TUBULAR FORMS

Not only are there tubular pipes, but there are also tubular forms which apparently are not pipes. I show numbers of these in Figs. 394 and 398. Fig. 394 illustrates a number of steatite beads from the collection of H. K. Deisher, Kutztown, Pennsylvania.

Cylindrical forms may be said to begin with the beads and end with the long tubular objects, which are really pipes.

Fig. 393 A (S. 1–3.) Engraved discs from Arkansas Post, Arkansas. H. L. Stoddard’s collection.

Fig. 394. (S. 1–1.) H. K. Deisher’s collection, Kutztown, Pennsylvania.

Various uses have been assigned these and I have commented in so many of my writings on tubes, that one would tell an old story to repeat all that has been said. It suffices to say, that passing from the bead class to larger objects, the size of marbles, these may have been worn as stone beads. But these stone objects are usually made of banded slate. They may be oval in outline, such as Fig. 395, or long and slender, as Fig. 396. Again, some are grooved, others flattened, others rounded, and yet some are square.

Fig. 395. (S. 1–3.) Collection of H. K. Deisher, Kutztown, Pennsylvania. Material: red granite.

In Fig. 396 are seven from the Andover collection. In the lower left-hand corner is the short, small tube or large bead, with a curious depression, the purpose of which is unknown. In Mr. Deisher’s specimen, Fig. 395, the depression is longer and the groove extends from end to end.

In the upper left-hand corner of Fig. 396 is a tube with a broad, shallow groove, and concave sides.

Sometimes there are specimens found here and there in the country which seem to be more pipe-like than tube-like in character. I present one of these in Fig. 397, from the collection of Mr. G. P. Chandler, Knoxville, Tennessee.

This specimen is of fine sandstone. The drilling makes it appear as an hour-glass. It was impossible to photograph the openings in this specimen, there being no contrast, and therefore it is drawn. One of the openings is about one fourth of an inch larger than the other. There is a band about the centre of the stone. Mr. Chandler kindly presented the specimen to me for our Andover collection.

In Fig. 398, I present three large tube-like stones—perhaps pipes. This form, called by some of the early writers, “telescope,” is fairly common throughout the South. What they were used for, no one knows. I think the general explanation that they were shamans’ charms used in incantations, whereby the evil spirit was drawn from the bodies of the sick, is as good as any. We know that bone and wooden tubes were used for such purposes in historic times and these may have been also made use of in prehistoric times.

Fig. 396. (S. 2–3.) Phillips Academy collection.

Fig. 397. (S. 2–3.) Phillips Academy collection. Drawn by George P. Chandler, Knoxville, Tennessee.

Fig. 398. (S. 1–2.) Stone tubes. The two upper specimens are of steatite, and the lower one is of hard clay stone. B. H. Young’s collection, Louisville, Kentucky.

[1]. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin no. 30, pt. 1, Washington, D. C.

[2]. Pages 16 to 22.

[3]. See Boas, in 6th Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 399–669 (1884); Murdoch, in 9th Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 133–617 (1887); and Report of the National Museum for 1884, pp. 307–316.

[4]. American Anthropologist, vol. IV, no. 1, p. 108.

[5]. For further account of these implements, see the article by the writer in American Naturalist, vol. XV, p. 425.

[6]. See vol. I, Fig. 64 (p. [185]), and plate XIV, Fig. 1.

[7]. Roland B. Dixon, The Northern Maidu (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1905, vol. XVII, Fig. 5, p. 135).

[8]. See 17th Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology.

[9]. Relation, pp. 75, 78; New York, 1871.

[10]. “Some of the South American natives cut the lobes of their ears, and for a considerable time fastened small weights to them, in order to lengthen them; that others cut holes in their upper and under lips; through the cartilage of the nose, their chins and jaws, and either hung or thrust through them, such things as they most fancied, which also agrees with the ancient customs of our Northern Indians.” History of the American Indians, p. 213; London, 1775.

[11]. “En d’autres endroits de l’Amérique, quelques Nations se percent le nez, entre les deux narines, d’où ils font dépendre quelques joli vetez; ... et d’autres sur leurs lèvres pendantes et renversées, et tout cela pour contenter leurs yeux, et pour trouver le point de la beauté.” Jesuit Relation, 1658, p. 30.

[12]. “Leurs narines ne sont jamais percées, et il n’y a que parmi quelques Nations, qu’elles se percent les oreilles.” Charlevoix, VI, p. 43. As to the existence of these customs, cf. Lafitau, III, p. 53; Sagard, p. 135; Carver, p. 227; Loskiel, p. 49; Marquette, p. 48; Iberville, p. 72; in Hist. Coll. Louisiana, 1875; Adair, p. 171.

[13]. Mémoire sur les Mœurs, Coustumes et Religion des Sauvages de l’Amérique Septentrionale, p. 30; Leipzig et Paris, 1864.

[14]. Lafitau, III, p. 53; Adair, p. 171.

[15]. Compare Jesuit Relations, 1658, p. 30; Adair, p. 171; Carver, p. 277; Loskiel, Indians of North America, p. 49; Lafitau, III, p. 49; Bartram, p. 499.

[16]. Adair, North American Indians, p. 171; London, 1775.

[17]. Heckwelder, Indian Nations, p. 207; Philadelphia, 1876.

[18]. Voyage des Hurons, I, p. 135; Paris, 1865. Radisson, Voyages, in Prince Society Publications, pp. 146, 226.

[19]. Loskiel, p. 49; London, 1794.

[20]. Carver, Travels, p. 227; London, 1778.

[21]. Adair, p. 171. Among the articles traded to the Indians at different times, mention is made of nose crosses.

[22]. Lafitau, III, pp. 49, 53; Charlevoix, VI, p. 43; Sagard, p. 133.

[23]. Wood, New England’s Prospect, p. 74, Prince Society Publications; Plaine Dealing, or Newes from New England, in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, p. 103; Father Rasle, in Kip, Jesuit Missions, p. 38.

[24]. Loskiel, Indians of North America, pp. 49, 52; Beverly, Virginie, plate II; First Voyage to America, in Hakluyt, II, p. 286; Edinburgh, 1889.

[25]. Lawson, Carolina, p. 193.

[26]. Lafitau, III, pp. 49, 50; Brereton, p. 90, in vol. VIII of Third Series, Massachusetts Historical Society Collections; Adair, p. 171; Radisson, Voyages, loc. cit., p. 146; Verrazzano, loc. cit., p. 401; First Voyage to America, in Hakluyt, II, p. 286; Edinburgh, 1889.

[27]. De Bry, Brevis Narratio, quoted in Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 521; New York, 1873.

[28]. Du Pratz, Louisiane, II, p. 195.

[29]. Historie of Travaile into Virginia, pp. 57, 67. Compare Captain Smith, Virginia, p. 130; Hariot, plates III, IV, VII; London, 1893; Brevis Narratio, in De Bry, plate XIV; Geo. Percy, in Purchas’ Pilgrims, IV, p. 1687.

[30]. Jesuit Relations, 1633, p. 35; Megapolensis, loc. cit., p. 154; Cartier, in Early English Voyages to America, II, p. 43; Laudonnière, in same, p. 413; Champlain, I, p. 380; Lafitau, I, p. 201.

[31]. Frazer, Totemism, p. 26; Edinburgh, 1887. “They differ from each other in the mode of dressing their heads, each following the custom of the nation or band to which they belong, and adhering to the form made use of by their ancestors from time immemorial.” Carver, Travels, p. 229. Cf. Miss Fletcher, Journal of American Folk-Lore, vol. I, no. 11, pp. 116, et seq., for modes of cutting hair among Omahas; and Hariot, plate XI, for statement as to medicine-man. See Captain Smith, p. 139, for an account of the snake-skin head-dress of the chief Priest.

[32]. Lafitau, III, p. 50. Cf. Adair, p. 8, for same custom among Southern tribes.

[33]. Strachey, loc. cit., p. 67. Cf. First Voyage, in Hakluyt, II, pp. 286 et seq., for account of copper pendants, sometimes five or six in either ear, and red pieces of copper on the head.

[34]. Charlevoix, VI, p. 42.

[35]. Du Pratz, II, p. 197.

[36]. Hariot, plates IV, VI, and VII.

[37]. “A quantity of pearls amounting to six or seven arrobes.” Biedma, in Historical Collections of Louisiana, part II, p. 101. “In her eares bracelets of pearls hanging down to her middle.” Voyages of English Nation to America, in Hakluyt, II, p. 286. In same, p. 304, it is said, “not only his own skinnes that hee weareth, and the better sort of his gentlemen and followers are full set with the sayd Pearle, but also his beds, and houses are garnished with them, and that hee hath such quantitie of them, that it is a wonder to see.” “Bracelets of real pearls; but they pierce them when hot and thus spoil them.” Membré, loc. cit., p. 183. Cf. Shea, Early Voyages, p. 86, and in same, p. 140, Father Gravier says, “the chief’s wife had some small pearls ... but about seven or eight which are as large as small peas.” Cf. Captain Smith, loc. cit., pp. 138, 144, 191, etc.; Strachey, pp. 54, 132; Tonti, loc. cit., p. 62.

[38]. Knight of Elvas, loc. cit., p. 144. Cf. Garcilaso de la Vega, I, pp. 424, 434; and in vol. II, pp. 5 et seq., there is an account of the way in which the Indians extracted pearls from shells; Paris, 1670.

[39]. First Voyage, in Hakluyt, II, pp. 286, 334; Edinburgh, 1889.

[40]. “De tout ce que je vient de dire de la manière de s’orner, on conclura aisément, que les Sauvages, au lieu d’ajouter à leur beauté naturelle, (car ils sont presque tous bien faits,) travaillent à se rendre laids & à se défigurer. Cela est vrai aussi; cependant quand ils sont bien parez à leur mode, l’assemblage bizarre de tous leurs ornemens, non seulement n’a rien qui choque, mais il a un je ne sçai quoi qui plaît, & leur donne de la bonne grace.” Lafitau, Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains, tome III, p. 57; Paris, 1724.

[41]. October, 1902, p. 15.

[42]. University of Pennsylvania, Bulletin Series, 1901.

[43]. Prehistoric Implements, p. 280.

[44]. 24th Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1906.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

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[197]point, and it was doubtless used as a hand-hatchet, mounted as is Fig. 176.point, and it was doubtless used as a hand-hatchet, mounted as in Fig. 176.