REFERENCES
[1] See Darwin: Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, New York, 1905, pp. 101, 117.
[2] Spencer: Principles of Psychology, London, 1855.
[3] McDougall: Introduction to Social Psychology, London, 1908, pp. 49, 59.
[4] Crile: Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1910, clxiii, p. 893.
[5] Macleod: Diabetes, etc., p. 80.
[6] Darwin: Loc. cit., p. 72.
[7] Nasse: Archiv für die gesammte Physiologie, 1869, ii, p. 106; 1877, xiv, p. 483.
[8] Frentzel: Archiv für die gesammte Physiologie, 1894, lvi, p. 280.
[9] Zuntz: Oppenheimer’s Handbuch der Biochemie, Jena, 1911, iv (first half), p. 841.
[10] Benedict and Cathcart: Muscular Work, a Metabolic Study, Washington, 1913, pp. 85–87.
[11] Chauveau and Kaufmann: Comptes Rendus, Académie des Sciences, 1886, ciii, p. 1062.
[12] Comptes Rendus, Société de Biologie, 1886, xxxviii, p. 410.
[13] Morat and Dufourt: Archives de Physiologie, 1892, xxiv, p. 327.
[14] Pavy: The Physiology of the Carbohydrates, London, 1894, p. 166.
[15] Magnus-Levy: v. Noorden’s Handbuch der Pathologie des Stoffwechsels, 1906, i, p. 385.
[16] Locke and Rosenheim: Journal of Physiology, 1907, xxxvi, p. 211.
[17] Patterson and Starling: Journal of Physiology, 1913, xlvii, p. 143.
[18] See Macleod and Pearce: American Journal of Physiology, 1913, xxxii, p. 192. Pavy and Siau: Journal of Physiology, 1903, xxix, p. 375. Macleod: American Journal of Physiology, 1909, xxiii, p. 278.
[19] Locke: Centralblatt für Physiologie, 1900, xiv, p. 671.
[20] Schumberg: Archiv für Physiologie, 1896, p. 537.
[21] Frentzel: Archiv für Physiologie, 1899, Supplement Band, p. 145.
[22] Lee and Harrold: American Journal of Physiology, 1900, iv, p. ix.
[23] Wilenko: Biochemische Zeitschrift, 1912, xlii, p. 58.
[24] Wilenko: Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 1913, lxxi, p. 266.
[25] Lusk: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1914, xi, p. 49. Also Lusk and Riche: Archives of Internal Medicine, 1914, xiii, p. 68.
[26] See Elliott: Journal of Physiology, 1912, xliv, p. 376.
[27] Macleod: Diabetes, etc., pp. 64–73.
[28] Macleod: Diabetes, etc., pp. 68–72.
[29] See Biedl: Die Innere Sekretion, 1913, i, p. 464.
[30] Hoskins and Lovellette: Journal of the American Medical Association, 1914, lxiii, p. 317.
[31] See Haldane and Priestley: Journal of Physiology, 1905, xxxii, p. 255.
[32] Douglas and Haldane: Journal of Physiology, 1909, xxxix, p. 1.
[33] See Januschke and Pollak: Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 1911, lxvi, p. 205. Trendelenburg: Zentralblatt für Physiologie, 1912, xxvi, p. 1. Jackson: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1912, iv, p. 59.
[34] Cf. Hoskins and McClure: Archives of Internal Medicine, 1912, x, p. 355.
[35] Cannon and Hoskins: American Journal of Physiology, 1911, xxix, p. 275.
[36] Borberg: Skandinavisches Archiv für Physiologie, 1913, xxviii, p. 125.
[37] Starkenstein: Zeitschrift für experimentelle Pathologie und Therapie, 1911, x, p. 95.
[38] Czubalski: Zentralblatt für Physiologie, 1913, xxvii, p. 580.
[39] For evidence and for references to this literature, see Bang: Der Blutzucker, Wiesbaden, 1913, pp. 104–108.
[40] Starkenstein: Loc. cit., p. 94.
[41] Macleod: Diabetes, etc., p. 184.
[42] Zuntz: Loc. cit., p. 854.
CHAPTER XII
THE ENERGIZING INFLUENCE OF EMOTIONAL EXCITEMENT
The close relation between emotion and muscular action has long been perceived. As Sherrington[1] has pointed out, “Emotion ‘moves’ us, hence the word itself. If developed in intensity, it impels toward vigorous movement. Every vigorous movement of the body ... involves also the less noticeable coöperation of the viscera, especially of the circulatory and respiratory. The extra demand made upon the muscles that move the frame involves a heightened action of the nutrient organs which supply to the muscles the material for their energy.” The researches here reported have revealed a number of unsuspected ways in which muscular action is made more efficient because of emotional disturbances of the viscera. Every one of the visceral changes that have been noted—the cessation of processes in the alimentary canal (thus freeing the energy supply for other parts); the shifting of blood from the abdominal organs, whose activities are deferable, to the organs immediately essential to muscular exertion (the lungs, the heart, the central nervous system); the increased vigor of contraction of the heart; the quick abolition of the effects of muscular fatigue; the mobilizing of energy-giving sugar in the circulation—every one of these visceral changes is directly serviceable in making the organism more effective in the violent display of energy which fear or rage or pain may involve.