The Religious Experience of the Roman People / From the Earliest Times to the Age of Augustus

by W. Warde Fowler

INDEX

• Acca Larentia, [67]
• Acolytes, [177]
• Adolenda, [162]
• Addenda Commolenda Deferunda, [162], [490]
• Aedes Vestae: see Vesta
• Aediles, plebeian, [255]
• Aemilius Paulus, [340], [362], [433]
• Aeneid, the, [119], [206], [230], [250], [251];
  • as a means of understanding the spirit of the Roman religion, [254]; a poem of religion and morals, [409]-425
• Aesculapius, [260]
• Ager paganus: lustration, [80], [213]
  • Romanus: lustration, [78], [100]
• Agriculture, the economic basis of Roman life, [99];
  • festivals, see Festivals
• Agrippa, [442], [443]
• Alba Longa, [109], [128]
• Alban Mount: Latin festival, [172];
  • temple of Jupiter Latiaris, [237], [238], [245]
• Alexander, Archibald, on faith, [472]
• Ambarvalia, procession of the, [214], [218], [442]
• Amburbium, [214], [218], [332]
• Amulets, [42], [59], [60], [74], [84]
• Ancilia, [97];
  • lustration, [96], [217];
  • moving, [36]
• Angerona, [117]
• Animism, [65], [122], [148], [164], [287]
• Anna Perenna: festival, [65], [105], [346];
  • Ovid's account of, [473]
• Antoninus Pius, [429]
• Apollo, [257], [449];
  • cult of, [268];
  • associated with Diana, [443], [446];
  • with Latona, [262];
  • the Pythian, [323];
  • temple, [443]-445;
  • institution of Apolline games, [326]
• Appius Claudius, [300]
• Aquaelicium, ceremony of the, [50], [52]
• Ara, meaning of, [146]
• Ara Maxima in the Forum Boarium [29], [230]
• Ara Pacis of Augustus, [177], [437], [448]
• Argei: festival, [36], [65];
  • puppets thrown into the Tiber, [54], [105], [321], [322];
  • chapels called, [321], [322]
• Armilustrium, [97]
• Army: lustration of, [96], [100], [215], [217]
• Arnobius, [51], [52], [459], [461], [465]
• Artemis, [235], [443]
• Arval Brethren: see Fratres Arvales
• Asclepios, [260]
• Astrology, [396]-398, [401]
• Ateius Capito, [441]
• Athene Polias, [234]
• Attalus, king of Pergamus, [330]
• Atticus, Cicero's letters to, [385]
• Attus Navius, soothsayer, [297]
• Augurium canarium, [310]
• Augurs, [174]-176, [193], [271], [276];
  • and the art of divination, [292]-309;
  • in relation to the Rex, [301];
  • art strictly secret, [301];
  • compared with pontifices, [303]
  • lore preserved in books, [303];
  • political importance, [305]
• Augustus, [35], [133], [213], [344];
  • revival of religion, [428]-447;
  • his connection with Virgil, [428];
  • pontifex maximus, [433];
  • restoration of temples, [433]-434;
  • revival of ancient ritual, [434]-436;
  • restorer of the pax deorum, [438]
• Aurelius, Marcus, [456]
• Auspicia, [175], [214];
  • in life of family, [299];
  • in State operations, [300];
  • indissolubly connected with imperuim, [301]
• Aust, on religion of the family, [68];
  • on Roman deities, [157];
  • on prayer, [198];
  • on reaction against the ius divinum, [349]
• Aventine: plebeian quarter, [255];
  • temples, [95], [147], [233], [234], [237], [244], [484]
  • Cyril, cited, [400]
• Beans, used to get rid of ghosts, [85], [107];
• • taboo on eating, [91], [98]
• Bellona, connection with Mars, [166]
• Bibulus, [305]
• Binder, Dr., on the plebs, [23], [86], [242], [289], [393]
• Birds, used in augury, [293], [296], [299], [302]
• Birth, spirits invoked at, [83], [84], [164]
• Blood: taboo on, [33];
  • mystic use of, [33], [34], [82];
  • not prominent in Roman ritual, [180]-181;
  • consecration through, [194];
  • wine as substitute for, [196]
• Boissier, G., [391];
  • on the Aeneid, [414], [427]
• Bona Dea, [484]
• Bouché-Leclercq, M., on divination, [310]
• Boundary festivals: see Terminalia
• Boundary stones, [81]-82, [212];
  • sprinkled with blood of victims, [34], [82], [196]
• Bulla worn by children, [60], [74]
• Burial places loca religiosa, [37], [385]
• Bussell, F. W., cited, [366], [367]
• Caesar, Julius: belief in spells, [59];
• • calendar, [95];
  • pontifex maximus, [305];
  • and the priesthood, [343]
• Caesar-worship, [437], [438], [456]
• Caird, Professor, [357];
  • on Reason in man, [368], [373]
• Cakes: honey, [82];
  • sacred, [83], [130], [141], [180], [183], [184], [274], [449];
  • see also Salt-cake
• Calendar, the ancient religious, [12], [14], [34], [38], [55], [65], [217], [225];
  • described, [94]-109;
  • in relation to agricultural life, [100]-102, [282], [295];
  • festivals necessarily fixed, [102];
  • a matter of routine, [103];
  • its psychological result, [104]-105;
  • a document of religious law, [106];
  • exclusion of the barbarous and grotesque, [107];
  • attributed to Numa Pompilius, [108]
  • Julian, [95]
• Calpurnius Piso, L.: see Piso
• Camilli and camillae, [177], [195]
• Campus Martius, [34], [447];
  • lustrum of censors, [203], [210], [215], [219]
• Cannae, religious panic after the battle of, [319]
• Cantorelli, on the annales maximi, [290]
• Capitolium, [238], [239], [246], [339];
  • Carmen saeculare sung, [444]-445;
  • temples, [95], [115], [146], [203], [239], [242], [245], [254], [266], [433], [443], [447]
• Caprotinae, Nonae, [143]
• Cardea, [76];
  • connection with Janus, [485]
• Caristia, [418], [457]
• Carmen, meaning of, [186];
  • used at siege of Carthage, [206], [219]
  • Arvale, [78], [132], [186], [187], [436]
  • used by Attiedii, [187]
  • saeculare, [431], [432], [439], [443]-447, [450], [451]
  • Saliare, [186]
• Carmenta, [36], [122], [297]
• Carmentalia, [98]
• Carna, [117]
• Carter, J. B., on cult-titles, [153];
  • on the Latins, [229]-230;
  • on Castor-cult, [232], [244];
  • on Diana, [236];
  • on Fortuna, [245];
  • on Hercules, [231];
  • on Janus, [141];
  • on Juno, [144];
  • on the Manes, [386];
  • on Mars, [133];
  • on Poseidon-Neptune, [260]
• Cassius Hemina, [349], [356]
• Castor and Pollux, [231], [244];
  • temple, [231], [244]
• Cato, the Censor, [121], [132], [182]-184, [251], [296], [298], [340]
• Catullus, on death, [387]
• Censors, lustrum of the, [203], [210], [215], [219]
• Census, [215], [218]
• Cerealia, [100], [121], [269]
• Ceres, [100], [121], [139], [161], [162], [260], [435], [446];
  • temple, [255], [269]
• Cerfius, or Cerus, [158]
• Chaldeans, [296];
  • expelled from Rome, [397], [402]
• Charms, [59]-62;
  • see also Amulets
• Chickens, sacred, as omens, [314], [315]
• Children: purificatory rites, [28];
  • naming of, [28]-29, [42];
  • amulets and bulla worn by, [42], [60], [74], [84];
  • dedication of, [204]-205
• Christianity, early: contributions from the Roman religion, [452]-467;
  • the Greek and Latin fathers compared, [458]-459;
  • its relation to morality, [471]
• Cicero, [58], [178], [296], [309];
  • on religiousness of the Romans, [249]-250;
  • on Titus Coruncanius, [281]-282;
  • on divination, [299], [312];
  • on interest of the gods in human affairs, [360];
  • on Stoicism, [365]-368, [377];
  • on relation of man to God, [370];
  • affected by revival of Pythagoreanism, [381], [383], [389];
  • turns to mysticism, [384], [388];
  • his letters to Atticus, [385];
  • his Somnium Scipionis, [383], [386], [412];
  • belief in a future life, [389];
  • definition of religio, [460]
• Claudius, Emperor, [309], [438]
• Claudius Pulcher, P., [315]
  • Quadrigarius, [39]
• Cleanthes, hymn of, [368], [377]
• Clusius (or Clusivius), cult-title of Janus, [126]
• Coinquenda, [162]
• Colonia, religious rites at founding of, [170]
• Compitalia, [61], [78], [81], [88], [102]
• Concordia, [285]
• Conditor, [161]
• Confarreatio, marriage by, [83], [130], [274]
• Coniuratio, [347], [348], [356]
• Consolatio, [388]
• Constantius, [430]
• Consualia, [101], [139]
• Consuls, annual ceremony at the Capitoline temple, [203], [219], [239]-240
• Consus, [285];
  • connection with Ops, [482]
• Convector, [161]
• Conway, Professor, on Quirinus and Quirites, [143]
• Cook, A. B., on Jupiter, [128], [141];
  • on Janus, [140];
  • on Quirinus and Quirites, [143]
• Corn deities, Greek, [255], [259]
• Corpus Inscriptionum, [13], [201]
• Coruncanius, Titus, [271], [279], [281], [290]
• Coulanges, Fustel de, on the Lar, [77]
• Crawley, Mr., on the fatherhood of gods, [157];
  • on religion and morality, [227], [242]
• Cremation, [382], [395], [398], [401]
• Crooke, Mr., on luck in odd numbers, [98]
• Cult-titles, invention of, [153]
• Cumont, Professor, on the religion of the Romans, [2];
  • on Jupiter, [246]
• Cunina, [159]
• Cuq, on civil and religious law, [486]
• Cura et caerimonia, Cicero's expression, [81], [104], [106], [108], [145], [162], [170], [270], [282], [343], [434], [460]
• Curia, [138]
• Curiatius, [126]
• Cynics, the, [372]
• Days, lucky and unlucky, [38]-41;
• • see also Dies
• De Marchi, on votive offerings, [201], [202]
• Dea Dia, [146];
  • description of rites, [435]-436;
  • veneration for utensils used, [436];
  • temple, [161], [436]
• Dead: disposal of the, [45], [84], [121], [395], [401];
  • cult, [91], [102], [457], [470];
  • festivals, [40], [112], [418];
  • contrast between Lemuria and Parentalia, [107], [393]-395
• Decemviri, [259], [317], [318], [326]
• Decius Mus, self-sacrifice of, [206]-207, [220], [286], [320]
• Deities, Roman: see also Numen and Spirits;
  • sources of our knowledge of, [114]-115;
  • mental conception of the Romans regarding, [115]-117, [122]-123, [139]-140, [145], [147], [157], [224]-225;
  • di indigetes, [117], [139], [149], [180], [214];
  • functional spirits with will-power, [119];
  • the four great gods, [124]-134;
  • epithets of Pater and Mater applied to, [137], [155]-157;
  • the question of marriage, [148]-152, [166], [350], [481]-485;
  • fluctuation between male and female, [148]-149;
  • nomenclature, [118], [149]-156, [163];
  • compared with Greek gods, [158];
  • presence of, at meals, [172]-173, [193];
  • introduction of new, [96], [229]-242, [255]-262;
  • women's, see Women
• Delphic oracle consulted during Hannibalic war, [323]-324, [326]
• Demeter, [255];
  • supersession of Ceres by, [100]
• Deubner, Professor, his theory of the Lupercalia, [138], [478]-480
• Devotio, [206]-209, [219]-221;
  • formula, [207]-208, [220];
  • sacrificial nature, [207], [220]
• Di Manes: see Manes
• Di Penates: see Penates
• Diana: associated with Janus, [76], [125], [166];
  • connection with Artemis, [235], [443];
  • with Apollo, [443], [446];
  • with Hercules, [262];
  • functions, [234]-236;
  • temples, [95], [147], [234], [237], [244]
• Dies comitiales, [103]
  • endotercisi, [181]
  • fasti, [98], [103], [181]
  • lustricus, [28], [42], [90]
  • nefasti, [38], [40], [98], [103], [181]
  • postriduani, [39], [40]
  • religiosi, [38]-40, [105]
• Dieterich, on disposal of the dead, [401]
• Dill, Professor, on Roman worship, [200]
• Dionysius of Halicarnassus, [130], [193], [215], [234], [250]
• Dionysus: identified with Liber, [255], [344];
  • ritual, in Greece, [344]-345;
  • outbreak of Dionysiac orgies in Italy, [344]
• Dis, black victims sacrificed to, [440]
• Dius Fidius, connection with Jupiter, [130], [142]
• Divination, [56], [180];
  • a universal instinct of human nature, [292], [306];
  • connection with magic, [293], [310];
  • views on the origin of, [293];
  • formalised by State authorities, [295], [300];
  • private, [295];
  • quack diviners, [296]-298;
  • auspicia of family religion, [298]-300;
  • public, [301];
  • duties of the Rex, [302];
  • lore preserved in books, [303];
  • divination by lightning, [51], [52], [304], [305], [307], [309];
  • no lasting value in sphere of religion, [306];
  • a clog on progress, [307];
  • sinister influence of Etruscan divination on Rome, [307]
• Dobschütz, on Christianity, [455]
• Dogs: sacrifices: see Sacrifices
• Dolabella, Cornelius, [342]
• Döllinger, Dr., on the Flamen Dialis, [112];
  • on prayer, [468]
• Domaszewski, von, cited, [99], [110], [154], [167];
  • definition of numen, [119];
  • on the cult epithets of Janus, [140];
  • on Juno, [144];
  • on evolution of dei out of functional numina, [165]
• Duhn, Professor von, cited, [31], [89]
• Dynamic theory of sacrifice, [177], [184], [190], [194]
• Earthquakes, expiation of, [339]
• Eilithyia, Greek deity of childbirth, [442], [446], [449]
• Ennius, cited, [65], [152], [183], [298], [322], [350], [351], [356]
• Epictetus, [369], [372]
• Epicurism, [352], [358], [360], [361], [375], [376], [381], [404], [453]
• Epicurus, [359]
• Epulum Iovis: see Jupiter
• Equirria, [96], [99], [217]
• Eschatology, Christian: preparation of the Roman mind for, [454]
• Esquiline, [87], [395]
• Etruscans, [17];
• • domination in Rome, [237], [239], [245], [258];
  • art of divination, [299], [304];
  • sinister influence on Rome, [307], [346], [347], [391]
• Evil spirits, [11], [29], [75], [76], [84], [93];
  • wolf's fat as a charm against, [90]
• Evocatio, [58], [206]
• Excantatio, [58], [482]
• Extipicina, Etruscan rite of, [180]
• Fabius Pictor, [161], [261], [318], [320], [323], [326]
• Falacer, [122]
• Family (familia): origin and meaning of, [70], [86];
• • religion in the, [68], [70], [73], [92], [116], [224], [226]-228, [251], [270], [274], [298]-300;
  • description of the house, [72]-73, [87];
  • its holy places, [73];
  • spirits of the household: see Spirits;
  • the Lar familiaris, [77];
  • position of slaves, [78];
  • religio terminorum, [82];
  • marriage, [83];
  • childbirth, [83];
  • burial of the dead, [73], [92];
  • maintenance of the sacra, [274]-275
• Fanum, meaning of, [146]
• Far, sacred cakes of, [45], [83], [130], [141], [180], [274]
• Farnell, Dr., cited, [19], [27], [160], [161], [205];
  • on the vow of the ver sacrum, [219];
  • on Dionysiac ritual, [345], [355]
• Farreus, connection with Jupiter, [130]
• Fas, early usage of, [487]-488
• Fasti: see Calendar
• Faunalia, [137]
• Faunus, [81], [89], [297], [479];
  • connection with Lupercalia, [117]
• Februum, meaning of, [210], [222]
• Feretrius, cult-title of Jupiter: see Jupiter
• Feriae Iovis, [129]
  • Latinae, [40], [61], [172]
• Feronia, [284], [318]
• Ferrero, on the Carmen saeculare, [431], [450];
  • on the ludi saeculares, [440]
• Fertility, customs to produce, [100], [106], [143], [210], [222], [479]
• Festivals, [78]-81, [97], [105];
  • agricultural, [34], [82], [98], [100], [120];
  • harvest, [98], [101], [121];
  • vintage, [100], [129];
  • of the dead: see Dead;
  • Latin festival on Alban mount, [172];
  • in calendar, necessarily fixed, [95], [99], [102];
  • women's: see Women
• Festus, [33], [61], [141], [217]
• Fetiales, [31], [130], [143], [157], [251], [434], [488]
• Fides, [154], [446], [450];
  • connection with Jupiter, [167]
• Fig-tree: sprouting of, on roof of temple, [162];
  • piacula offered to various deities, [436], [490]
• Flamen Cerealis, [161], [163]
  • Dialis, [32], [112], [124], [129], [193], [239], [246], [327], [342], [479];
    • insignia, [177];
    • taboos on, [33]-35, [44], [45], [108], [109], [327], [342], [343]
  • Martialis, [124], [131], [142], [341]
  • Quirinalis, [124], [131], [134], [139], [142], [181], [197], [342], [434]
  • Volcanalis, [484]
• Flamines, [113], [122], [123], [175], [193], [280], [341], [434];
  • insignia, [177];
  • personal purity essential, [178], [195]
• Flaminica Dialis, [135], [144];
  • insignia, [177];
  • taboos on, [35]-36
• Flaminius, [315], [317], [338], [340]
• Flora, [122]
• Fons, [117], [285]
• Forculus, the door spirit, [76]
• Fordicidia, [100], [120], [121]
• Fornacalia, [173]
• Fortuna (Fors Fortuna), [201], [235], [245], [284], [297], [396], [401]
• Forum Boarium, human sacrifices, [112], [320]
• Fratres Arvales: Acta Fratrum Arvalium, [161], [213], [435];
  • altar, [164];
  • carmen, [78], [132], [186], [187], [436];
  • ritual of, [35], [100], [146], [149], [157], [162], [182], [191], [195], [213];
  • revived by Augustus, [434];
  • duties of the Brethren, [435];
  • worship of sacred utensils, [489]-490
  • Attiedii, [157], [187], [215]
• Frazer, Dr. J. G., his definition of religion, [8];
  • his theory of divine kingship, [19], [20], [49], [51], [52], [115], [128], [140];
  • on totemism, [25], [26];
  • on taboo, [30], [34], [47];
  • on oscilla, [61], [62], [67];
  • on the Parilia, [100], [222];
  • on marriage of gods, [144], [149], [150], [152], [155], [156], [165], [350], [481]-485;
  • on cult of Jupiter, [167];
  • on appointment of camillae, [177], [195];
  • on Diana, [235];
  • on superstition, [264]
• Fulgur, cult-title of Jupiter, [129]
• Furrina, [18], [117], [122]
• Gallus, Aelius, on religiosum, [37]
• Games instituted to divert attention in times of trouble, [262]-263;
• • Apolline, [326];
  • see also Ludi
• Gardner, Professor E., cited, [355]
• Gardner, Professor P., on Christianity, [452];
  • on prayers for the dead, [457];
  • cited, [465]
• Gellius, Aulus, on the conjunction of divine names, [150]-152;
  • story of Scipio, [240];
  • on religiousness of the Romans, [250]
• Genius: the male principle of life, [30], [92], [154], [317], [332];
  • of the paterfamilias, [30];
  • doubtful identification of Hercules with, [30];
  • in combination with Hercules and Juventas, [332];
  • Juno the feminine counterpart of, [87]
• Gennep, M. van, on taboo, [42], [44];
  • on religious ceremonies, [65], [90], [442];
  • on lustrations, [211], [212]
• Gentes, [69], [259]
• Georgics, the religious spirit of the, [407]
• Ghosts, [75], [85], [91], [92], [107]
• Gilds, trade, [230]
• Glover, Mr., on Christianity, [456]
• God, as represented in the Aeneid, [426]
• Gods: see Deities
• Gratitude, not a prominent characteristic of the Roman, [252], [267]
• Greek comedy, influence on Roman religion, [351]-353
  • gods, compared with Roman, [158];
  • introduced into Rome, [230]-242
  • literature, [296]
  • philosophy, influence on Roman religion, [357]-375
• Greenidge, Dr., on the auspicia and the imperium, [301]
• Gregory the Great, [475]
• Gwatkin, Professor, on Augustine, [469];
  • on the relation of early Christianity to morality, [471]
• Haddon, Professor, on supernaturalism, [21]
• Hades, [390], [391]
• Hannibalic War: revival of religio, [315], [317];
• • Sibylline books consulted, [316]-319, [329];
  • sacrifices and offerings made to deities, [318];
  • religious panic after battle of Cannae, [319];
  • human sacrifices, [320];
  • Delphic oracle consulted, [323], [324], [326];
  • outbreak of lascivia, [324];
  • institution of Apolline games, [326];
  • religious history of last years, [327]-329;
  • gratitude to deities, [329];
  • the Magna Mater of Pessinus brought to Rome, [330]
• Hardie, Professor, and the double altar in connection with funeral rites, [425]
• Hariolus, [297], [298], [311]
• Harrison, Miss, on covering the head at sacrifices, [195]
• Haruspices, [296], [313], [337], [338], [397];
  • history of the, [307]-309
• Hebe, [332]
• Heinze, on the Aeneid, [413]-415, [419], [426], [427]
• Heitland, Mr., on Bacchanalia, [346], [356]
• Heracleitus, [257]
• Hercules: associated with Diana, [262];
  • with Juno, [17];
  • in combination with Juventas and Genius, [317], [332];
  • doubtful identification with Genius, [30];
  • identified with the Greek Heracles, [230], [243];
  • Victor or Invictus, [230], [231], [236], [243], [244];
  • cult of, [231], [244];
  • festival, [243];
  • worship confined to men, [29]
• Hermes, [260]
• Hirtzel, Mr., cited, [426]
• Homer, religion of, compared with that of Roman patricians, [392]
• Honey cakes, [82]
• Honos et Virtus, [285], [446];
  • temple, [328]
• Horace, [81], [299], [403], [405];
  • Carmen saeculare, [431]-432, [439], [443]-447, [450], [451]
• Hora Quirini, [482]-483
• Horses: lustrations, [96], [215];
  • races, [97];
  • sacrifice of, see Sacrifices
• Howerth, Ira W., his definition of religion, [8]
• Hubert et Mauss, on magic, [64], [65];
  • on sacrifice, [190], [194], [195], [198]
• Human sacrifice, [33], [44], [107], [112], [226], [320], [440]
• Hut-urns, sepulchral, [87], [477]
• Huts or booths, use of, in religious ritual, [473]-477
• Huvelin, M., on magic, [64]
• Ides, [39], [65], [95], [251], [484];
• • sacred to Jupiter, [129]
• Iguvium: ritual, [22], [138], [181], [197];
  • lustration of the arx, [187], [214], [215];
  • of the people, [31], [208], [215]-216
• Images and statues of gods, [146], [147], [165], [239], [262], [264], [336], [337];
  • statue of Athene, [355]
• Immortality, belief in, [69], [386]-387, [389], [424]
• Imporcitor, [161]
• Inauguratio of the priest-king Numa, [174]-175, [193]
• Incense, [164], [180], [330], [458]
• Indigetes, di, [117], [139], [149], [180], [214]
• Indigitamenta, [76], [84], [88], [130], [138], [153], [159]-161, [163], [165], [168], [281], [286], [291]
• Individualism, growth of, [240], [266], [287], [340], [358], [411], [456]
• Innocent, Bishop of Rome, [309]
• Iron, tabooed in religious ceremonies, [32], [35], [45], [214]
• Isis: religion, [455], [456];
  • temple, [433]
• Ius, early usage of, [486]-487
  • augurale, [296]
  • civile, [5], [169];
  • and the ius divinum, [58], [276]-279
  • divinum, [13], [24], [33], [38], [49], [68], [104], [106], [107], [128], [146], [227], [228], [241], [271]-273, [286], [287], [296], [345];
  • and the ius civile, [58], [276]-279;
  • ritual, [169]-191, [467];
  • the pontifical books the pharmacopoeia of, [286];
  • decay and neglect, [203], [314], [327], [352], [353];
  • reaction against, [324], [340]-344, [348];
  • Augustan revival, [429]
  • hospitii, [31], [32]
  • Manium, [387]
• Janus: the door spirit, [76], [127], [146];
• • bifrons of the Forum, [77];
  • speculations regarding, [125], [140], [141];
  • cult-titles, [126];
  • worship, [183], [212];
  • connection with Cardea, [485];
  • with Diana, [76], [125], [166];
  • with Juno, [126], [135];
  • with Vesta, [140], [145];
  • temple, [126]
• Jebb, Professor, on poetry of the Greeks, [424]
• Jevons, Dr., [19];
  • on totemism, [26];
  • on taboo, [28], [41];
  • on magic, [48], [186];
  • on priests, [176]
• Jews, proselytising, expelled from Rome, 139 B.C., [397], [402]
• Jhering, von, on origin of Roman divination, [293], [294], [311]
• Jordan, H., [13];
  • on pairing of deities, [152]
• Junius, [315]
• Juno, [121], [479];
  • Caprotina, [143];
  • Curitis, [144];
  • Moneta, [135];
  • Populonia, [144];
  • Regina, (of Ardea) [318],
  • (of the Aventine) [318], [329],
  • (of Veii) [135], [206], [284];
  • Sospita, [318], [354];
  • connection with Hercules, [17];
  • with Janus, [126], [135];
  • with Jupiter, [136], [144], [166], [443], [444], [446];
  • one of the Etruscan trias, [94], [237];
  • representative of female principle, [17], [87], [135], [144];
  • temples, [135], [172], [237], [328], [329], [354]
• Junonius, cult-title of Janus, [126]
• Jupiter, [115], [118], [124], [127], [128], [141], [143], [147], [159], [183], [212];
  • difference between Jupiter and Zeus, [141];
  • connection with Diana, [76];
  • with Dius Fidius, [130], [142], [167], [450];
  • with Juno, [136], [144], [166], [443], [444], [446];
  • with Juturna, [485];
  • with Tellus, [121];
  • with Terminus, [82];
  • Capitolinus, [120], [129], [204], [205], [237], [238], [240], [241], [318], [319], [333], [367];
  • Dapalis, [141];
  • Elicius, [36], [50]-52, [129], [137];
  • Fagutalis, [141];
  • Farreus, [130];
  • Feretrius, [129], [433];
  • Fulgur, [129];
  • Grabovius, [187];
  • Latiaris, [237], [238];
  • Lucetius, [129];
  • Sabazius, [402];
  • Summanus, [129];
  • one of the Etruscan trias, [94], [172], [237], [336];
  • cult at Praeneste, [167];
  • cult-titles Optimus Maximus, [129], [238];
  • Ides sacred to, [129];
  • worshipped on Alban Mount, [109], [128], [172];
  • epulum Iovis, [172], [263], [268], [336], [338], [353];
  • temples, [95], [115], [129], [146], [172], [237]-238, [241], [245], [246], [254], [266], [433], [443]
• Juturna, [284], [285];
  • connection with Jupiter, [485]
• Juventas, in combination with Genius and Hercules, [317], [332]
• Kalends, [39], [95], [126], [135], [251], [484]
• Kobbert, Maximilianus, on religio, [46]
• Kronos, identified with Saturnus, [118]
• Lactantius, [156], [165], [388], [459], [461], [462], [469]
• Lang, Mr., [19];
• • cited in connection with the calendar of Numa, [105]
• Lapis: see Stones
• Laralia: see Compitalia
• Larentia, Acca, [67]
• Lar familiaris, [77], [78], [92], [251]
• Lares compitales, [61], [117], [132], [186]
• Latin Festival: see Feriae Latinae
• Latins, the, [10], [23], [25], [86], [123], [130], [172], [193], [229]
• Latona, associated with Apollo, [262]
• Laughing, in ritual of Lupercalia, [106], [111]
• Laurel branches carried in procession, [265]
• Lawson, J. C., on burial and cremation, [91], [400], [401]
• Leather, tabooed in the worship of Carmenta, [36]
• Lecky, Mr., on Stoicism, [362], [377]
• Lectisternium, [263]-266, [268], [317]-319, [327]
• Leges regiae, connection with the ius divinum, [272]
• Leland, C. G., [67]
• Lemuria, [40], [85], [98], [107], [401];
  • compared with the Parentalia, [393]-395
• Lepidus, pontifex maximus, [433], [438]
• Liber, [158], [260], [332];
  • identified with Dionysus, [255], [344];
  • temple, [255]
• Libera, [260];
  • identified with Persephone, [255]
• Liberalia, [332]
• Libitina, [159]
• Licinius Imbrex, [151]
• Licinius, P., pontifex maximus, [342]
• Lightning, divination by, [51], [52], [304], [305], [307], [309]
• Limentinus, spirit of the threshold, [76]
• Livius Andronicus, [328]
• Livy, cited, [170], [174], [204], [205], [216], [217], [252], [261], [264], [269], [280], [300], [316], [324], [405];
  • on Bacchanalia, [346]-348
• Lua, [165], [481], [482]
• Lucaria, [98]
• Lucetius, cult-title of Jupiter, [129]
• Lucilius, [156], [183]
• Lucretius, cited, [352], [359], [360], [376], [387], [394], [396], [403]-406, [453];
  • his contempt for superstitio, [361], [36]7;
  • on Roman belief in Hades, [390];
  • his use of religio, [460]
• Lucus, meaning of, [146]
• Ludi, [44], [95], [122], [204]: see also Games
  • magni, vowed to Jupiter during Hannibalic war, [319], [333]
  • saeculares, [34], [431], [480];
  • prayers used in, [198], [468];
  • ritual described, [438]-447;
  • discovery of inscriptions, [439]
  • scenici, [261], [263], [350]
• Lupercalia, [20], [34], [53], [65], [106], [118], [179], [194], [210], [393];
  • whipping to produce fertility, [54], [479];
  • Prof. Deubner's theory, [137], [478]-480
• Luperci, [34], [54], [106], [434], [479]
• Lupercus, [478]
• Lustrations: meaning of lustrare, [209]-210;
  • lustration of the ager paganus, [80], [213];
  • of the ager Romanus, [78], [100];
  • of ancilia, [96], [217];
  • of the army, [96], [100], [215], [217];
  • of the arx of Iguvium, [187], [199];
  • of cattle and sheep, [100];
  • of the city, [214], [317];
  • of the farm, [132], [212];
  • of horses, [96], [215];
  • of people, [31], [216];
  • of trumpets, [96], [215];
  • animistic conception of, [211];
  • ultimately adapted by Roman Church to its own ritual, [211], [218], [457]
• Luthard, on Roman religion, [288]
• Macrobius, cited, [28], [196], [206], [208], [219], [220], [484]
• Macte esto, meaning of the phrase, [182], [183], [197], [442]
• Magic: allied to taboo, [27], [47];
• • contagious and homoeopathic, [48];
  • and divination, [293], [309];
  • harmless, [59];
  • prayers and incantations, [185], [186], [198];
  • private, [57], [68];
  • in purificatory processes, [210];
  • and religion, [47]-49, [56], [224], [253];
  • rigorously excluded from State ritual, [49], [57], [105], [107], [224];
  • sympathetic, [50], [55]
• Magna Mater of Pessinus, brought to Rome, [330], [344], [348]
• Maia, [165], [166];
  • connection with Volcanus, [151], [484]
• Maiestas, [151], [484]
• Mana, the positive aspect of taboo, [27], [30], [42], [48], [60]
• Manes, [39], [50], [75], [85], [92], [102], [106], [121], [208], [320], [341], [391], [392];
  • individualisation of, [386];
  • Di Manes, [341], [386]
• Mania, mother of the Lares, [61]
• Manilius, his poem on astrology, [396]
• Mannhardt, his theory of the Vegetation-spirit, [19]-20, [478];
  • on laughing in ritual of the Lupercalia, [111]-112
• Marcellus, [315], [328]
• Marcius, Latin oracles supposed to be written by, [326]
• Marcius Rex, praetor, [339]
• Marcus Aurelius, [369], [429]
• Marett, Mr., on taboo, [42], [45];
  • on sacrificium, [192];
  • on divination, [310]
• Marquardt, on Roman religion, [13], [16];
  • on naming of children, [42]
• Marriage: a religious ceremony, [83], [177], [274], [279];
  • Tellus an object of worship at, [121];
  • among deities, [148]-152, [166], [350], [481]-485
• Mars, [124], [129], [147], [204], [208], [215], [246], [319];
  • various forms of his name, [131];
  • as a married god, [150]-152, [166];
  • invocations to, [186], [212];
  • connection with Bellona, [166];
  • with Nerio, [150]-151, [166];
  • with Quirinus, [134], [150];
  • pater, [212];
  • Silvanus, [29], [132], [142];
  • cult of, [132]-134;
  • festival, [96]-97;
  • temple, [133]
• Martianus Capella, [308]
• Masson, Dr., [357], [395];
  • on Roman fear of future torments, [391]
• Mastarna, Etruscan name of Servius Tullus, [237], [246]
• Masurius Sabinus, [90]
• Matutinus, cult-title of Janus, [126]
• Meals, sacrificial, [172], [173], [193], [436];
  • epulum Iovis: see under Jupiter
• Megalesia, [330]
• Mens, [285]
• Mercurius (Hermes), [260], [262], [268], [484]
• Messor, [161]
• Mildew, spirit of the: see Robigus
• Minerva, one of the Etruscan trias, [94], [237];
  • name Italian, not Etruscan, [234], [245];
  • associated with trade gilds, [233], [234], [236];
  • Capta, [284];
  • temples, [172], [233], [234], [244]
• Minium, faces painted with, [82], [115], [336]
• Minucius Felix, [461]
• Mithras, religion of, [455], [456], [464]
• Moirae (Parcae), [442], [446]
• Mola salsa: see Salt-cake
• Moles, [150], [154], [158]
• Mommsen, cited, [200], [440];
  • and the religion of the Romans, [2];
  • on the Fasti anni Romani, [95], [96], [111];
  • on Carmen saeculare, [444]
• Mucius Scaevola: see Scaevola
• Murus, [94]
• Mysticism, [380]-398, [404];
  • in the form of astrology, [396], [401];
  • not native to the Roman, [454]
• Neo-Pythagoreanism: see Mysticism
• Neptunalia, [474]
• Neptunus, [117];
• • identified with Poseidon, [118], [260];
  • connection with Salacia, [150], [483];
  • with Mercurius, [262]
• Nerio: connection with Mars, [150]-151, [166];
  • meaning of Nerio Martis, [150], [154]
• Nettleship, Professor, on the phrase macte esto, [197];
  • on the character of Aeneas, [410], [427];
  • on sanctus, [470]
• Nigidius Figulus, [299], [384], [397]
• Nones, [39], [95], [251];
  • Nonae Caprotinae, [143]
• Numa Pompilius, priest-king: Livy's account of his inauguratio, [174]-175;
  • legends, [108], [115], [170], [180], [233], [322];
  • Calendar described, [92]-109;
  • spurious books found in stone coffin, [349], [381]
• Numbers, mystic, [98], [328], [334], [441], [449]
• Numen, [34], [111], [250], [264], [364], [365], [367], [407];
  • meaning of the word, [118];
  • von Domaszewski's definition of, [119];
  • evolution of dei out of functional numina, [165];
  • see also Spirits and Deities
• Oak-gods, [125], [129], [141], [143]
• Oaths: connection of Castor and Pollux with, [232];
• • of Hercules, [231];
  • of Jupiter, [130];
  • taken in open air, [141]-142;
  • the religious, in public life, [358], [375];
  • used by women, [244];
  • taboo on, [343], [355]
• Oberator, [161]
• October horse, [20], [34], [65], [106];
  • sacrifice of, [45], [105], [179]
• Odd numbers, luck in, [98]
• Ollae, worship of, [489]-490
• Opalia, [101]
• Opiconsiva, [101]
• Ops, [156];
  • connection with Consus, [482];
  • with Saturnus, [482]
• Oracles, [339], [354];
  • see also Delphic oracle
• Orcus, [166];
  • the old name for the abode of the Manes, [391], [392];
  • sacrifice of captives to, [44]
• Orosius, [333]
• Orphic doctrine, [381];
  • tablets, [398]
• Oscilla, [61], [67];
  • Dr. Frazer's theory, [61];
  • see also Puppets
• Otto, W., on connection of religio with practice of taboo, [46]
• Ovid, on Roman gods, [22];
  • his picture of the Sementivae, [79], [80];
  • rite of pagus, [82];
  • on the Lemuria, [107], [112], [394];
  • on Janus, [125];
  • on images of gods, [147];
  • on the Robigalia, [181], [196], [197], [434];
  • on meals at sacrifices, [193];
  • on the word februum, [210];
  • on annual ceremony by consuls, [219];
  • on the festival of Anna Perenna, [346], [473]
• Paganalia, [61], [62], [67], [102]
• Pagus: the familia in relation to, [71];
• • meaning of the word, [87];
  • festival of the Lar, [78];
  • other festivals, [79];
  • the religio terminorum, [81]-82;
  • lustrations of the, [213], [214]
• Pais, on Acca Larentia, [67];
  • on the Tarquinii and Mastarna, [245]
• Palatine: Carmen saeculare sung on the, [443]-447, [450];
  • temple of Apollo, [443]-445
• Pales, [122], [149]
• Panaetius: and the Scipionic circle, [363]-364, [453];
  • his theology, [365];
  • and Platonic psychology, [382], [398]
• Pantheism, Stoic, [366]-368
• Papirius, the consul, [314], [315], [331]
• Parentalia, [40], [107], [387], [401], [418], [457];
  • compared with the Lemuria, [393]-395
• Parilia, [100], [120], [193], [222], [474]
• Pater and Mater, as applied to deities, [155]-157
• Patricians, [259], [304];
  • religious system a monopoly of, [229]
• Patulcius, cult-title of Janus, [126]
• Pax (deity), [446], [451]
• Pax deorum, [169], [224], [261], [264], [272], [276], [286], [302], [328], [329];
  • means towards maintenance of, [171], [180], [273], [300];
  • violation of, [320];
  • reestablished by Augustus, [429], [431], [433]
• Pebble-rain, [316], [329], [332]
• Penates, [73], [74], [86], [92], [116], [193]
• Persephone, [255]
• Peter, R., on Indigitamenta, [160]
• Petronius, on ceremony of the aquaelicium, [64]
• Philodemus, [359], [375]
• Picus, [297]
• Pietas, [174], [227], [250], [254], [387], [405], [409]-412, [466];
  • meaning of, [462]-463;
  • Virgil's word for religion, [412]
• Piso, L. Calpurnius, [51]-53, [484]
• Pius, [63], [462];
  • see Pietas
• Plague, Sibylline books consulted at outbreak of, [261]
• Plato, [258], [381]
• Plautus, [151], [351]-352
• Playwrights, their influence on Roman religion, [240], [351], [353]
• Plebeians, [105], [170];
  • aediles, [255];
  • the Plebs as the original inhabitants of Latium, [242], [259], [268], [289];
  • emotional tendency of, [263]-264;
  • opening of priesthoods to, [268], [271], [279];
  • increase of importance under the Etruscan dynasty, [275];
  • first plebeian praetor, [279];
  • pontifex maximus: see Coruncanius, Titus
• Pliny, [51], [256];
  • on spells and charms, [53], [57], [59], [60], [65], [66], [90], [186];
  • on human sacrifice, [320];
  • on death, [388], [400]
• Polybius, cited, [250], [253], [316], [363], [369], [390];
  • on religion, [336]
• Pomoerium, [94], [214], [225], [230], [231]
• Pomona (or Pomunus), [122], [149];
  • connection with Vertumnus, [485]
• Pompeianus, prefect of Rome, [309]
• Pomponius, [278], [289]
• Pons sublicius: no iron used in building, [35];
  • Argei thrown from, [54], [105], [321]
• Pontifex Maximus, [175], [271], [280], [341];
  • tabula kept by, [283];
  • compelling power of, [342], [355]
• Pontifices, [120], [177], [200], [341];
  • share in festivals, [106], [139];
  • the question of their origin, [180], [195], [271];
  • insignia of, [193];
  • College of, [271];
  • open to plebeians, [268], [271], [279];
  • legal side of their work, [272]-276;
  • the XII. Tables, [58], [276]-278, [289];
  • self-elected, [276];
  • abolition of legal monopoly, [279];
  • work of, in third century b.c., [282];
  • admission of new deities, [284];
  • compilation of annals, [285];
  • collection of religious formulae, [287];
  • the Pontifical books, [76], [159], [182], [197], [283], [285]-286
• Porca praecidanea, rite of the, [121], [183], [191]
• Portunus, [118], [122]
• Poseidon, identified with Neptunus, [118]
• Posidonius, [250], [365], [367], [382]-384, [398]
• Prayers, [76], [106], [126], [153], [215], [224], [225], [251];
  • at the inauguratio of the priest-king Numa, [175];
  • at making of new clearing, [169], [182];
  • at sacrifices, [181]-191;
  • at flowering of the pear-trees, [182];
  • when wine is offered, [182];
  • for the ceremony of lustration, [183];
  • form and manner of Roman, [185], [189], [196];
  • magical survivals in, [188]-189;
  • in ritual of Ludi saeculares, [442], [449], [468]
• Precatio, [53], [166]
• Priests: see Pontifices
• Processions: of lustratio, adapted to the ritual of the Roman Church, [211], [218], [457];
  • of the triumphus, [217], [239]-240;
  • Roman fondness for, [263];
  • see also Lustrations
• Procuratio, [316], [328];
  • fulminis, [115]
• Prodigia, [281], [316], [324], [325], [328], [338], [339], [354]
• Promitor, [161]
• Propertius, [22], [147], [403]
• Proserpina, black victims sacrificed to, [440]
• Pudor, [446]
• Pulvinaria, [337], [338]
• Punic War: see Hannibalic War
• Puppets: Argei thrown into Tiber, [54], [105], [321];
  • oscilla, [61], [67]
• Purification: see Lustrations
• Puticuli, [395], [401]
• Pythagoras, legend of a religious connection between Numa and, [349], [381]
• Pythagoreanism, [349], [380]-381
• Pythagoreans, [98]
• Quindecemviri, [440], [442]
• Quinquatrus, [217]
• Quirinal, [134]
• Quirinus, [94], [118], [124], [143], [147], [246];
• • identified with Mars, [134];
  • with Romulus, [135]
• Quirites, [134], [143]
• Rain-making: see Aquaelicium
• Ramsay, Sir W. M., [465]
• Red colouring in sacred rites and its connection with blood, [89], [177], [194]
• Redarator, [161]
• Regia, [45], [105], [106], [271], [288];
• • sacrarium Martis in, [133], [208]
• Regifugium, [99]
• Reinach, M. Salomon, cited, [26], [42], [114], [131], [481]
• Religio, [9], [28], [30], [36], [38], [72], [76], [83], [85], [93], [104], [106], [174], [223], [227], [241], [248], [261], [263], [267], [270], [273], [282], [287], [294], [364], [405], [407];
  • meanings and uses of the word, [21], [37], [41], [186], [192], [198], [249], [254], [385], [462], [470];
  • Cicero's definition of, [460];
  • and taboo, [34], [36], [40], [46];
  • revival of, during Hannibalic war, [315], [317], [336]-339
• Religio Larium, [79]
  • terminorum, [81], [82]
• Religion, definitions of, [7]-9;
  • and magic, [47]-49, [56], [224], [253];
  • and morality, [227], [242], [292], [466], [471];
  • primitive, [25]-28, [63], [69];
  • real, a matter of feeling, [406]
• Roman: a highly formalised system, [3], [63], [103]-104, [200], [226], [248]-249, [340];
  • compared with Roman law, [5];
  • a technical subject, [6];
  • its difficulties, [13];
  • aid from archaeology and anthropology, [16]-20, [25];
  • primitive survivals in, [24], [30];
  • examples of real magic in, [50], [53]-54;
  • a reality, [62]-63, [103], [249];
  • in the family, see Family;
  • of the State, [93], [105], [226]-228, [270];
  • the Calendar of Numa the basis of our knowledge of, [94]-109;
  • moral influence mainly disciplinary, [108], [228];
  • Greek influence, [120], [255]-262, [346], [350]-353;
  • Roman ideas of divinity, [115]-117, [122]-123, [145]-164;
  • ritual of the ius divinum, [169]-222;
  • personal purity essential in all worshippers, [178];
  • discouraged individual development, [226];
  • introduction of new deities, [96], [229]-242, [255]-262;
  • priesthoods limited to patrician families, [229];
  • religious instinct of the Romans, [249];
  • neglect and decay, [263]-265, [287], [314], [429];
  • growth of individualism, [240], [266], [287], [340], [358], [411], [456];
  • Sibylline influence, [242], [255]-262;
  • secularisation of, [270]-291;
  • sinister influence of Etruscan divination, [307]-309, [346];
  • see Divination;
  • used for political purposes, [336];
  • attempt to propagate Pythagoreanism, [349]-350, [381];
  • destitution of Romans in regard to idea of God and sense of duty, [357]-358;
  • no remedy in Epicurism, [361];
  • arrival of Stoicism: see Stoicism and Mysticism;
  • belief in future torments, [390];
  • religion compared with that of Homer, [392];
  • early Christianity, [396];
  • religious feeling in Virgil's poems, [403]-427;
  • Augustan revival, [428]-451;
  • contributions to the Latin form of Christianity, [452]-472;
  • see also Prayer and Sacrifice
• Renan, cited, [185]
• Renel, M., cited, [26]
• Réville, M. Jean, on the formalism of the Roman religion, [3];
  • his definition of religion, [8]
• Rex Nemoreusis, [235]
  • sacrorum, [128], [174], [175], [180], [193], [207], [229], [271], [273], [341], [434];
  • relation of the Rex to the augurs, [301]-302
• Ridgeway, Professor, on the Flamen Dialis, [112];
  • on Janus, [140];
  • on original inhabitants of Latium, [242], [393]
• Rivers, Dr., on the ritual aspect of religion among the Todas, [489]-490
• Robertson Smith, Professor, [19], [26], [27], [172], [221];
  • on the Feast of the Tabernacles, [476]
• Robigalia, [139], [196]
• Robigus, [100], [117], [122], [146], [179], [434];
  • Ovid's version of prayer to, [197]
• Roman Church, survival of old religious practices in the, [25], [211], [218], [456]-458, [469]
• Romulus, [51], [130], [135]
• Roscher, Dr., [141]
• Sacellum, meaning of, [146]
• Sacer and sacramentum, [36], [277], [464]
• Sacred utensils, worship of, [436], [489]-490
• Sacrifices, [29], [90], [224], [225];
• • description of the act, [179]-181;
  • honorific, [172], [173];
  • piacular, [35], [172], [173], [182], [189], [191], [208], [273], [436];
  • sacramental, [141], [172];
  • vicarious, [208];
  • dynamic theory of, [177], [184], [190], [194];
  • meals in connection with, [172], [173], [193], [436];
  • mystic use of blood, [34], [82];
  • victim must be acceptable to the deity, [179];
  • women and strangers excluded from rites, [29]-31;
  • prayers at, [181]-191;
  • sacrifice of cakes, [82], [83], [180], [183], [184];
  • cow, [100], [120], [436];
  • dog, [181], [197], [216], [434];
  • goat, [54], [106], [179], [479];
  • horse, [34], [97], [105], [179];
  • lamb, [37], [82], [436];
  • ox, [132], [179], [212], [215], [444];
  • pig, [82], [132], [170], [179], [212], [215], [436];
  • red dog, [179], [310];
  • salt-cake, [73], [207];
  • sheep, [132], [179], [181], [212], [215], [434];
  • sow, [121], [183];
  • white heifer, [172], [177], [239];
  • wine, [82], [180], [182]-184, [196];
  • see also Human sacrifice
• Sacrificium, meaning of, [171], [464]
• Sacrum, [171], [254]
• Saeculum, the old Italian idea of a, [440]
• St. Augustine, cited, [58], [76], [120], [149], [159], [163], [297], [430], [458];
  • on Decius, [220]
• Sainte Beuve, on Virgil, [404]
• St. Paul, [455], [466]-468
• Salacia, [165];
  • connection with Neptunus, [483]
• Salii, [40], [96], [110], [132], [133], [143], [176], [182], [217], [229], [434];
  • ritual, [97]
  • Collini, [134]
  • Palatini, [134]
• Sallust, [405]
• Salt-cake, [73], [207]
• Salus, [154], [285]
• Sanctus, meaning of, [463]-464, [470]
• Sarritor, [161]
• Saturnalia, [81], [99], [101]-103, [107], [112]
• Saturnus, [101], [111], [118], [318];
  • identified with Kronos, [118];
  • connection with Consus, [482];
  • with Ops, [482]
• Sayce, Professor, [155]
• Scaevola, P. Mucius, [283]
  • Q. Mucius, [73], [86], [338], [353], [371]
• Scipio, the elder, [240], [247], [267], [340], [354];
  • receives the Magna Mater at Rome, [330]
  • Aemilianus, [198], [203]-204, [340];
  • his friendship with Polybius and Panaetius, [362]-364, [369], [371]
• Scott, Sir Walter, compared with Virgil, [408]
• Sellar, Professor, on Virgil, [404], [406]
• Sementivae, festival, [79], [89]
• Senatusconsultum de Bacchanalibus, [347], [348], [356]
• Seneca, [369], [378], [438], [455]
• Septimontium, [110]
• Servius, cited, [58], [62], [119], [120], [134], [138], [142], [143], [146], [183], [184], [194], [210]
  • Sulpicius, [371], [387]
  • Tullius, [235];
  • his Etruscan name Mastarna, [237]
• Sibyl of Cumae, [257]-258
• Sibylline books, [173], [242], [255]-257, [261], [323];
  • consulted during the Hannibalic war, [316]-319, [329];
  • used for personal and political purposes, [339]
• Silvanus, [76], [81], [89], [132], [142]
• Slaves, [53], [78], [395], [401], [474];
  • Greek, buried alive in the Forum boarium, [112], [320]
• Sodales Titienses, [434]
• Sol, image of, on the Palatine, [445], [447], [450]
• Sondergötter, Usener's theory of, [161]-164, [168]
• Spells, [48], [53], [57]-59, [208], [221];
  • origin of prayer in, [185], [189]
• Spes, [285]
• Spirits, [34], [58];
  • agricultural, [161], [251], [285];
  • dead, see Ghosts;
  • of the doorway, [75]-76, [92], [127];
  • evil, see Evil spirits;
  • household, [11], [68], [73], [74], [77], [83], [84], [86], [92], [104], [193];
  • spring, [92];
  • water, [285];
  • woodland, [76], [81], [83], [92], [132];
  • development into dei, [116], [117], [119], [120], [123]-124, [161], [165];
  • see also Deities and Numen
• Spolia opima, [138], [141], [288];
  • dedicated at temple of Jupiter Feretrius, [130], [433]
• Stanley, on religion and morality, [292]
• Statues and busts at Rome, first mention of, [340], [354];
  • see also Images
• Stoicism, [359], [377], [381]-383;
  • introduced into Rome, [362];
  • its influence on the Roman mind, [370]-372, [404], [453];
  • weak points in Roman, [372]-374;
  • failed to rouse an "enthusiasm of humanity," [375], [454]
• Stones: lapis manalis, [50];
  • silex, [130];
  • stone representing Magna Mater, [330];
  • see also Boundary stones
• Strangers, fear of, [30]-32
• Stubbs, Bishop, [103]
• Subrincator, [161]
• Subterranean altar, black victims offered at, [440], [445]
• Suffimenta, [441], [442], [449]
• Sulpicius, consul [211] b.c., [337]
• Summanus, cult-title of Jupiter, [129]
• Suovetaurilia, [132], [212], [215]
• Superstitio, [106], [355], [361], [405];
  • temple of Isis condemned as a centre of, [433]
• Supplicatio, [262], [265], [269], [337];
  • ordered during Hannibalic war, [317], [319], [323], [325], [329]
• Tabernacles, Feast of the, [475], [476] Taboo, [25], [83], [223];
  • definition of, [27];
  • its ethical value, [28];
  • on children, [28];
  • on women, [29];
  • on strangers, [30]-32;
  • on criminals, [32];
  • on inanimate objects, [32];
  • on places, [36];
  • on times and seasons, [38]-41;
  • on iron, [35], [44], [214];
  • on leather, [36];
  • on the Flamen Dialis, [33]-35, [44], [45], [108], [109], [327], [342], [343];
  • on the Flaminica Dialis, [35]
• Tacitus, [398]
• Tarentum, sacrifices on subterranean altar, [440], [445]
• Tarquinii, the, [146], [237], [245]
• Tellus (Terra Mater), [100], [120], [122], [136], [138], [139], [156], [158], [161], [162], [320], [435], [442], [446];
  • an object of worship at marriage, [121];
  • connection with Jupiter, [121];
  • temple, [285]
• Tempestates, [285]
• Temples: absence of, in earliest Rome, [146];
  • restored by Augustus, [343]; Aesculapius, [260];
  • Apollo, on the Palatine, [443]-445;
  • Bona Dea on the Aventine, [484];
  • Castor, [231], [244];
  • Ceres, Liber, and Libera, [255]-257, [269], [344];
  • Consus, [285];
  • Dea Dia, [161];
  • Diana, on the Aventine, [95], [147], [234], [237], [244];
  • Isis, [433];
  • Janus, [126];
  • Juno Moneta, [135], [328]-329;
  • Juno Sospita, [354];
  • Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, [146], [172], [237]-238, [246], [254], [443];
  • Jupiter Feretrius, on the Capitol, [95], [115], [129]-130, [146], [147], [203], [245], [266], [433];
  • Jupiter Latiaris, on the Alban Hill, [237], [238], [245];
  • Mars, [133];
  • Minerva, on the Aventine, [233], [234], [244];
  • Pales, [285];
  • Tellus, [285];
  • Vertumnus, [285];
  • Vesta, see Vesta: aedes
• Terminalia, [34], [193], [196]
• Terminus, [82], [117], [239]
• Terra Mater, see Tellus
• Tertullian, cited, [159], [163], [459], [461], [465]
• Theodosian code, [430]
• Tiberius, [429], [438], [447]
• Tibicines, [180], [195], [233], [445]
• Tibullus, cited, [22], [80], [147], [178], [403];
  • on use of huts at rural festivals, [474]
• Time, religious or mystical conception of, [440]-441, [449]
• Toga praetexta, worn by priests and children, [29], [42], [50], [61], [74], [84], [175]-177, [194]-195, [436]
  • virilis, [42]
• Tombstones, memorial, first mention of, [341]
• Totemism, [25]-27
• Toutain, M., [26]
• Tozer, Mr., on Dante, [419]
• Trade: deities brought to Rome by, [230];
  • connection of Hercules with, [231];
  • gilds, [233]
• Trasimene, outbreak of religio after the battle of, [318]
• Treaties, Jupiter's connection with, [130]
• Tripodatio, [187], [198]
• Tubilustrium, [96], [217]
• Turiae, Laudatio, cited, [389]
• Turnus, [483]
• Tylor, Dr., [26], [49], [74], [293]
• Usener, H., [19], [138], [160];
• • his theory of the Sondergötter, [161]-164, [168]
• Vacuna of Reate, [284], [290]
• Valerius Antias, [52], [115], [137]
• • Flaccus, C., [342]-343, [355]
  • Maximus, [203]-204, [299], [378]
• Varro, cited, [16], [59], [76], [79], [81], [89], [103], [120], [125], [142], [143], [149], [156], [159], [168], [210], [222], [235], [251], [321]
• Vates, meaning of, [297]-298
• Vedic ritual, [185]
• Vegetation-spirit, Mannhardt's theory, [19], [20], [478]
• Venilia, [483]
• Venus, connection with Volcanus, [166]
• Ver sacrum, [196], [204]-205, [318]
• Verbenarius, [31], [43]
• Verrius Flaccus, [16], [30]
• Vertumnus, [147], [291];
  • connection with Pomona, [485];
  • temple, [285]
• Vervactor, [161]
• Vesta, [73], [74], [76], [92], [116], [126], [136], [137], [140], [147], [481];
  • aedes, [39], [40], [126], [136], [146], [477];
  • penus Vestae, [36], [73], [101], [136], [442]
• Vestal virgins, [53], [113], [120], [139], [175], [177], [194], [320];
  • at the ceremony of the Argei, [54], [55], [106], [321];
  • salt-cake baked by, [73];
  • representative of daughters of the family, [136];
  • statues of, [144]
• Vicus, [71]
• Vilicus, [78]
• Vinalia, [100]
• Virgil, on religio, [37];
  • on the Paganalia, [62], [67];
  • on lustratio, [80], [213], [221];
  • on the Manes, [386], [399];
  • religious feeling in his poems, [403]-427, [455];
  • compared with Wordsworth, [407]-408; with Scott, [408];
  • his idea of pietas, [409];
  • his connection with Augustus, [428];
  • see also Aeneid
• Virites, [150], [158]
• Virtus, [446]
• Volcanalia, [98], [101]
• Volcanus, [118], [122], [124];
  • connection with Maia, [151], [484];
  • with Venus, [166]
• Volturnus, [117], [118], [122], [124]
• Vortumnus, [165], [284]
• Vows, [188], [226], [286];
  • private, [201]-202;
  • public, [200], [202]-204;
  • extraordinary, [204]-208;
  • see also Devotio and Evocatio
• Waltzing, on Roman trades, [233]
• Westcott, Bishop, on Augustine, [458]
• Westermarck, Dr., cited, [31], [44], [123], [179];
• • on magic, [47];
  • on religion of primitive man, [63], [394];
  • on Roman prayers, [185];
  • on religion and morality, [227]
• Williamowitz-Moellendorf, on Hercules, [243]
• Wine, used at sacrifices, [82], [180], [182]-184;
  • as a substitute for blood, [196]
• Winter, J. G., cited, [243]
• Wissowa, Georg, cited, [13], [14], [16]-18, [33], [36], [112], [122], [146], [193], [199], [319], [440];
  • on dies religiosi, [38]-40;
  • on the Argei, [54], [55], [65], [111], [321], [322];
  • on the ritual of the Salii, [97];
  • his list of di indigetes, [117], [139];
  • on Faunus, [118];
  • on Janus, [126], [141];
  • on Mars, [142];
  • on the Indigitamenta, [159], [161]-163, [168];
  • on cult of Jupiter, [167];
  • on prayer, [198];
  • on Hercules, [243];
  • on Hebe, [332];
  • on Carmen saeculare, [444], [450]
• Wolf's fat, used as a charm against evil spirits, [83], [90]
• Women, [264], [265];
  • taboo on, [29];
  • excluded from certain sacrificial rites, [29]-30;
  • at the ceremony of the aquaelicium, [64];
  • rites to produce fertility, [54], [106], [143], [479];
  • oaths used by, [244];
  • excitement among, during Hannibalic war, [324];
  • rebellion against the ius divinum, [344];
  • festivals, [143], [346], [443], [450];
  • deities, [135], [235], [272], [297], [318], [332], [479]
• Wordsworth, compared with Virgil, [407]
• Zeller, cited, [351], [356];
• • on human law and divine law, [371]
• Zeus, [367]
• Zosimus, cited, [309], [439], [449], [450]

THE END

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