I. THE ALPHABET

1. In learning a new alphabet attention need be paid only to such letters as are not already know. Of the Greek alphabet only twelve characters are unfamiliar:

A,	Β,	Γ,	Δ,	Ε,	Ζ,	Η,	Θ,	Ι,	Κ,	Λ,	Μ,
α,	β,	γ,	δ,	ε,	ζ,	η,	θ,	ι,	κ,	λ,	μ,
a,	b,	g,	d,	ĕ,	z,	ē,	th,	i,	k,	l,	m,

Ν,	Ξ,	Ο,	Π,	Ρ,	Σ,	Τ,	Υ,	Φ,	Χ,	Ψ,	Ω,
ν,	ξ,	ο,	π,	ρ,	σ(ς),	τ,	υ,	φ,	χ,	ψ,	ω,
n,	ks,	ŏ,	p,	r,	s,	t,	u,	ph,	ch,	ps,	ō,

Note.—The small letters, most used, should be learned. The capital letters may be learned as they occur.

2. ε, ο are always short; η, ω, always long; α, ι, υ, sometimes long, sometimes short.

ā as "a" in father.	ī as "i" in machine.
ă as "a" in papa.	ĭ as "i" in pin.
η as "e" in fete.	ω as "o" in note.
ε as "e" in met.	ο as "o" in obey.
υ equals approximately "eu" in feud or the French u.

Note 1.—In diphthongs with a long vowel ι is subscribed.

Note 2.—As in music, the difference between long and short is one of time, as

A difference in quality actually appears in pronunciation.

Note 3.—A diphthong is counted long. But in determining accent final –αι– and –οι– are counted short except in the optative mode and in a few words, οἴμοι, οἴκοι. Bt. 3-4; Gl. 5; Gn. 5; H.A. 9-11.

3. The consonants are classified:

(1) Mutes—

	Smooth	Middle	Rough	With s
Labial,	π	β	φ	ψ
Palatal,	κ	γ	χ	ξ
Lingual,	τ	δ	θ	ζ

(2) Liquids—
λ, μ, ν, ρ, as in English, σ(ς) is a sibilant.

(3) ζ, ξ, ψ are called double consonants.
Bt. 12; Gl. 38; Gn. 18-22.