5. Figures of Speech
M. 11–14; 55–60; 97–104; 152–159. BI, 135–233.
(See Bradley, Classification of Rhetorical Figures, Modern Language Notes, Vol. I, pp. 280–284.)
A. TERM FIGURES (accentuated designation of object of thought).
I. Figure of Contrast.
1. Antithesis.
II. Figures of Resemblance.
1. Simile (resemblance affirmed).
2. Metaphor (resemblance assumed).
3. Personification (resemblance of inanimate to animate).
III. Figures of Contiguity and Association.
1. Synecdoche (part and whole, genus and species).
2. Antonomasia (individual with type of its class).
3. Metonymy (sign or symbol, cause and effect).
4. Transferred epithet (fancied sympathy or participation).
B. MODAL FIGURES (accentuated statement of proposition).
I. Interrogation.
II. Exclamation.
III. Apostrophe (absent addressed as if present).
IV. Vision (absent represented as if present).
V. Hyperbole (statement stronger than intent).
VI. Innuendo (statement weaker than intent).
VII. Irony (statement negatory to intent).
C. SENTENCE AND PARAGRAPH FIGURES (Co-ordination and gradation of terms or propositions):
I. Figures of Co-ordination.
1. Balance.
2. Parallelism.
II. Figures of Gradation.
1. Climax (ascending series).
2. Anticlimax (descending series).