The Bases of Design

by Walter Crane

CONTENTS

CHAP.		PAGE
I	OF THE ARCHITECTURAL BASIS	[1]
II	OF THE UTILITY BASIS AND INFLUENCE	[48]
III	OF THE INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL AND METHOD	[91]
IV	OF THE INFLUENCE OF CONDITIONS IN DESIGN	[123]
V	OF THE CLIMATIC INFLUENCE IN DESIGN—CHIEFLY IN REGARD TO COLOUR AND PATTERN	[160]
VI	OF THE RACIAL INFLUENCE IN DESIGN	[191]
VII	OF THE SYMBOLIC INFLUENCE, OR EMBLEMATIC ELEMENT IN DESIGN	[222]
VIII	OF THE GRAPHIC INFLUENCE, OR NATURALISM IN DESIGN	[259]
IX	OF THE INDIVIDUAL INFLUENCE IN DESIGN	[302]
X	OF THE COLLECTIVE INFLUENCE IN DESIGN	[350]
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
		PAGE
Three typical Constructive Forms in Architecture—Lintel, Round Arch, Pointed Arch.		[5]
Gate of Mycenæ.		[6]
Imitation of Wooden Construction in Stone Tomb in Lycia.		[7]
Ornamental lines in the Frieze of the Parthenon.		[8]
Metope of the Parthenon, showing relation and proportions of the masses in relief to the ground.		[9]
The Parthenon.		[11]
The Parthenon—Eastern Pediment, sketches showing relation of lines of sculpture to angle of Pediment.		[12]
The Parthenon—Elevation showing portion of Pediment, Frieze and Columns.		[13]
Architectural influence in design of small accessories (Greek).		[15]
Section of the Colosseum.		[17]
Hanging the Festal Garland—Visit of Bacchus to Icarius.		[18]
Arch of Constantine.		[19]
Mosaic, St. Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna.		[21]
Part of Interior of Dome of St. Mark's, Venice.		[23]
Mosaic of the Empress Theodora, St. Vitale.		[24]
Anselm's Tower, Canterbury.		[27]
Transitional Arcade, South Transept, Canterbury.		[28]
Typical Forms of Arches.		[30]
Typical Forms of Gothic Geometric Foliation.		[30]
Westminster Abbey: the Nave, looking east.		[31]
Wells Cathedral, West Front.		[33]
Westminster Abbey, Fan Tracery in Henry VII.'s Chapel.		[35]
The Five Sisters of York.		[37]
Details of Tomb, Winchelsea Church (1303).		[38]
Fourteenth Century Canopied Tomb, Winchelsea Church.		[39]
Wrought-iron Railing, Wells Cathedral.		[40]
Canopied Seat and Sideboard, French Fifteenth Century.		[41]
Carved Bench-ends, Dennington Church, Suffolk.		[42]
Brocade Hanging, from the Annunciation, by Memling.		[43]
St. David's Cathedral.		[44]
Structural lines of different periods in harmonious combination, Canterbury Cathedral.		[45]
Matting.		[49]
Primitive Rush Mat.		[50]
Assyrian Border.		[50]
Assyrian enamelled Tile.		[51]
Greek Anthemion Ornament.		[52]
Wattled Fence.		[52]
Ancient Volute Ornament.		[53]
Types of Decoration derived from Thonging.		[54]
Frieze of the Temple of the Sybil at Tivoli.		[55]
Yoke of Oxen, Carrara.		[55]
Barge-board, Ightham Mote House.		[57]
Types of Gables.		[57]
Hazelford Hall, Derbyshire.		[59]
The Principle of the Dripstone.		[60]
Towers of San Gimignano.		[61]
Tower of the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence.		[63]
Tower with corner Turret, Axmouth Church, Devon.		[64]
Cut Brick Chimneys, Leigh's Priory, Essex.		[65]
Brick Chimney, Framlingham Castle.		[66]
Cast-iron Fire-dog, St. Nicholas's Hospital, Canterbury.		[67]
Cast-iron Grate Back, Bruges.		[68]
Fireplace with wrought-iron Crane, Church Farm, Hempstead, Essex.		[69]
Candlesticks.		[71]
Brass Chandelier, German Seventeenth Century.		[74]
Details of above.		[75]
Lamps, Candlestick, and Snuffers.		[77]
Drinking Vessels, etc.		[81]
German Beer Mugs.		[82]
Italian Flasks and Bottle.		[83]
Pitcher from Rothenburg.		[87]
Plate and Dish Decoration.		[87]
Typical Border Systems.		[89]
Persistent Pattern Plans, Rectangular Basis.		[89]
Corbel, Fourteenth Century, Dennington Church, Suffolk.		[92]
Misereres, St. David's Cathedral.		[93], [94]
Scandinavian Clay Vessel.		[95]
Modern Egyptian Clay Vessel.		[97]
Bronze Statue of Louis XV. by Bouchardon, showing internal Iron-work and Core.		[99]
The same, showing distribution of Ducts and Vents.		[101]
Wrought-iron Gates, St. Lawrence, Nuremberg.		[103]
Wrought-iron Fender, Tongs, Fire-dog and Shovel, Bruges.		[103]
Wrought-iron Altar Screen, St. Thomas's, Salisbury.		[104]
Wrought-iron Balustrade, Rothenburg, from a sketch by R. Phené Spiers.		[105]
Lady at a Hand Loom, from Erasmus's "Praise of Folly" (1676).		[107]
Diagrams showing the principle of the Loom.		[107]
Persian Carpet, South Kensington Museum.		[109]
Embroidery.		[114]
Facsimile of a page from the "Buch von den Sieben Todsünden" (Augsburg, 1474).		[117]
Hans Baldung Grün, facsimile of a page from "Hortulus Animæ" (Strassburg, 1511).		[118]
William Blake, "A Cradle Song".		[120]
Ceiling Papers. Designed by Walter Crane.		[124], [125], [126]
Repeating Pattern Wall-paper. Designed by Walter Crane.		[127]
Pattern Plans and Motives controlled by conditions of Position and Purpose.		[129]
Floor Motive, sketch design for inlaid wood, by Walter Crane.		[130]
Drop Repeat Wall-papers. Designed by Walter Crane.		[132], [134]
Page Plans, showing various arrangements of Text and Decorations.		[137]
Page from "The Glittering Plain" (Kelmscott Press).		[139]
Page from Spenser's "Faerie Queene" (Walter Crane).		[140]
Thirteenth Century Glass from the Sainte Chapelle, Paris (South Kensington Museum).		[142], [143], [145]
Sixteenth Century Glass from Winchester College Chapel (South Kensington Museum).		[147]
Thirteenth Century Glass Grisaille, Salisbury Cathedral.		[151]
Cartoons for Glass, showing lead design, by Ford Madox Brown.		[152], [153]
Modern Glass, designed and executed by J. S. Sparrow.		[157]
Porch of Cathedral of S. Jacopo, Pistoia.		[165]
Primitive Egyptian House, after Viollet le Duc.		[168]
Column from Temple of Luxor.		[169]
Persian Capital, influenced by Primitive Timber Construction.		[170]
Lotus Capital, Philæ.		[171]
Frieze in coloured and glazed Bricks, Palace of Susa (from the Reproduction in the South Kensington Museum), drawn by W. Cleobury.		[173]
Holy Carpet of the Mosque at Ardebil (South Kensington Museum).		[177]
Arab Casement from Cairo (South Kensington Museum), drawn by W. Cleobury.		[181]
Carved stone lattice Window from the Mosque of the Palace of Ahmedabad.		[183]
Portion of the Alhambra, drawn by Gustave Doré.		[187]
Old House in Turnov, dated 1816.		[188]
Street in Eger.		[189]
Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Tomb of Beni Hasan (XIXth Dynasty).		[195]
Altar with Offerings, Egyptian Mural Painting, Thebes.		[196]
Egyptian Wall-painting (British Museum).		[197]
Assyrian Tree of Life.		[198]
Assyrian Bas-reliefs (British Museum).		[199], [200], [201]
Assur Beni Pal, Assyrian Lions from the British Museum.		[203]
Lion modelled by Alfred Stevens and cast in iron.		[205]
Greek Stele or Head-stone.		[206]
Indian Flame Halo or Nimbus.		[207]
Persian Pomegranate forms, from a goat-hair Carpet (South Kensington Museum).		[208]
Celtic design, from a Cross at Campbeltown, Argyllshire.		[209]
Typical ornamental Forms in Persian, Indian, and Chinese designs.		[211]
Arabian Fourteenth Century carved and inlaid Pulpit, Cairo (South Kensington Museum), drawn by W. Cleobury.		[213], [215]
Panel in carved and inlaid Wood, from the Mosque of Tooloon in Cairo, Fourteenth or Fifteenth Century Saracenic.		[217]
The Fylfot or Sauvastika, and its incorporation in ornament.		[224]
Primitive Symbols, Sun, Fire, Water.		[224]
Polynesian Carved Ornament, from Hervey Island Paddle.		[225]
Polynesian Ornament—Evolution of the Zigzag.		[227]
Hindu Symbol of the Universe.		[229]
Examples of Egyptian Symbolism.		[231]
Il Nilo (Vatican, Rome).		[235]
Venus and Paris—the Apples of the Hesperides (from a relief at Wilton House).		[237]
Christian Emblem: Stags Drinking (Mausoleo di Galla Placidia, Ravenna).		[240]
Christian Emblem: Peacocks and Vine (Sarcophagus, St. Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna).		[241]
Fra Angelico, Angel (Uffizi, Florence).		[242], [243]
Orcagna, Fiends from "The Triumph of Death," Fresco (Campo Santo, Pisa).		[245]
Combat of King with Griffin (Ancient Persian Sculpture, Persepolis).		[247]
Typical Forms of Shields and of Heraldic Treatment.		[249]
Sicilian Silk Tissue, Twelfth century (South Kensington Museum).		[251]
Alciati's Emblems, designed by Solomon Bernard, Ex Bello Pax, Fortune, Ambition, Avarice.		[253], [254], [255], [256]
Prehistoric Graphic Art of the Cave Men.		[260], [261]
Egyptian Treatment of Birds (from painted Mummy Cases, British Museum).		[264]
A Fowler, Wall-painting, XIXth Dynasty (British Museum).		[265]
Japanese Graphic Art (from "The Hundred Birds of Bari").		[266], [267]
Egyptian Scribe, Portrait Statuette, Vth or VIth Dynasty (Louvre).		[269]
Sculptured Frieze discovered in the Forum, 1872.		[271]
Auxerre Cathedral, Thirteenth Century Sculpture.		[272]
Amiens Cathedral, Fourteenth Century Sculpture.		[273]
Statue of St. Martha (St. Urbain, Troyes).		[275]
Memling, "Deliverance of St. Peter" (Grimani Breviary).		[276]
Memling, "David placing the Ark in the Tabernacle" (Grimani Breviary).		[277]
Albert Dürer, "The Apocalypse".		[279]
Albert Dürer, Portrait of Erasmus (1526).		[280]
Albert Dürer, "The Cannon" (1513).		[281]
Albert Dürer, The taking down from the Cross ("Little Passion").		[283]
Hans Burgmair, Group of Knights from "The Triumphs of Maximilian".		[284]
Horned Poppy, from Fuchsius' "De Historia Stirpium" (1542).		[287]
Japanese Plant Drawing.		[288], [289]
Brass of Joris de Munter and Wife (Bruges, 1439).		[291]
Brass of King Eric Menved and Queen Ingeborg of Denmark (Ringstead, 1319).		[293]
Charles Keene, Drawing from "Punch".		[295]
Linley Sambourne, Drawing from "Punch".		[297]
Phil May, Drawing from "Punch".		[299]
Simone Memmi, Fresco containing portrait of Cimabue and Contemporaries (S. M. Novella, Florence).		[307]
Giotto, Portrait of Dante (Pretorian Palace, Florence).		[309]
Giotto, Frescoes (Arena Chapel, Padua).		[310], [311]
Giotto, Frescoes (Assisi).		[312], [313]
Niccolo Pisano, Pulpit (Baptistery, Pisa).		[315]
Orcagna, "Triumph of Death," Fresco (Campo Santo, Pisa).		[317]
Benozzo Gozzoli, Frescoes (Riccardi Chapel, Florence).		[318], [319], [320], [321]
Botticelli, Detail from "The Adoration of the Magi" (Uffizi, Florence).		[323]
Botticelli, "La Prima Vera" (Academy, Florence).		[325]
Mantegna, Bronze Monument (S. Andrea, Mantua).		[327]
Mantegna, "The Triumph of Julius Cæsar," from Andrea Andreani's woodcut.		[331]
Leonardo da Vinci, "The Last Supper" (Milan).		[335]
Leonardo da Vinci, Study for the Head of Christ.		[337]
Bust of Michael Angelo (S. Croce, Florence).		[339]
Michael Angelo, Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel ("The Creation of Man").		[341]
Michael Angelo, Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.		[343]
Michael Angelo, The Delphic Sibyl (Sistine Chapel).		[345]
Michael Angelo, Tomb of Giuliano de Medici (Florence).		[346]
Michael Angelo, Tomb of Lorenzo de Medici (Florence).		[347]
Natural variation in Repetition of Ornamental Forms—Primary School Children drawing on the blackboard, Philadelphia.		[356], [357]
Axminster Carpet Weaving.		[361]
Tapestry Carpet Weaving.		[362]
Interior of the Atelier of Etienne Delaune, Paris, 1576.		[364]
Glass Blowing.		[366]
Interior of a Printing Office, Sixteenth Century, from Jost Amman.		[367]
Gold-Tooled Bindings, by T. J. Cobden-Sanderson.		[370], [371]

OF THE BASES OF DESIGN

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