THE LIFE OF CRUSTACEA

BY

W. T. CALMAN, D.Sc.

WITH THIRTY-TWO PLATES AND EIGHTY-FIVE FIGURES

METHUEN & CO. LTD.
36 ESSEX STREET W.C.
LONDON

[First Published in 1911]

[PREFACE]

This sketch of the Natural History of the Crustacea deals chiefly with their habits and modes of life, and attempts to provide, for readers unfamiliar with the technicalities of Zoology, an account of some of the more important scientific problems suggested by a study of the living animals in relation to their environment.

I am indebted to the Trustees of the British Museum for leave to reproduce certain figures prepared for the "Guide to the Crustacea, Arachnida, Onychophora, and Myriopoda exhibited in the Department of Zoology"; also to Sir Ray Lankester, K.C.B., F.R.S., and to Messrs. A. and C. Black for the use of a number of figures from my volume on Crustacea in the "Treatise on Zoology," edited by Sir Ray Lankester.

The source of these figures is indicated in the explanation attached to each. Of the remaining illustrations, some are reproduced from photographs of specimens in the collection of the British Museum; the others have been drawn from Nature, or copied from the original figures of various authors, by Miss Gertrude M. Woodward, to whom I am much indebted for the care and skill which she has given to their preparation.

W. T. C.

[CONTENTS]

CHAPTER PAGE
I. Introductory[1]
II. The Lobster as a Type of Crustacea[6]
III. The Classification of Crustacea[34]
IV. The Metamorphoses of Crustacea[66]
V. Crustacea of the Seashore[88]
VI. Crustacea of the Deep Sea[117]
VII. Floating Crustacea of the Open Sea[138]
VIII. Crustacea of Fresh Waters[157]
IX. Crustacea of the Land[188]
X. Crustacea as Parasites and Messmates[207]
XI. Crustacea in Relation to Man[237]
XII. Crustacea of the Past[256]
Appendix:
I. Methods of Collecting and Preserving Crustacea[271]
II. Notes on Books[277]
Index [280]

[LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT]

FIG. PAGE
1. The Common Lobster (Homarus gammarus), Female, from the Side[7]
2. One of the Abdominal Somites of the Lobster, with its Appendages, separated and viewed from in Front[9]
3. Third Maxilliped of Lobster[11]
4. Walking Legs of Lobster[12]
5. Appendages of Lobster in Front of Third Maxilliped[13]
6. Dissection of Male Lobster, from the Side[16]
7. Gills of the Lobster, exposed by cutting away the Side-flap of the Carapace (Branchiostegite)[18]
8. First Larval Stage of the Common Lobster. × 4 [28]
9. Side-view of Rostrum of (A) Common Lobster (Homarus gammarus) and (B) American Lobster (Homarus americanus)[32]
10. The "Fairy Shrimp" (Chirocephalus diaphanus), Male. × 2[35]
11. Estheria obliqua, One of the Conchostraca [36]
12. Daphnia pulex, a Common Species of "Water-flea." Much enlarged[37]
13. Shells of Ostracoda. Much enlarged[38]
14. Cyclops albidus, a Species of Copepod found in Fresh Water[39]
15. Nebalia bipes. Enlarged[44]
16. Mysis relicta, One of the Mysidacea. Enlarged[47]
17. Gnathophausia willemoesii, One of the Deep-sea Mysidacea. Half Natural Size[48]
18. Diastylis goodsiri, One of the Cumacea. Enlarged[49]
19. Apseudes spinosus, One of the Tanaidacea. Enlarged[50]
20. A Woodlouse (Porcellio scaber), One of the Isopoda. Enlarged[51]
21. An Amphipod (Gammarus locusta). Enlarged[53]
22. Two Species of Caprellidæ [54]
23. Paracyamus boopis, the Whale-louse of the Humpback Whale[55]
24. Meganyctiphanes norvegica, One of the Euphausiacea. Twice Natural Size[56]
25. Larval Stages of the Common Shore Crab (Carcinus mænas—see [Plate IX].)[68]
26. Last Larval Stage of the Common Porcelain Crab (Porcellana longicornis—see [Fig. 41], P. 113). × 9[70]
27. First Larval Stage of Munida rugosa (see [Plate VI].) × 10[71]
28. The Phyllosoma Larva of the Common Spiny Lobster (Palinurus vulgaris—see [Plate V].). Much enlarged[72]
29. Larval Stages of the Prawn Penæus (see [Plate IV].). × 45[74]
30. Newly-hatched Young of a Crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis). Enlarged[76]
31. Young Specimen of an African River Crab (Potamon johnstoni), taken from the Abdomen of the Mother. Much enlarged[78]
32. Early Larval Stage of a Species of Squilla, probably S. dubia. × 10 [80]
33. Larval Stages of the Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina)[81]
34. Early Nauplius Larva of a Copepod (Cyclops). Much enlarged[82]
35. Larval Stages of the Common Rock Barnacle (Balanus balanoides—see [Plate III].)[83]
36. A Common Hermit Crab (Eupagurus bernhardus) removed from the Shell[91]
37. Pylocheles miersii, a Symmetrical Hermit Crab[94]
38. Callianassa stebbingi (Female), a Sand-burrowing Thalassinid from the South Coast of England. Natural Size[103]
39. The Common Sand-hopper (Talitrus saltator), Male, from the Side. × 3[108]
40. A, a Piece of a Tropical Sea-weed (Halimeda); B, a Crab (Huenia proteus) which lives among the Fronds of Halimeda, and closely resembles them in Form and Colour. Reduced[110]
41. The Common Porcelain Crab (Porcellana longicornis), slightly enlarged, and One of the Third Maxillipeds detached and further enlarged to show the Fringe of Long Hairs[113]
42. A Deep-sea Lobster (Nephropsis stewartii), from the Bay of Bengal. Reduced [122]
43. Munidopsis regia, a Deep-sea Galatheid from the Bay of Bengal. Reduced[123]
44. Thaumastocheles zaleucus. Reduced[129]
45. A Deep-sea Crab (Platymaia wyville-thomsoni.) Reduced[131]
46. Polycheles phosphorus, One of the Eryonidea, Female, from the Indian Seas[133]
47. Eryon propinquus, One of the Fossil Eryonidea, from the Jurassic Rocks of Solenhofen[135]
48. Conchœcia curta, an Ostracod of the Plankton. × 40[144]
49. Mimonectes loveni. A Female Specimen seen from the Side and from Below, showing the Distended-balloon-like Form of the Anterior Part of the Body. × 3[145]
50. The Zoëa Larva of a Species of Sergestes, taken by the "Challenger" Expedition. × 25[146]
51. The Nauplius Larva of a Species of Barnacle of the Family Lepadidæ, showing greatly-developed Spines. From a Specimen taken in the Atlantic Ocean, near Madeira. × 11[147]
52. Calocalanus pavo, One of the Free-swimming Copepoda of the Plankton. Enlarged [148]
53. Copilia quadrata (Female), a Copepod of the Family Corycæidæ, showing the Pair of Large "Telescopic" Eyes. × 20[153]
54. Phronima colletti, Male. From a Specimen taken in Deep Water near the Canary Islands. × 12[154]
55. The Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina)[164]
56. Chydorus sphæricus, a Common Species of Water-flea. × 50[166]
57. A Water-flea (Daphnia pulex), Female, with Ephippium containing Two "Resting Eggs." × 20[167]
58. Bythotrephes longimanus, Female, with Embryos in the Brood-sac. × 12[169]
59. Diaptomus cœruleus, Female. × 25[171]
60. Asellus aquaticus, Female. × 4[173]
61. Map showing the Distribution of Crayfishes[175]
62. A Well Shrimp (Niphargus aquilex). × 7. [185]
63. The Sea-slater (Ligia oceanica). About Twice Natural Size[200]
64. Structure of the Breathing Organs of Porcellio scaber[202]
65. Armadillidium vulgare. × 2½[203]
66. Two Branches of a Coral (Seriatopora) showing "Galls" inhabited by the Crab Hapalocarcinus marsupialis. On the Right the Female Crab, extracted from the Gall and further enlarged[211]
67. Hyperia galba, Female. Enlarged[213]
68. A, The Crab Melia tessellata clinging to a Branch of Coral, and carrying in Each Claw a Living Sea-anemone; B, One of the Claws Further Enlarged to show the Way in which the Anemone is held[216]
69. The Common Pea Crab (Pinnotheres pisum), Female. Natural Size[217]
70. Cirolana borealis. About Twice Natural Size[219]
71. A, Front Part of Body of a Prawn (Spirontocaris polaris), from Above, showing on the Right Side a Swelling of the Carapace caused by the Presence of the Parasite Bopyroides hippolytes in the Gill Chamber; B, the Female Parasite extracted and further enlarged; C, the Male Parasite on Same Scale as the Female[222]
72. A Fish-louse (Caligus rapax), Female. × 5[225]
73. Stages of Development of Lernæa branchialis. F is Slightly, the Other Figures greatly, enlarged[226]
74. Stages of the Life-history of Hæmocera danæ, One of the Monstrillidæ[229]
75. Free-swimming Stages of Sacculina carcini. Much enlarged[232]
76. Early Stage of Sacculina within the Body of a Crab[234]
77. Rostrum and Fore Part of Carapace, seen from Above, of (A) Red-clawed Crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis) and (B) White-clawed or English Crayfish (Astacus pallipes)[242]
78. The Common Shrimp (Crangon vulgaris). Natural Size[244]
79. The Norwegian Deep-water Prawn (Pandalus borealis), Female[246]
80. The Gribble (Limnoria lignorum). Much enlarged[254]
81. Restoration of a Trilobite (Triarthrus becki), showing the Appendages. Upper Side on Right, Under Side on Left. Slightly enlarged[258]
82. Ceratiocaris papilio, One of the Fossil Phyllocarida[262]
83. Pygocephalus cooperi, from the Coal-measures: Under Side of a Female Specimen, showing the Overlapping Plates of the Brood-pouch[263]
84. The Tasmanian "Mountain Shrimp" (Anaspides tasmaniæ), a Living Representative of the Syncarida. Slightly enlarged[264]
85. Præanaspides præcursor, One of the Fossil Syncarida, from the Coal-measures of Derbyshire. Slightly enlarged[265]

[FULL-PAGE PLATES]

PLATE FACING PAGE
I. Male and Female Lobsters, showing the Difference in the Relative Breadth of the Abdomen in the Two Sexes. This Figure also illustrates the Dissimilarity of the Large Claws, and the Fact that the "Crushing Claw" may be on either the Right or Left Side of the Body. (From Brit. Mus. Guide) [26]
II. Apus cancriformis from Kirkcudbrightshire. Slightly enlarged [36]
III. { Group of Specimens of the Goose Barnacle (Lepas anatifera), One showing the Cirri extended as in Life. Natural Size. (From Brit. Mus. Guide)
Group of a Common Species of Acorn-shell or Rock Barnacle (Balanus balanoides). Natural Size		 } [42]
IV. Penæus caramote, from the Mediterranean. About Half Natural Size. (From Brit. Mus. Guide) [57]
V. The Common Spiny Lobster (Palinurus vulgaris). Much reduced. (From Brit. Mus. Guide) [59]
VI. Munida rugosa. British. Reduced [60]
VII. The Common Hermit Crab, Eupagurus bernhardus, in the Shell of a Whelk. Reduced. (From Brit. Mus. Guide) [62]
VIII. The "Northern Stone Crab," Lithodes maia. Much reduced. The Last Pair of Legs are folded out of Sight in the Gill Chambers. (From Brit. Mus. Guide) [63]
IX. { The Common Shore Crab (Carcinus mænas). Reduced
Dromia vulgaris, carrying on its Back a Mass of the Sponge, Clione celata. British. Reduced 		} [68]
X. Calappa flammea. Brazil. Reduced [72]
XI. The Giant Japanese Crab, Macrocheira kæmpferi. Male. The Scale of the Figure is given by a Two-foot Rule placed below the Specimen. (From Brit. Mus. Guide) [76]
XII. Squilla mantis, from the Mediterranean. About One-half Natural Size. (From Brit. Mus. Guide [82]
XIII. { A Swimming Crab, Portunus depurator. British. Reduced
A Spider Crab, Maia squinado, dressed in Fragments of Weeds. British. Reduced		 } [96]
XIV. { Corystes cassivelaunus. Male (on Left) and Female (on Right). British. Reduced
Albunea symnista, One of the Hippidea. Indian Seas. Reduced		 } [100]
XV. { Ocypode cursor. West Africa. Reduced
Gelasimus tangeri. Male Above, Female Below. West Africa. Reduced		 } [104]
XVI. A Deep-sea Hermit Crab, Parapagurus pilosimanus, sheltered by a Colony of Epizoanthus. From Deep Water off the West of Ireland. Slightly reduced [124]
XVII. A Deep-sea Prawn, Nematocarcinus undulatipes. Slightly reduced. (From Brit. Mus. Guide) [128]
XVIII. Bathynomus giganteus. About One-half Natural Size. (From Lankester's "Treatise on Zoology," after Milne-Edwards and Bouvier) [131]
XIX. { Latreillia elegans, One of the Dromiacea which esembles a Spider Crab. From the Mediterranean. Natural Size
The Gulf-weed Crab, Planes minutus. Slightly enlarged		 } [155]
XX. { The Murray River "Lobster," Astacopsis spinifer. New South Wales. Much reduced
The Land Crayfish, Engæus cunicularis. Tasmania. Natural Size		 } [177]
XXI. Palæmon jamaicensis. A Large Freshwater Prawn of the Family Palæmonidæ. West Indies. Much reduced [179]
XXII. Atya scabra. A Freshwater Prawn of the Family Atyidæ, West Indies. Reduced [180]
XXIII. { The River Crab of Southern Europe, Potamon edule (or Telphusa fluviatilis). Reduced
Sesarma chiragra. A Freshwater Crab of the Family Grapsidæ. From Brazil. Slightly reduced		 } [182]
XXIV. Æglea lævis. South America. Natural Size [184]
XXV. The Blind Crayfish of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, Cambarus pellucidus. Natural Size [186]
XXVI. { A West Indian Land Crab, Gecarcinus ruricola Reduced
A Land Hermit Crab, Cœnobita rugosa. Reduced		 } [190]
XXVII. The Coconut Crab, Birgus latro. Much reduced [196]
XXVIII. Group of Barnacles, Coronula diadema, on the Skin of a Whale. Japan. Reduced [209]
XXIX. { Cymothoa œstrum. An Isopod Parasite of Fish. Slightly Enlarged
Sacculina carcini attached under the Abdomen of a Common Shore Crab. Reduced		 } [220]
XXX. The "Norway Lobster," Nephrops norvegicus. About One-third Natural Size. (From Brit. Mus. Guide) [240]
XXXI. The Common Edible Crab, Cancer pagurus. British. Much reduced [248]
XXXII. Piece of Timber From Ryde Pier, showing Damage caused by Limnoria AND Chelura. (From Brit. Mus. Guide) [255]