| [PART I] |
| INTRODUCTION |
| |
| [CHAPTER I] |
| Period of Sectional Controversy |
| | PAGE |
| Composition of the Population of Alabama | [3] |
| The Indians and Nullification | [8] |
| Slavery Controversy and Political Divisions | [10] |
| Emancipation Sentiment in North Alabama | [10] |
| Early Party Divisions | [11] |
| William Lowndes Yancey | [13] |
| Growth of Secession Sentiment | [14] |
| “Unionists” Successful in 1851-1852 | [16] |
| Yancey-Pryor Debate, 1858 | [17] |
| The Charleston Convention of 1860 | [18] |
| The Election of 1860 | [19] |
| Separation of the Churches, 1821-1861 | [21] |
| Senator Clay’s Farewell Speech in the Senate | [25] |
| |
| [CHAPTER II] |
| Secession from the Union |
| Secession Convention Called | [27] |
| Parties in the Convention | [28] |
| Reports on Secession | [31] |
| Debate on Secession | [31] |
| Political Theories of Members | [34] |
| Ordinance of Secession Passed | [36] |
| Confederate States Formed | [39] |
| Self-denying Ordinance | [41] |
| African Slave Trade | [42] |
| Commissioners to Other States | [46] |
| Legislation by the Convention | [49] |
| North Alabama in the Convention | [53] |
| Incidents of the Session | [56] |
| |
| [PART II] |
| WAR TIMES IN ALABAMA |
| |
| [CHAPTER III] |
| Military and Political Events |
| Military Operations | [61] |
| The War in North Alabama | [62] |
| The Streight Raid | [67] |
| Rousseau’s Raid | [68] |
| The War in South Alabama | [69] |
| Wilson’s Raid and the End of the War | [71] |
| Destruction by the Armies | [74] |
| Military Organization | [78] |
| Alabama Soldiers: Number and Character | [78] |
| Negro Troops | [86] |
| Union Troops from Alabama | [87] |
| Militia System | [88] |
| Conscription and Exemption | [92] |
| Confederate Enrolment Laws | [92] |
| Policy of the State in Regard to Conscription | [95] |
| Effect of the Enrolment Laws | [98] |
| Exemption from Service | [100] |
| Tories and Deserters | [108] |
| Conditions in North Alabama | [109] |
| Unionists, Tories, and Mossbacks | [112] |
| Growth of Disaffection | [114] |
| Outrages by Tories and Deserters | [119] |
| Disaffection in South Alabama | [122] |
| Prominent Tories and Deserters | [124] |
| Numbers of the Disaffected | [127] |
| Party Politics and the Peace Movement | [131] |
| Political Conditions, 1861-1865 | [131] |
| The Peace Society | [137] |
| Reconstruction Sentiment | [143] |
| |
| [CHAPTER IV] |
| Economic and Social Conditions |
| Industrial Development during the War | [149] |
| Military Industries | [149] |
| Manufacture of Arms | [150] |
| Nitre Making | [153] |
| Private Manufacturing Enterprises | [156] |
| Salt Making | [157] |
| Confederate Finance in Alabama | [162] |
| Banks and Banking | [162] |
| Issues of Bonds and Notes by the State | [164] |
| Special Appropriations and Salaries | [168] |
| Taxation | [169] |
| Impressment | [174] |
| Debts, Stay Laws, Sequestration | [176] |
| Trade, Barter, Prices | [178] |
| Blockade-running and Trade through the Lines | [183] |
| Scarcity and Destitution, 1861-1865 | [196] |
| The Negro during the War | [205] |
| Military Uses of Negroes | [205] |
| Negroes on the Farms | [209] |
| Fidelity to Masters | [210] |
| Schools and Colleges | [212] |
| Confederate Text-books | [217] |
| Newspapers | [218] |
| Publishing Houses | [221] |
| The Churches during the War | [223] |
| Attitude on Public Questions | [223] |
| The Churches and the Negroes | [225] |
| Federal Army and the Southern Churches | [227] |
| Domestic Life | [230] |
| Society in 1861 | [230] |
| Life on the Farm | [232] |
| Home Industries; Makeshifts and Substitutes | [234] |
| Clothes and Fashions | [236] |
| Drugs and Medicines | [239] |
| Social Life during the War | [241] |
| Negro Life | [243] |
| Woman’s Work for the Soldiers | [244] |
| |
| [PART III] |
| THE AFTERMATH OF WAR |
| |
| [CHAPTER V] |
| Social and Economic Disorder |
| Loss of Life in War | [251] |
| Destruction of Property | [253] |
| The Wreck of the Railways | [259] |
| The Interregnum: Lawlessness and Disorder | [262] |
| The Negro testing his Freedom | [269] |
| How to prove Freedom | [270] |
| Suffering among the Negroes | [273] |
| Relations between Whites and Blacks | [275] |
| Destitution and Want, 1865-1866 | [277] |
| |
| [CHAPTER VI] |
| Confiscation and the Cotton Tax |
| Confiscation Frauds | [284] |
| Restrictions on Trade in 1865 | [284] |
| Federal Claims to Confederate Property | [285] |
| Cotton Frauds and Stealing | [290] |
| Cotton Agents Prosecuted | [297] |
| Statistics of the Frauds | [299] |
| The Cotton Tax | [303] |
| |
| [CHAPTER VII] |
| The Temper of the People |
| After the Surrender | [308] |
| “Condition of Affairs in the South” | [311] |
| General Grant’s Report | [311] |
| Carl Schurz’s Report | [312] |
| Truman’s Report | [312] |
| Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction | [313] |
| The “Loyalists” | [316] |
| Treatment of Northern Men | [318] |
| Immigration to Alabama | [321] |
| Troubles of the Episcopal Church | [324] |
| |
| [PART IV] |
| PRESIDENTIAL RESTORATION |
| |
| [CHAPTER VIII] |
| First Provisional Administration |
| Theories of Reconstruction | [333] |
| Presidential Plan in Operation | [341] |
| Early Attempts at “Restoration” | [341] |
| Amnesty Proclamation | [349] |
| “Proscribing Proscription” | [356] |
| The “Restoration” Convention | [358] |
| Personnel and Parties | [358] |
| Debates on Secession and Slavery | [360] |
| “A White Man’s Government” | [364] |
| Legislation by the Convention | [366] |
| “Restoration” Completed | [367] |
| |
| [CHAPTER IX] |
| Second Provisional Administration |
| Status of the Provisional Government | [376] |
| Legislation about Freedmen | [378] |
| The Negro under the Provisional Government | [383] |
| Movement toward Negro Suffrage | [386] |
| New Conditions of Congress and Increasing Irritation | [391] |
| Fourteenth Amendment Rejected | [394] |
| Political Conditions, 1866-1867; Formation of Parties | [398] |
| |
| [CHAPTER X] |
| Military Government, 1865-1866 |
| The Military Occupation | [408] |
| The Army and the Colored Population | [410] |
| Administration of Justice by the Army | [413] |
| The Army and the White People | [417] |
| |
| [CHAPTER XI] |
| The Wards of the Nation |
| The Freedmen’s Bureau | [421] |
| Department of Negro Affairs | [421] |
| Organization of the Bureau | [423] |
| The Bureau and the Civil Authorities | [427] |
| The Bureau supported by Confiscations | [431] |
| The Labor Problem | [433] |
| Freedmen’s Bureau Courts | [437] |
| Care of the Sick | [441] |
| Issue of Rations | [442] |
| Demoralization caused by Bureau | [444] |
| The Freedmen’s Savings-bank | [451] |
| The Freedmen’s Bureau and Negro Education | [456] |
| The Failure of the Bureau System | [469] |
| |
| [PART V] |
| CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION |
| |
| [CHAPTER XII] |
| Military Government under the Reconstruction Acts |
| Administration of General John Pope | [473] |
| Military Reconstruction Acts | [473] |
| Pope’s Control of the Civil Government | [477] |
| Pope and the Newspapers | [485] |
| Trials by Military Commissions | [487] |
| Registration and Disfranchisement | [488] |
| Elections and the Convention | [491] |
| Removal of Pope and Swayne | [492] |
| Administration of General George G. Meade | [493] |
| Registration and Elections | [493] |
| Administration of Civil Affairs | [495] |
| Trials by Military Commissions | [498] |
| The Soldiers and the Citizens | [500] |
| From Martial Law to Carpet-bag Rule | [501] |
| |
| [CHAPTER XIII] |
| The Campaign of 1867 |
| Attitude of the Whites | [503] |
| Organization of the Radical Party in Alabama | [505] |
| Conservative Opposition Aroused | [512] |
| The Negro’s First Vote | [514] |
| |
| [CHAPTER XIV] |
| The “Reconstruction” Convention |
| Character of the Convention | [517] |
| The Race Question | [521] |
| Debates on Disfranchisement of Whites | [524] |
| Legislation by the Convention | [528] |
| |
| [CHAPTER XV] |
| The “Reconstruction” Completed |
| “Convention” Candidates | [531] |
| Campaign on the Constitution | [534] |
| Vote on the Constitution | [538] |
| The Constitution fails of Adoption | [541] |
| The Alabama Question in Congress | [547] |
| Alabama readmitted to the Union | [550] |
| |
| [CHAPTER XVI] |
| The Union League of America |
| Origin of the Union League | [553] |
| Its Extension to the South | [556] |
| Ceremonies of the League | [559] |
| Organization and Methods | [561] |
| |
| [PART VI] |
| CARPET-BAG AND NEGRO RULE |
| |
| [CHAPTER XVII] |
| Taxation and the Public Debt |
| Taxation during Reconstruction | [571] |
| Administrative Expenses | [574] |
| Effect on Property Values | [578] |
| The Public Bonded Debt | [580] |
| The Financial Settlement | [583] |
| |
| [CHAPTER XVIII] |
| Railroad Legislation and Frauds |
| Federal and State Aid to Railroads before the War | [587] |
| General Legislation in Aid of Railroads | [589] |
| The Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad | [591] |
| Other Indorsed Railroads | [600] |
| County and Town Aid to Railroads | [604] |
| |
| [CHAPTER XIX] |
| Reconstruction in the Schools |
| School System before Reconstruction | [607] |
| School System of Reconstruction | [609] |
| Reconstruction of the State University | [612] |
| Trouble in the Mobile Schools | [618] |
| Irregularities in School Administration | [621] |
| Objections to the Reconstruction Education | [624] |
| Negro Education | [625] |
| Failure of the Educational System | [632] |
| |
| [CHAPTER XX] |
| Reconstruction in the Churches |
| “Disintegration and Absorption” Policy | [637] |
| The Methodists | [637] |
| The Baptists | [640] |
| The Presbyterians | [641] |
| The Churches and the Negro during Reconstruction | [642] |
| The Baptists and the Negroes | [643] |
| The Presbyterians and the Negroes | [646] |
| The Roman Catholics | [647] |
| The Episcopalians | [647] |
| The Methodists and the Negroes | [648] |
| |
| [CHAPTER XXI] |
| The Ku Klux Revolution |
| Causes of the Ku Klux Movement | [654] |
| Secret Societies of Regulators before Ku Klux Klan | [659] |
| Origin and Growth of Ku Klux Klan | [661] |
| The Knights of the White Camelia | [671] |
| The Work of the Secret Orders | [675] |
| Ku Klux Orders and Warnings | [680] |
| Ku Klux “Outrages” | [686] |
| Success of the Ku Klux Movement | [690] |
| Spurious Ku Klux Organizations | [691] |
| Attempts to suppress the Ku Klux Movement | [694] |
| State Legislation | [695] |
| Enforcement Acts | [697] |
| Ku Klux Investigation | [703] |
| Later Ku Klux Organizations | [709] |
| |
| [CHAPTER XXII] |
| Reorganization of the Industrial System |
| Break-up of the Ante-bellum System | [710] |
| The Freedmen’s Bureau System | [717] |
| Northern and Foreign Immigration | [718] |
| Attempts to organize a New System | [721] |
| Development of the Share and Credit Systems | [723] |
| Superiority of White Farmers | [727] |
| Decadence of the Black Belt | [731] |
| |
| [CHAPTER XXIII] |
| Political and Social Conditions during Reconstruction |
| Politics and Political Methods | [733] |
| The First Reconstruction Administration | [733] |
| Reconstruction Judiciary | [744] |
| Campaign of 1868 | [747] |
| The Administration of Governor Lindsay | [750] |
| The Administration of Governor Lewis | [754] |
| Election of Spencer to the United States Senate | [755] |
| Social Conditions during Reconstruction | [761] |
| Statistics of Crime | [762] |
| Social Relations of Negroes | [763] |
| Carpet-baggers and Scalawags | [765] |
| Social Effects of Reconstruction on the Whites | [766] |
| Economic Conditions | [769] |
| |
| [CHAPTER XXIV] |
| The Overthrow of Reconstruction |
| The Republican Party in 1874 | [771] |
| Whites desert the Party | [771] |
| The Demand of the Negro for Social Rights | [772] |
| Disputes among Radical Editors | [773] |
| Demand of Negroes for Office | [773] |
| Factions within the Party | [774] |
| Negroes in 1874 | [775] |
| Promises made to them | [775] |
| Negro Social and Political Clubs | [776] |
| Negro Democrats | [777] |
| The Democratic and Conservative Party in 1874 | [778] |
| Attitude of the Whites toward the Blacks | [779] |
| The Color Line Drawn | [780] |
| “Independent” Candidates | [781] |
| The Campaign of 1874 | [782] |
| Platforms and Candidates | [782] |
| “Political Bacon” | [783] |
| “Hays-Hawley Letter” | [786] |
| Intimidation by Federal Authorities | [789] |
| Intimidation by Democrats | [791] |
| The Election of 1874 | [793] |
| The Eufaula Riot | [794] |
| Results of the Election | [795] |
| Later Phases of State Politics | [798] |
| Whites make Secure their Control | [798] |
| The “Lily Whites” and the “Black and Tans” | [799] |
| The Failure of the Populist Movement | [799] |
| The Primary Election System | [800] |
| The Negroes Disfranchised | [800] |
| |
| Successes and Failures of Reconstruction | [801] |
| |
| Appendices: |
| Cotton Production in Alabama, 1860-1900 | [804] |
| Registration of Voters under the New Constitution | [806] |
| |
| Index | [809] |