palmerston, Lord, reply of, to Mr. Bancroft, Nov. 17, 1847, pp. [165]-[6]
• ——, all parties disapprove his communications with the American Government, p. [169]
• —— admits, in the House of Commons, on Feb. 3, 1848, his correspondence with the American Government, p. [170]
• —— issues from the Foreign Office a circular (Dec. 22, 1848) to the foreign nations, seeking their views with regard to reciprocity, should the proposed repeal of the Navigation Laws be carried, pp. [209]-[17]
• ——, Circular of, general statement in, of what was likely to be done if the repeal of the Navigation Laws was carried, pp. [210]-[12]
• —— orders his agents to find out whether other countries will accept the advances of England, p. [211]
• —— requires information as to restrictions in force against British ships in different countries, differential duties, &c., ibid.
• Parliament has interfered too much with Shipowners, p. [525]
• ——, “Independent Members” of, introduce all sorts of measures to amend the Mercantile Laws, p. [551]
• Passenger Ships to be surveyed by Act of 1854, but further inquiry about, 1855, p. [322]
• —— surveyed, agreeably with the orders of the Committee of 1843, p. [471]
• ——, regulation of, summary of the Acts passed for, Append. p. [600]
• Passengers’ Act, impossible to obtain an uniform one, owing to the different laws of the States sending emigrants to America, pp. [334]-[5]
• Passengers’ Act of 1855 consolidates all that was good in the previous Acts, p. [331]
• ——, chief matters of, as its general management has been transferred to the Board of Trade, p. [343]
• Passengers’ Amendment Act, abstract of, and all Orders in Council relating to, to be posted up in the ship, p. [336]
• Passing Tolls all abolished, since 1860, but with far too high compensations, p. [411], note
• Peel, Sir Robert, makes great alterations in the tariff, p. [71]
• —— resigns office on the question of opening the ports owing to Irish famine, but resumes it on Lord John Russell’s failure to form a ministry, pp. [78]-[9]
• —— proposes, in 1846, a sliding scale of duties on corn, to last till February, 1849, p. [79]
• —— carries the repeal of the Corn Laws, but is, on same night, beaten on the Irish Arms Bill, p. [80]
• —— supports the Government measure, but in a hesitating manner, pp. [203]-[5]
• —— reserves his opinion for the present as to the throwing open the coasting trade, p. [204]
• —— suggests that the measure for the repeal of the Navigation Laws should only endure for five years, p. [205]
• Peel, Mr. F., brings in, in 1852, a Bill for the improvement of the Emigration system, p. [331]
• Peter, Mr., Consul, letters of, to English Foreign Office on the education of boys for the Philadelphian merchant service, p. [16] and note
• Pilots, the Licensing of, generally left in America to the laws of the separate States, p. [24]
• Pilots and Pilotage dealt with very fully by the fifth section of the Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, p. [312]
• Pitt, Mr., general principles of the Bill introduced by him to regulate the commerce between America and England, p. [56]
• —— resigns on the rejection of his Bill, by a combination of English Shipowners and the Loyalists of the American colonies, pp. [56]-[7]
• Plantation Trade, rules of, under the Navigation Acts, pp. [95]-[9]
• ——, rules with reference to, considerably modified by the Customs Act of 1825, p. [98]
• Plimsoll, Mr., carries his first Resolution in 1870, p. [474]
• —— publishes, January, 1873, a sensational book, entitled ‘Our Seamen,’ p. [476]
• ——, inaccurate in his statements, or ignorant of the power really possessed by the Underwriters at Lloyd’s, p. [477]
• ——, the Bill proposed by, could not possibly be entertained with any regard to the great maritime interests of this country, p. [478]
• ——, Bill by, practically, proposed that some officer of Government should survey every ship built and sent to sea, p. ibid.
• ——, most of the grievances urged by him have been met, so far as they could be, by legislation, by the “Merchant Shipping Consolidated Act” of 1854, and subsequent Acts, p. [485]
• ——, statements by, carefully analysed by the Royal Commission on Unseaworthy Ships, ibid.
• ——, violent conduct of, in the House of Commons, on withdrawal of Government Shipping Bill, 1875, p. [518], and notes
• ——makes grave assertions and charges, alike, against Government and private individuals, p. [525]
• Porter, Mr. G. R., in his evidence before Mr. Ricardo’s Committee, shows that England has been in nowise benefited by the Navigation Laws, pp. [138]-[9]
• ——, a hard-working honest man, of little or no knowledge in commercial matters, [137]
• —— shows the enormous increase of shipping between 1833 and 1846, p. [139]
• —— suggests that Prussia at the head of the Zollverein States, would impose differential duties on foreign states, p. [140]
• Possession or établissement, settlements specially created for the purposes of trade, p. [434]
• Portugal, trade with, not worth considering in any alteration of English law, p. [370]
• Portugal, King of, special trading allowances made to, on his emigration to the Brazils in 1808, p. [99]
• Potato Disease and Irish Famine, 1845-6, cause the repeal of the Corn Laws and the suspension of the Navigation Acts, pp. [78]-[9]
• ‘Powhattan’ The, dreadful loss of, April 16, 1854, pp. [324]-[5]
• Protection, the system of, renders English Shipowners less inclined to compete with foreigners, p. [28]
• Protection, under the form of the Navigation Laws, renders foreign ships and sailors superior to those of England, p. [41]
• —— generally prevalent abroad as well as in England, pp. [55]-[6]
• ——, there was an actual decrease of tonnage under, p. [378]
• Protectionists assert that foreign vessels would practically obtain all the long oversea carrying trade, if British ships could import non-prohibited articles, p. [69]
• Protectionists, French, succeed in nullifying, by the decree of June 8, 1866, many Free-trade provisions of the Act, May 19, 1866, pp. [448]-[9]
• Punishments inflicted by Government, cannot he heavier than the loss of his vessel to the owner who does not insure, p. [483]
• Receiver of Wrecks, great power given to, under Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, p. [317]
• Reciprocity Treaties, under, the trade to her colonial ports was jealously reserved by England, p. [65]
• —— of Mr. Canning and Mr. Huskisson, pp. [182]-[6];
• ——, their general character, p. [65]
• —— of little or no use in checking the anomalies of Protection, p. [68]
• —— serve as a wedge to break down the “great tree of Protection,” p. [71]
• Registration, the question of, fully dealt with in Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, under 91 clauses, p. [310]
• Registry Laws compelled British Shipowners in 1847 to use the dearest ships in the world, p. [92]
• Retaliation, Principle of, proposed by foreign nations and adopted (as against England) by America in 1817, p. [55]
• ——, naturally to be expected when one nation excludes the vessels of another from its trade, p. [58]
• Returns, Statistical, of the highest value to Merchant Shipping, pp. [376]-[9]
• Ricardo, Mr., proposes a Select Committee to inquire into the Navigation Laws, Feb. 1847, p. [83]
• ——, details of his speech on motion to inquire into the Navigation Laws, pp. [84]-[88]
• ——, motion for committee carried by 155 to 61, p. [90]
• ——, list of members who served on his Committee, p. [92], note
• ——, Committee of, make five reports, but limit themselves to the evidence they had taken, p. [92]
• ——, vigorous speech of, pp. [223]-[4]
• Richmond, Mr., sent by the Shipowners of Tynemouth to advocate the cause of the Navigation Laws before Committee of Mr. Ricardo, p. [147]
• —— urges that shipowning in the Baltic trade had been for twenty-five years a losing matter, ibid.
• ——, views of, as enounced before Mr. Ricardo’s Committee, pp. [147]-[152]
• —— urges that (in the north), Shipowners and merchants were distinct, the former having been so for generations, p. [148]
• —— holds that the captain of the present day is fully equal to the captain of former days, p. [149]
• —— considers English sailors less given to spirit-drinking than the Germans, p. [149].
• —— accuses, with some reason, Mr. Porter of unfairness in his statements, p. [152]
• —— urges the abolition of all Reciprocity Treaties as injurious to England, p. [151]
• Robinson, Mr., and Protectionists deceived by the mild wording of the Queen’s Speech, p. [162]
• —— claims indemnity for the Shipowner, in case the Bill should pass, p. [242]
• “Rule of the Sea,” together with the number of boats to be carried by ships, clearly laid down in 4th Section of the Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, pp. [311]-[12]
• Russell, Mr., a leading merchant of Boston from 1786 to 1798, p. [7], note
• Russell, Lord John, action of, as leader of the revolt against Protection, pp. [72]-[4]
• —— carries the measure for equalising the sugar duties, p. [81]
• ——, letter from, to Mr. Lindsay (1875), p. [82], note
• —— compelled by the Irish famine to suspend the Navigation Laws (Jan. 1847), ibid.
• —— suspends the Bank Charter Act, Oct. 25, 1847, p. [160]
• —— asserts, in his final speech on the third reading, that the fullest reciprocity would be conceded by America, p. [262]
• Russia, system in, for encouraging seamen, called the “Corporations of Free Mariners,” p. [30]
• ——, treaty made with, on the same principle as those with Austria and the Zollverein, p. [113]
• ——, exports from, generally, in British ships as there was not a sufficient Russian marine, p. [155]
• Russia and Prussia require the officers of their ships to have some knowledge of English and French, pp. [29]-[30]
• Sailors, as distinguished from mechanics or servants, have every facility in retaining their earnings, p. [543]
• Salvage, conditions under which it is granted under Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, p. [318]
• Sardinia accepts the proposals of Lord Palmerston, unconditionally, p. [216]
• Savings-Banks established, 1856, for the benefit of seamen, to save them from the baneful influence of “crimps,” p. [35]
• ——, large sums passed through, up to November 1874, p. [357], note
• Sea, Rule of the road at, special notices of, p. [344], note
• Seamen, all agreements with, to be in writing, and to specify, in detail, what is expected of them, p. [301]
• ——, laws, various, for their protection, passed from 1846 to 1854, p. [472]
• ——, peculiar favour shown to, in Merchant Shipping Code Consolidation Bill of August 1869, p. [474]
• Seamen, English, have now many privileges not granted to any other class of the community, p. [472]
• —— have not deteriorated, but have much improved in the last quarter of a century, p. [504]
• Seaworthiness, the proposed plan for certifying absurd, and, if carried out, ruinous, p. [531]
• ——, practically, cannot be defined, p. [539]
• Sherrard, Mr., Consul at Portland, U.S., reply by, to the Foreign Office Circular, p. [46]
• Sherwood, Mr., Consul, letter to English Foreign Office on the education of youths destined to the sea service, p. [16], and note
• Ships properly to be considered merely as the adjuncts to commerce, p. [65]
• ——, cost of building, at Dantzig, in the United States, &c., p. [141], note
• ——, nearly all, are now classed at Lloyd’s or elsewhere, p. [482]
• ——, loss of, from 1856 to 1872; sixty lost, from defects, &c., while 711 were lost from neglect or bad navigation, p. [487]
• Shipbuilders, French, much hampered by the absurd Protectionist Decree of June 8, 1866, p. [450]
• Shipowners object strongly to Government interference, p. [51]
• —— who joined the Anti-Corn-Law League did not perceive that the sweeping away of the Protective Navigation Laws must follow, p. [78]
• —— still suffering, in 1849, a periodical depression after two or three very prosperous years, p. [218]
• —— hold meetings in all the principal towns, especially seaports of England, p. [228]
• —— resolve to try another division in Committee of the House of Lords when there would be no proxies, p. [278]
• ——, great despondency of, on the repeal of the Navigation Laws, p. [287]
• ——, prosperity returns to, in 1852 and 1853, as confirmed by Mr. Tooke’s ‘History of Prices,’ p. [296]
• ——, the liability of, under certain circumstances defined by 9th Section of Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, and still further in 1862, pp. [318]-[9]
• —— able to appeal to the Court of Chancery to determine the amount of their liability, p. [341]
• —— complain of the discretionary power given to Emigration officers, p. [342]
• —— propose a petition to the Crown, requesting retaliation on such Foreign Powers as should decline reciprocity, p. [364]
• ——, public meeting of, Dec. 15, 1858, Mr. Dunbar in the chair, pp. [364]-[5]
• —— naturally feel that they have been treated very illiberally by the nations who will not reciprocate, p. [404]
• —— now only wish to be let alone, and allowed to manage their own business their own way, p. [414]
• —— liable, by the Act of 1870, to be punished criminally if they send an unseaworthy ship to sea, p. [475]
• Shipowners’ General Society, meeting of, Aug. 12, 1847, to consider the result of Mr. Ricardo’s motion, p. [90]
• ——, arguments urged by, pp. [91]-[2]
• —— told on two occasions, by Lord Clarendon, that the principle of the Navigation Law would not be altered, p. [166]
• —— issue many pamphlets, &c., showing the evil of the Government scheme for the repeal of the Navigation Laws, p. [208]
• —— still, in 1858, attribute their losses to the repeal of the Navigation Laws and the absence of reciprocity, p. [362]
• ——, meeting of, at London Tavern, R. W. Crawford, Esq., in the Chair, pp. [390]-[6]
• —— petition the Queen, praying her to exercise the powers vested in her, and to put in force the Retaliatory Clause of 1849, p. [366]
• ——, meeting of, Mr. Lindsay proposes an amendment at, which is ill received, p. [393] and notes
• Shipping, any decline of, in 1858, fully accounted for by the commercial distresses of the previous autumn, p. [380]
• Shipping Interest, Government at length determines that unequal burdens on, should be removed, p. [383]
• ——, inquiry into burdens in Committee for, appointed Feb. 16, 1860, p. [398], and note
• Shipping Interest, Committee on, decidedly object to the enforcement of reciprocity, p. [401]
• —— refuse the reimposition and restrictions on our colonial trade, p. [403]
• —— strongly affirm their judgment that all private property (not contraband of war) should be exempt from capture at sea, p. [408]
• ——, and opinion that the liability of owners of ships should not be much less than the value of the ship and its freight, pp. [408]-[9]
• —— decide that all light dues ought to be paid by the country at large, p. [410]
• —— give no decided opinion on the question of compulsory pilotage, pp. [410]-[11]
• —— are of opinion that most of the legislation since 1835 has been useful, though in some cases carried too far, p. [412]
• ——, report of, so generally accepted that there has been no further inquiry since, p. [412]
• Shipping Masters, important duties of, as appointed by the local Marine Boards under the Board of Trade, p. [300]
• Siegfried, M., in his evidence, shows the utter fallacy of Protection, pp. [454]-[5]
• Smith, Adam, quotation from, in Mr. Ricardo’s speech, showing his views of the Navigation Act, p. [87] and note
• Stanley, Lord (Derby), says that Canada demands repeal of the Navigation Laws as a compensation for the loss of Protection, p. [277]
• —— urges, in his final speech against the Bill, that, not the merchants had found out the Navigation Laws disadvantageous, but Ministers for them, ibid.
• —— moves, May 13, the rejection of the repealing clauses, so as to make the Bill one of conditional legislation, p. [279]
• ——, his amendment finally rejected by a majority of thirteen, p. [280]
• —— finally enters a protest in the Journals of the House, p. [285]
• Statesmen, the arising of a new class prepared to carry through the important principle of a free and unfettered commerce, p. [72]
• ——, ample field for, in fully working-out the mercantile questions now before them, p. [556]
• Steamer, one, can do the work of five sailing-vessels, p. [402]
• Steamers, rapid increase of, compared with sailing-vessels, between 1852 and 1860, ibid.
• Surtaxes de Pavillon again abolished, July 28 and 31, 1873, p. [460]
• Survey of ships, perhaps it might be possible to enrol several great associations for this purpose, p. [533]
• —— even by Lloyd’s Registry would, perhaps, prove scarcely better than one by Government, ibid.
• ——, great difficulties in really carrying it out, p. [538]
• Surveys of Board of Trade, number of persons now employed by the Board of Trade, p. [315], note
• Surveyors of the Board of Trade ordered, in 1864, to survey gratuitously such ships as seamen complained were unseaworthy, p. [473]
• Swedes and Norwegians already, in 1859, large buyers of English-built vessels, p. [403]
• ‘Thermopylæ,’ The, sails from London to Melbourne in sixty days—the fastest passage on record—doing 380 miles in one day!, p. [415]
• ——, extraordinary speed of this sailing-ship, ibid., and note
• ——, log of, Append. p. [613]
• Thiers, M., influence of, in favour of Protection after the German war, p. [456]
• Thompson, Alderman, thinks Sir Jas. Stirling’s plan for manning the navy Utopian, p. [197]
• Tonnage, Statistics of, belonging to Great Britain, United States, France, and Holland, from 1821 to 1874, Append. p. [618]
• Tonnage of Shipping entered and cleared in the United Kingdom, United States, France, Holland, Norway, Prussia, and Sweden, distinguishing between national and foreign ships, from 1850 to 1873, Append. p. [637]
• ‘Torrington,’ The, a successful “clipper” built by Hall and Co. at Aberdeen, in 1846, to compete with Americans in China, p. [288]
• Trade, Board of, power given to, to appoint special investigations where serious accident, p. [305]
• ——, power to summon a jury to ascertain the number, &c., of persons injured, p. [340]
• ——, inconclusive arguments as to any reaction for the employment of more ships than was required, p. [382]
• ——, returns by, of trade between 1834 and 1858, vigorously attacked by the Shipowners’ Association, pp. [386]-[7]
• —— empowered, by the Act of 1871, to stop the proceeding to sea of any ship reported as unseaworthy, p. [476]
• Transport Service during the Crimean war greatly increased for want of a well-organised Board, p. [357]
• Treaties of some value in rude times, but wholly inadequate to the regulation of commerce between great nations, pp. [65]-[7]
• Unclassed vessels now are, practically, either the very best or the very worst, p. [535]
• Underwriters, as a rule, will not take a risk on unclassed ships, p. [482]
• United States, trade between, and British North American Colonies, thrown open in 1807, p. [60]
• Unseaworthiness of seamen of greater national importance than that of the ships, p. [541]
• Unseaworthy ships, the law punishing those who send such to sea, can be made more prompt and effective, p. [553]
• Venetian Republic, law made by, in 1786, for the securing efficient and well-educated men for their marine service, p. [35]
• —— Scuola di San Nicolo, origin and progressive history from 1476 till modified in 1814, pp. [32]-[4]
• —— shipmasters, qualifications required from all, p. [35]
• Venice, Charitable Institution for Invalids in, the successor of the Scuola di San Nicolo, p. [34]
• Veritas, The, the name of a foreign system of registration much used in Canada, p. [471]
• Vessels built of iron compelled by the Act of 1854 to be separated into water-tight compartments, p. [312]
• Walker, Mr. J., Secretary to the Treasury in America, a zealous supporter of complete reciprocity, p. [214]
• Walpole, Mr., in debate on the third reading, asserts that the Navigation Laws are the wisest of our regulations, p. [258]
• ‘Washington Union,’ the article in, detailing Lord Palmerston’s intentions as to the Navigation Laws produces intense astonishment, pp. [167]-[8]
• Wetland Canal, value of, to Canada, as most of the expenses connected with it are paid by the Americans, p. [129]
• Wellington, Duke of, votes with the Government on the Navigation Bill, greatly to the annoyance of the Shipowners, p. [278]
• Wharfinger, the, responsible for the safe delivery of all goods on board vessels, p. [11]
• Williams, Mr., observations by, on the advantages of a general seaman’s fund, p. [38], and notes
• Wilson, Mr. J. (editor of the ‘Economist’), shows that, practically, the Navigation Laws were of little value to British shipowners, p. [233]
• —— urges that reciprocity must rest on equivalents which were, in this case, impossible, p. [234]
• —— resists Mr. Gladstone’s notion of reciprocity in some cases by special treaties, as sure to be misunderstood by foreigners, p. [234]
• —— opposes reciprocity even in shipping, p. [235]
• —— maintained that real reciprocity meant perfect freedom of trade to those who gave perfect freedom to us, ibid.
• ——, his supposition that America would act on the principle of her law of 1828, altogether fallacious, p. [253]
• Wrecks, accurate return of, first provided by Board of Trade in 1856, p. [468]
• Wrecks, inquiry into, one of the most valuable parts of the Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, p. [316]
• Wrecks cast on shore, general superintendence of, and appointment of receivers, placed under the Board of Trade by Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, p. [317]
• West Indies, 15,000 slaves perish from starvation between 1780 and 1787, p. [58]
• —— demand Free-trade on nearly the same principles as Canada, pp. [133]-[4]
• Yeames, Mr., Consul-General at Odessa, reply by, to Foreign Office Circular, p. [44]
• Young, Mr. G. F., strenuous advocate of the Navigation Laws, &c., as they were, pp. [143]-[6]
• ——, arguments in favour of Protection adduced by him before the Committee of the House of Lords, pp. [172]-[175]
• —— considers the “Long-voyage” Clause the most important in the Navigation Laws, p. [174]
• —— proposes some minor modifications of the Navigation Laws, pp. [174]-[5]
• ——, which are not, however, accepted by Government, p. [177]
• —— moves a strenuous resolution at the meeting of Shipowners, Dec. 15, 1858, p. [365]
• Zollverein, The, list of the States united under this commercial bond, p. [112]
• Zollverein States, treaties made with—after the fashion of that with Austria—1841, pp. [112]-[3]

END OF VOL. III.

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