Index.
Abbotts, Stapleford, [47].
Aberdeen, [89].
Aberystwith, [31].
Absalom's Pillar, [98].
Acts of Parliament, [58], [59].
Afghanistan, [62].
Agricultural gravestones, [32], [33], [34].
"Amazon," privateer ship, [81].
America, [58].
Anglo-Saxon Churches, [38].
Artizaus' gravestones, [31].
Ashford, [23].
Assyrian tomb, [104].
Atkinson, G.M., on "Ogams." [97]
Balbriggan, [79].
Barking, [43].
Barnes, [32].
Bath, [106].
Beckenham, [33].
Belfast, [78].
Belgium, [91].
Benenden, [16].
Bermondsey, [29].
Bethnal Green, [65].
Bishop of diocese, [73].
Black gravestones, [76].
Blackheath, [38].
Blacksmith, village, [31].
"Blackwood's Magazine," [75].
Blairgowrie, [88].
Board of Health, [59].
Bodiam, [16].
Book of Common Prayer, [54].
Boutell's "Monuments," [36].
Brandeston, Suffolk, [56].
Brash on "Ogams," 97, 103.
Bressay stone, [100].
Bricklayer's gravestone, [33].
British Museum, [99], [103], [104].
Britons, aboriginal, [50].
Bromley, [33].
Broxbourne, [45].
Buckhurst Hill, [45].
Bunhill Fields graveyard, [26], [27].
Burial in churches, [51].
Burial Service, [54].
Burke, Edmund, [51].
Cæesar, [50].
Carmichael, Mr., [101].
Carpenters' gravestones, [31], [32].
Cattle in churchyards, [55].
Champion, S., [41].
Cheltenham, [68].
Chigwell, [46].
Chinese, [62].
Chingford, [45].
Chiselhurst, [19].
Christian burial, [50].
City Corporation, [58].
Clarkson, D.A., [61].
Cliffe, [21].
Closing graveyards, [59], [60].
Clubbe, Rev. Mr., [55].
Cobham, [31].
Colchester, court at, [55].
Colvill, Capt., [81].
Commonwealth, [53].
Continental gravestones, [91].
Cooling parish, [23].
Cray Valley, [100].
Cuthbert, Archbishop, [49].
Darenth, [21].
Dartford, [6], [7], [21], [24], [33].
Deptford, [44].
Destruction of gravestones, [75].
Dickens country, [11].
Diocesan Chancellor, [73].
Disused graveyards, [71].
Drogheda, [80].
Drury Lane, [58].
Dunblane, [89].
Dundee, [87].
Early churchyards, [49].
East Ham, [24].
Edgware, [46].
Edinburgh Museum, [99].
Edward VI., [52].
Elgin, [89].
Elizabeth, Queen, [52].
Elphin, [102].
Erith, [12].
Evolution of gravestones, [9].
Expense of preserving graveyards, [73].
Fardell stone, [103].
Farnborough, [18].
Fawkham, [22].
Figure 4 reversed, [87].
Finchley, [18].
Foot's Cray, [41].
Fox, Col., [103].
graveyards in, [57].
Freemasons, [29].
Fuller, Dr., epitaph, [108].
Gardener's gravestone, [34].
Gaskell's "Prymer," [54].
Germany, [91], [92], [95], [96].
Goudhurst, [16].
Goudie, G, [101].
Gravediggers, [64].
Graves, Dr., [100].
Gravestones, abroad, [91];
agricultural, [32];
artizans', [31];
bricklayer's, [33];
black, [76];
evolution of, [9];
destruction of, [75];
gardener's, [34];
grotesque, [10]-16;
hunting, [36];
incised, [11];
Kentish, peculiar, [22];
primitive, [12];
professional, [31];
schoolmaster's, [33];
sinking, [64];
very old, [97].
Graveyards, closing of, [59];
disused, [71];
early, [49];
preserving, [57];
preservation expenses, [73].
Greenford, [34].
Gregory, Pope, [103].
Grotesque gravestones, [10]-16.
Gusthorp, ancient coffin at, [50].
Ham, East, [24].
Harrow-on-the-Hill, [34].
Hartley, Kent, [19].
Hatfield, [17].
Hawkhurst, [16].
Hebrides, [101].
Hendon, [23], [24], [66], [95], [108].
Henry VIII., [52].
House of Commons, [58].
Howff, Dundee, [87].
Hunting gravestones, [36].
Hyden, Yorkshire, [108].
Incised stones, [11].
Iona, [101].
Ireland, [78], [90], [99], [100], [102], [104].
Irish monuments, [102].
Isle of Man, [102].
Isnet, Peter, [107].
Ivybridge, Devonshire, [103].
Jacob and Rachel, [97].
James I., [109].
Jewish burial-ground, [49].
Keith, Scotland, [89].
Kent, tramps in, [35].
Kentish gravestones, peculiar, [22].
Keston, [64].
Kilbar, Barra, [101].
Killaghie, [82].
Kingsdown, [22].
Kingston-on-Thames, [76], [77].
Kirke White, [75].
Lambourn, [47].
Letheringham, Suffolk, [55].
Limerick, Bishop of, [100].
London, [28], [29], [58], [59], [66], [99].
London County Council, [60].
Louis XVI., [57].
Lucerne, [94].
Lunnasting, Shetland, [100].
Lydd, [29].
Magh Solga, [102].
Malahide, [79].
Maroun, Isle of Man, [102].
Mary, Queen of Scots, [109].
Medway Marshes, [23].
Meopham, [16].
Metropolitan Board of Works, [60].
Moorish graveyards, [62].
Muckross Abbey, [82].
Neglected gravestones, [64], [71].
Newhaven, [1], [2], [3], [4], [21].
New Zealand, [62].
Nightcap on skull, [18].
Norse memorial, [102].
North Cray, [41].
Northolt, Middlesex, [71].
Ogam inscriptions, [97], [100], [103].
Old Romney, [17].
Ornaments on gravestones, [3], [70], [71].
Padrington, [108].
Paganism, [50], [67], [98], [102].
Paris, burial reform, [57].
Penry, J., a Welshman, [53].
Père la Chaise, [57].
Petrie, Dr., [102].
Phoenicians, [101].
Pickwick Papers, [31].
Portrush, [78].
Port Victoria, [12].
Prayer Book, [54].
Preservation of gravestones, [62], [71].
Primitive gravestones, [12].
Professional gravestones, [31].
Public Gardens Association, [60].
Queen Elizabeth, [52].
Queen of Scots, Mary, [109].
Rachel and Jacob, [97].
Rector's prerogative, [73], [105].
Reform of graveyards, [57], [66].
Rhine Falls, [91].
Ridley, [10].
Roden, River, [47].
Roman Catholic gravestones in Scotland, [86].
Romney Marsh, [29].
Romney, Old, [17].
Roovesmore, Ireland, [103].
Rough gravestones, [78], [86].
Round Tower, [78].
Royal Artillery, [27].
Rubbings of gravestones, [13].
Runic inscriptions, [83], [101], [102], [103].
Rush, Ireland, [79].
St. Mary Cray, [40].
St. Oswald, York, [27].
St. Patrick, [102].
St. Paul's Cray, [41].
Saundersfoot, Wales, [108].
Scandinavia, [102].
Schaffhausen, [95].
Schoolmaster's gravestone, [33].
antiquities, [99];
sculptured stones of, [97].
Scots Greys, [27].
Sculptured stones of Scotland, [97].
Sects of sixteenth century, [53].
Sexton, the village, [36], [64], [75].
Shahnaneser II. of Assyria, [104].
Shetland, [100].
Shoreham, [17].
Shorne, [13], [14], [47], [48].
Sinking gravestones, [64].
Sir Benjamin Brodie, [59].
Sir Benjamin Hall's Act, [58].
Skulls, grotesque, [11].
Snargate, [24].
Stanstead, [16].
Stapleford Abbotts, [47].
Stapleford Tawney, [22], [47], [48].
Stephens, Dr. G., [83], [102].
Stirling, Scotland, [87], [88].
Stokes, Miss M., [102].
Stone's (Mrs.) "God's Acre," 62.
Stuart, Professor J., [97], [98], [99].
Sunda Isles, [62].
Sutton at Hone, [33].
Swanscombe, [23].
Swords, Ireland, [78].
Tawney, Stapleford, [22], [47], [48].
Teddington, [18].
Thames, Upper, [29].
Theydon Bois, [46].
Tipper ale, [3].
Tombs, age of, [51].
Totteridge, [46].
Tramps in Kent, [35].
Turks' graveyards, [62].
Usaille, Bishop, [104].
Very old gravestones, [97].
Victory over Death, [1], [20], [21].
Villages and cities, [28].
Wales, [75], [76], [104], [108].
Walker, Dr., epitaph, [108].
Walker, Dr. G.A., [58].
Walthamstow, [45].
Warwickshire, [75].
Weald of Kent, [16].
Weever, antiquary, [35], [52], [53].
White, Kirke, [75].
Widcombe, Bath, [3].
Woolwich, [24], [27], [43], [44].
Worcester, [109].
York, [27].
Zurich, Canton, [91].
Footnote 1: [(return)]
The Rev. Charles Boutell published, in 1849, parts 1 and 2 of a periodical work entitled "Christian Monuments in England and Wales," proposing to complete the same in five sections; the fifth to treat of headstones and other churchyard memorials, with some general observations on modern monuments. The two parts brought the subject down to the fifteenth century, and were so ably written and beautifully illustrated as to intensify our regret at the incompletion of the task.
Footnote 2: [(return)]
There are several handbooks of church architecture, and the rudiments of the various orders and dates are easily acquired.
Footnote 3: [(return)]
The ancient Jewish burial-ground had to be no less than 2000 cubits (or about a mile) from the Levitical city.
Footnote 4: [(return)]
The unhealthy practice of using churches for this purpose was continued some way into the nineteenth century. The still more objectionable plan of depositing coffins containing the dead in vaults under churches still lingers on. In 1875 I attended the funeral (so-called) of a public man, whose coffin was borne into the vaults of a town church, and left there, with scores of others piled in heaps in recesses which looked like wine-cellars. Not one of the many mourners who shared in that experience failed to feel horrified at the thought of such a fate. Some of the old coffins were tumbling to pieces, and the odour of the place was beyond description. In the words of Edmund Burke: "I would rather sleep in the southern corner of a country churchyard than in the tomb of the Capulets."
Footnote 5: [(return)]
Weever's "Funeral Monuments," A.D. 1631.
Footnote 6: [(return)]
There does not appear to have been any form of prayer for the dead prior to the issue of Gaskell's "Prymer" in 1400. The Service now in use dates from 1611.
Footnote 7: [(return)]
At the Archbishop's Court at Colchester in 1540 it was reported that at a certain church "the hogs root up the graves and beasts lie in the porch."
Footnote 8: [(return)]
In France in 1782-3, in order to check the pestilence, the remains of more than six millions of people were disinterred from the urban churchyards and reburied far away from the dwelling-places. The Cemetery of Père la Chaise was a later creation, having been consecrated in 1804.
Footnote 9: [(return)]
London was much increased in area by the passing of Sir Benjamin Hall's "Metropolis Local Management Act of 1849."
Footnote 10: [(return)]
In a barren record of facts, such as this chapter is meant to be, I avoid as far as possible deductions and reflections apart from my immediate subject; but it is impossible to pursue an investigation of this character without being deeply interested both in the past history and present life of the people. I cannot help saying that in one day's walk from Malahide to Balbriggan I learnt far more of the Irish peasantry, the Irish character, and the Irish "problem" than I had been able to acquire in all my reading, supported by not a little experience in the capital and great towns of Ireland. The village streets, the cabins, the schools, the agriculture and the land, the farmer and the landlord, the poverty and the hospitality of the people, were all to be studied at first hand; and there were churches by the way at Swords and Rush which the archaeologist will seek in vain to match in any other country. The Bound Tower (Celtic no doubt) at the former place, and the battlemented fortalice, which is more like a castle than a church, at Rush, are both worth a special visit.
Footnote 11: [(return)]
The Muckross stone (No. 1) was overgrown with ivy which quite covered up the inscription, but its date was probably about 1750. Of the two from Queenstown, No. 2 is to Mary Gammell, 1793, aged 53; and No. 3 to Roger Brettridge, 1776, aged 63.
Footnote 12: [(return)]
Pennant pronounced the view from Stirling heights "the finest in Scotland."
Footnote 13: [(return)]
The vulgar explanation of the sign is "4d. discount on the shilling," and some of the guide-books are not much better informed when they assume that it marks Stirling as the fourth city of Scotland, for in the old roll of Scottish burghs Stirling stands fifth.
Footnote 14: [(return)]
It has been suggested to me that these "tombs" were the luxuries of the wealthier inhabitants.
Footnote 15: [(return)]
"The Sculptured Stones of Scotland" (two volumes), by John Stuart, LL.D., Secretary to the Scottish Society of Antiquaries.
Footnote 16: [(return)]
"Ogam Inscribed Monuments," by R.R. Brash; edited by G.M. Atkinson.
Footnote 17: [(return)]
The National Museum of Antiquities in Queen Street, Edinburgh, is unequalled by any other collection of British and Celtic remains. All these memorial stones are carefully catalogued, and have, moreover, the advantage of being described at length, with full illustration, in Professor Stuart's copious work (previously mentioned) on "The Sculptured Stones of Scotland."
Footnote 18: [(return)]
Riskar, or Raskar, is a surname of the Norwegians, who were early settled in the Western Islands and adopted the Christian faith.—"Old Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England," by Dr. George Stephens, F.S.A.
Footnote 19: [(return)]
"Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language." Collected by George Petrie, and edited by Miss M. Stokes.
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