HYMENOPTERA
Adult insect with four, usually transparent, wings, wanting in some species. Mouth parts adapted for biting and sucking; palpi small; tarsi four or five-segmented. Metamorphosis complete. Parasitic four-winged flies, ants, bees, and wasps.
SIPHUNCULATA AND HEMIPTERA
a. Legs with claws fitted for clinging to hairs; wings wanting; spiracles of the abdomen on the dorsal surface. (= ANOPLURA = PARASITICA) SIPHUNCULATA.
b. Legs not modified into clinging hooks; tibia and tarsus very long and slender; tibia without thumb-like process; antennæ five-segmented. Hæmatomyzidæ Endr.
Hæmatomyzus elephantis on the elephant.
bb. Legs modified into clinging hooks; tibia and tarsus usually short and stout; tibia with a thumb-like process; head not anteriorly prolonged, tube-like.
c. Body depressed; a pair of stigmata on the mesothorax, and abdominal segments three to eight; antennæ three to five-segmented.
d. Eyes large, projecting, distinctly pigmented; pharynx short and broad; fulturæ (inner skeleton of head) very strong and broad, with broad arms; proboscis short, scarcely attaining the thorax. Pediculidæ
e. Antennæ three-segmented. A few species occurring upon old world monkeys. Pedicinis Gerv.
ee. Antennæ five-segmented.
f. All legs stout; thumb-like process of the tibia very long and slender, beset with strong spines, fore legs stouter than the others; abdomen elongate, segments without lateral processes; the divided telson with a conical process posteriorly upon the ventral side. Pediculus L.
g. Upon man.
h. Each abdominal segment dorsally with from one to three more or less regular transverse rows of small setæ; antenna about as long as the width of the head. Head louse ([fig. 65]). P. humanus.
hh. "No transverse rows of abdominal setæ; antenna longer than the width of the head; species larger." Piaget. Body louse of man. P. corporis.
gg. Upon apes and other mammals. P. pusitatus (?).
ff. Fore legs delicate, with very long and slender claws; other legs very stout with short and stout claws; thumb-like process of the tibia short and stout; abdomen very short and broad; segment one to five closely crowded, thus the stigmata of segments three to five apparently lying in one segment; segments five to eight with lateral processes; telson without lateral conical appendages ([fig. 69]). Crab louse of man. Phthirus pubis.
dd. Eyes indistinct or wanting; pharynx long and slender, fulturæ very slender and closely applied to the pharynx; proboscis very long. Several genera found upon various mammals. Hæmatopinidæ.
cc. Body swollen; meso- and metathorax, and abdominal segments two to eight each with a pair of stigmata; eyes wanting; antennæ four or five-segmented; body covered with stout spines. Three genera found upon marine mammals. Echinophthiriidæ
aa. Legs fitted for walking or jumping; spiracles of abdomen usually ventral; beak segmented.
b. Apex of head usually directed anteriorly; beak arising from its apex; sides of the face remote from the front coxæ; first pair of wings when present thickened at base, with thinner margins. HETEROPTERA
c. Front tarsi of one segment, spade-form (palæformes); beak short, at most two-segmented; intermediate legs long, slender; posterior pair adapted for swimming. Corixidæ
cc. Front tarsi rarely one-segmented, never spade-form; beak free, at least three-segmented.
d. Pulvilli wanting.
e. Hemelytra usually with a distinct clavus ([fig. 159]), clavus always ends behind the apex of the scutellum, forming the commissure. (Species having the wings much reduced or wanting should be sought for in both sections.)
f. Antennæ very short; meso- and metasternum composite; eyes always present.
g. Ocelli present; beak four-segmented. Ochteridæ and Nerthridæ.
gg. Ocelli wanting; antennæ more or less hidden in a groove.
h. Anterior coxæ inserted at or near anterior margin of the prosternum; front legs raptorial; beak three-segmented. Belostomidæ (with swimming legs), Nepidæ, Naucoridæ.
i. Metasternum without a median longitudinal keel; antennæ always four-segmented.
j. Beak short, robust, conical; the hairy fleck on the corium elongate, large, lying in the middle between the inner angle of the membrane and the outer vein parallel to the membrane margin; membrane margin S-shaped.
k. The thick fore femur with a relatively deep longitudinal furrow to receive the tibia. Several American species ([fig. 19f.]). Belostoma (= Lethocerus Mayer)
kk. The less thickened fore femur without such a furrow. B. griseus. Benacus Stäl.
jj. Beak slender, cylindrical; the hairy spot on the corium rounded lying next to the inner angle of the membrane.
k. Membrane large, furrow of the embolium broadened. Z. aurantiacum, fluminea, etc. Zaitha
kk. Membrane very short; furrow of embolium not broadened. Western genus. Pedinocoris
ii. Metasternum with a long median longitudinal keel. Southwestern forms. Abedus ovatus and Deniostoma dilatato
hh. Anterior coxæ inserted at the posterior margin of the prosternum; legs natatorial. Back swimmers ([fig. 19 b.]). Notonectidæ
i. Apices of the hemelytra entire; the three pairs of legs similar in shape; beak three-segmented; abdomen not keeled or hairy. Plea Leach
ii. Apices of hemelytra notched; legs dissimilar; beak four-segmented; abdomen keeled and hairy.
j. Hemelytra usually much longer than the abdomen; fourth segment of the antenna longer than the third segment; hind tarsi with claws. Bueno Kirk.
jj. Hemelytra but little longer than the abdomen; fourth segment of the antenna shorter than the third segment; hind tarsi without claws ([fig. 19b]). Notonecta L.
ff. Antennæ longer than the head; or if shorter, then the eyes and ocelli absent.
g. Eyes, ocelli, and scutellum wanting; beak three-segmented; head short; hemelytra always short; membrane wanting. Insects parasitic on bats. Polyctenidæ
gg. Eyes present.
h. First two antennal segments very short, last two long, pilose, third thickened at the base; ocelli present, veins of the hemelytra forming cells. Dipsocoridæ (= Ceratocombidæ) including Schizopteridæ.
hh. Third segment of the antenna not thickened at the base, second as long or longer than the third, rarely shorter.
i. Posterior coxæ hinged (cardinate), if rarely rotating, the cuneus is severed, the membrane is one or two-celled, and the meso- and metasternum are composite.
j. Ocelli absent, clypeus dilated toward the apex; hemelytra always short, membrane wanting. Species parasitic. Bed bugs, etc. Cimicidæ
k. Beak short, reaching to about the anterior coxæ; scutellum acuminate at the apex; lateral margin of the elytra but little reflexed, apical margin more or less rounded; intermediate and posterior coxæ very remote.
l. Body covered with short hairs, only the sides of the pronotum and the hemelytra fringed with longer hairs; antennæ with the third and fourth segments very much more slender than the first and second; pronotum with the anterior margin very deeply sinuate. Cimex L.
m. Sides of the pronotum widely dilated, broader than the breadth of one eye, and densely fringed with backward curved hairs; apical margin of the hemelytra nearly straight, rounded toward the interior or exterior angles.
n. Body covered with very short hairs; second segment of the antenna shorter than the third; sides of the pronotum feebly reflexed, fringed with shorter hairs than the breadth of one eye; hemelytra with the commissural (inner) margin rounded and shorter than the scutellum, apical margin rounded towards the interior angle. The common bed bug ([fig. 19h]). C. lectularius Linn
nn. Body covered with longer hairs; second and third segments of the antenna of equal length; side of the pronotum narrowly, but distinctly, reflexed, fringed with longer hairs than the breadth of one eye; hemelytra with the commissural margin straight and longer than the scutellum, apical margin rounded towards the exterior angle. Species found on bats in various parts of the United States. C. pillosellus Hov.
mm. Sides of the pronotum neither dilated, nor reflexed, fringed with less dense and nearly straight hairs; hemelytra with the apical margin distinctly rounded. Parasitic on man, birds and bats. Occurs in the old world, Brazil and the West Indies. C. hemipterus Fabr. (= rotundatus)
ll. Body clothed with rather longer silky hairs; third and fourth segments of the antenna somewhat more slender than the first and second; anterior margin of the pronotum very slightly sinuate or nearly straight in the middle, produced at the lateral angles. This is the species which in American collections is known as C. hirundinis, the latter being an old world form. It is found in swallows nests. O. vicarius. Oeciacus Stäl
kk. Beak long, reaching to the posterior coxæ; scutellum rounded at the apex; lateral margins of the elytra strongly reflexed, apical margin slightly sinuate toward the middle; intermediate and posterior coxæ sub-contiguous. This species infests poultry in southwest United States and in Mexico. H. inodorus. Hæmatosiphon Champ.
jj. Ocelli present, if rarely absent in the female, then the tarsus has two segments; or if with three tarsal segments, the wing membrane with one or two cells.
k. Beak four-segmented, or with two-segmented tarsi. Isometopidæ, Microphysidæ, and some Capsidæ.
kk. Beak three-segmented.
l. Hemelytra with embolium; head horizontal, more or less conical; membrane with one to four veins, rarely wanting. Anthocoridæ
Several species of this family affecting man have been noted, Anthocoris kingi and congolense, from Africa and Lyctocoris campestris from various parts of the world. Lyctocoris fitchii Reuter ([fig. 19 j]), later considered by Reuter as a variety of L. campestris, occurs in the United States.
ll. Hemelytra without embolium. Superfamily Acanthioidea (= Saldæ Fieber and Leptopodæ Fieber)
ii. Posterior coxæ rotating.
j. Claws preapical; aquatic forms. Gerridæ and Veliadæ
jj. Claws apical.
k. Prosternum without stridulatory sulcus (notch for beak).
l. Tarsus with three segments; membrane with two or three longitudinal cells from which veins radiate; rarely with free longitudinal veins (Arachnocoris) or veins nearly obsolete (Arbela); clavus and corium coriaceous; ocelli rarely absent. Nabidæ
Reduviolus (= Coriscus) subcoleoptratus ([fig. 19 g]), a species belonging to this family, occurring in the United States, has been accused of biting man. This insect is flat, of a jet black color, bordered with yellow on the sides of the abdomen, and with yellowish legs. It is predaceous, feeding on other insects.
ll. With other combinations of characters. Hydrometridæ, Henicocephalidæ, Næogeidæ, Mesoveliadæ, Joppeicidæ
kk. Prosternum with stridulatory sulcus (notch for beak); with three segments, short, strong.
l. Antennæ filiform or sometimes more slender apically, geniculate; wing membrane with two or three large basal cells; scutellum small or moderate Reduviidæ
For a key to the genera and species see [next page].
ll. Last antennal segment clavate or fusiform; win membrane with the veins often forked and anastomosing; scutellum large; tarsi each with two segments; fore legs strong. (= Phymatidæ) Macrocephalidæ
ee. Clavus noticeably narrowed towards the apex, never extending beyond the scutellum, the two not meeting to form a commissure; head horizontal, much prolonged between the antennæ, on each side with an antennal tubercle, sometimes acute; ocelli absent; meso- and metasternum simple; tarsi each with two segments; body flattened ([fig. 19c]). Aradidæ, including Dysodiidæ.
dd. Pulvilli present (absent in one Australian family Thaumatocoridæ in which case there is a membranous appendage at the tip of the tibia). Capsidæ (= Miridæ),[G] Eotrechus (in family Gerridæ), Næogaidæ, Tingitidæ, Piesmidæ, Myodochidæ, Corizidæ, Coreidæ, Alydidæ, Pentatomidæ, Scutelleridæ, etc.
bb. Apex of head directed ventrally, beak arising from the hinder part of the lower side of the head; sides of face contiguous to the front coxæ; first pair of wings, when present, of uniform thickness. Cicadas, scale insects, plant lice (Aphids), spittle-insects, leaf hoppers, etc. HOMOPTERA
Reduviidæ of the United States
(Adapted from a key given by Fracker).
a. Ocelli none; wings and hemelytra always present in the adults; no discodial areole in the corium near the apex of the clavus. Orthometrops decorata, Oncerotrachelus acuminatus, etc., Pennsylvania and south. Sarcinæ
aa. Ocelli present in the winged individuals; anterior coxæ not as long as the femora.
b. Hemelytra without a quadrangular or discoidal areole in the corium near the apex of the clavus.
c. Ocelli not farther cephalad than the caudal margins of the eyes; segment two of the antenna single.
d. Thorax usually constricted caudad of the middle; anterior coxæ externally flat or concave. Piratinæ
e. Middle tibiæ without spongy fossa, head long, no lateral tubercle on neck. S. stria, Carolina, Ill., Cal. Sirthenia Spinola
ee. Middle tibiæ with spongy fossa; fore tibiæ convex above; neck with a small tubercle on each side.
f. Apical portion of anterior tibiæ angularly dilated beneath, the spongy fossa being preceded by a small prominence. Melanolestes Stäl
g. Black, with piceous legs and antennæ. N. E. States ([fig. 19a]) M. picipes
gg. Sides, and sometimes the whole dorsal surface of the abdomen red. Ill., and southward. M. abdominalis
ff. Tibiæ not dilated as in "f"; spongy fossa elongate; metapleural sulci close to the margin. R. biguttatus ([fig. 22]). South. Rasahus A. and S.
dd. Thorax constricted in the middle or cephalad of the middle; anterior tarsi each three-segmented.
e. Apex of the scutellum narrow, without spines or with a single spine Reduviinæ
f. Antennæ inserted in the lateral or dorso-lateral margins of the head; antenniferous tubercles slightly projecting from the sides of the head; head produced strongly cephalad; ocelli at least as far apart as the eyes.
g. Antennæ inserted very near the apex of the head; segments one and three of the beak short, segment two nearly four times as long as segment one. R. prolixus. W. I. Rhodnius Stäl
gg. Antennæ inserted remote from the vertex of the head.
h. Body slightly hairy; pronotum distinctly constricted; angles distinct; anterior lobe four-tuberculate, with the middle tubercles large and conical. M. phyllosoma, large species the southwest. Meccus Stäl
hh. Body smooth, margin of the pronotum sinuous, scarcely constricted; anterior lobe lined with little tubercles. Conorhinus Lap.
i. Surface of the pronotum and prosternum more or less granular.
j. Eyes small, head black; body very narrow, a fifth as wide as long; beak reaches the middle of the prosternum. California. C. protractus
jj. Eyes large, head fuscous; body at least a fourth as wide as long. Southern species. C. rubrofasciatus
ii. Pronotum and prosternum destitute of granules.
j. Border of abdomen entirely black except for a narrow yellowish spot at the apex of one segment. Texas C. gerstaeckeri
jj. Border of abdomen otherwise marked.
k. Beak slender, joints one and two slightly pilose, two more than twice as long as one; tubercles at the apical angles of the pronotum slightly acute, conical. Md. to Ill. and south. The masked bed bug hunter ([fig. 71]). C. sanguisugus
kk. Beak entirely pilose, joint two a third longer than joint one; joint one much longer than three; tubercles at the apical angles of pronotum slightly elevated, obtuse. Ga., Ill., Tex., Cal. C. variegatus
ff. Antenna inserted on top of the head between margins, close to the eyes; antenniferous tubercles not projecting from the side of the head.
g. Anterior lobe of the pronotum with a bispinous or bituberculate disc; femora unarmed. S. arizonica, S. bicolor. Southwestern species. Spiniger Burm.
gg. Disc of pronotum unarmed; apex of scutellum produced into a spine; ocelli close to the eyes; eyes large and close together. Reduvius Lamarck
h. Color piceous. Widely distributed in the United States. ([Fig. 20]). R. personatus
hh. More or less testaceous in color. Southwestern states R. senilis
ee. Apex of scutellum broad, with two or three spines. Ectrichodiinæ
f. First segment of the antenna about as long as the head. E. cruciata
Pa. and south; E. cinctiventris, Tex. and Mex. Ectrichodia L. et S.
ff. First segment of the antennæ short. P. æneo-nitens. South Pothea A. et S.
cc. Ocelli cephalad of the hind margins of the eyes; first segment of the antennæ stout, second segment divided into many smaller segments. South and west. Homalocoris maculicollis, and Hammatocerus purcis. Hammatocerinæ
bb. Hemelytra with a quadrangular or discoidal areole in the corium near the apex of the clavus ([fig. 159e]).
c. Anal areole of the membrane not extending as far proximad as the costal areole; basal segment of the antenna thickened, porrect; the other segments slender, folding back beneath the head and the first segment. Stenopodinæ
d. Head armed with a ramous or furcate spine below each side, caudad of the eyes.
e. First segment of the antenna thickened, apex produced in a spine beyond the insertion of the second segment. Species from Va., Ill. and south. Pnirontis Stäl.
ee. First segment of the antenna not produced beyond the insertion of the second segment. Pygolampis, N. E. states and south; Gnathobleda, S. W. and Mex.
dd. Head unarmed below or armed with a simple spine; rarely with a subfurcate spine at the side of the base. Carolina, Missouri and south. Stenopoda, Schumannia, Diaditus, Narvesus, Oncocephalus
cc. Anal areole of membrane extending farther proximad than the costal areole.
d. Ocelli farther apart than the eyes. A. crassipes, widely distributed in the United States; other species occur in the southwest. Apiomerus Hahn.
dd. Ocelli not so far apart as the eyes. Zelinæ
e. Sides of mesosternum without a tubercle or fold in front.
f. Fore femur as long as or longer than the hind femur; first segment of the beak much shorter than the second. Z. audax, in the north eastern states; other species south and west. Zelus Fabr.
ff. Fore femur shorter than the hind femur, rarely of equal length, in this case the first segment of the beak as long or longer than the second.
g. First segment of the beak shorter than the second; fore femur a little shorter than the hind femur; the first segment of the beak distinctly longer than the head before the eyes. P. cinctus a widely distributed species ([fig. 160]). P. punctipes, P. spinicollis, Cal., Mex. (= Milyas) Pselliopus Berg.
gg. First segment of the beak as long or longer than the second.
h. Pronotum armed with spines on the disc.
i. Juga distinctly prominent at the apex and often acute or subacute; fore femur distinctly thickened; hemelytra usually not reaching the apex of the abdomen. Fitchia aptera, N. Y., south and west; F. spinosula, South; Rocconata annulicornis, Texas, etc.
ii. Juga when prominent, obtuse at apex; eyes full width of the head; fore femur not thickened; pronotum with four spines on posterior lobe. R. taurus, Pa., south and west Repipta Stäl.
hh. Pronotum unarmed on the disc.
i. Spines on each apical angle of the penultimate abdominal segment. A. cinereus, Pa., and south. Atrachelus A. et S.
ii. Apical angle of the penultimate abdominal segment unarmed. Fitchia (in part); Castolus ferox, Arizona.
ee. Sides of the mesosternum with a tubercle of fold in front at the hind angles of the prosternum; first segment of the beak longer than the part of the head cephalad of the eyes.
f. Fore femur thickened, densely granulated; hind femur unarmed.
g. Fore tibiæ each with three long spines on the ventral side. S. diadema ([fig. 159e]), a widely distributed species; and several southwestern species. Sinea A. et S.
gg. Fore tibiæ unarmed. A. multispinosa, widely distributed; A. tabida, Cal. Acholla Stäl.
ff. Fore femur unarmed, rarely a little thickened, a little granulated.
g. Pronotum produced caudad over the scutellum, with a high mesal tuberculate ridge ([fig. 19e]). A. cristatus. N. Y. to Cal. and south. Arilus Hahn.
gg. Caudal lobe of the pronotum six sided, neither elevated nor produced caudad. H. americanus, Southwest; also several W. I. and Mexican genera. Harpactor
DIPTERA (Mosquitoes, Midges, Flies)
a. Integument leathery, abdominal segments indistinct; wings often wanting; parasitic forms. PUPIPARA
b. Head folding back on the dorsum of the thorax; wingless flies parasitic on bats. Genus Nycteribia. Nycteribiidæ
bb. Head not folding back upon the dorsum of the thorax; flies either winged or wingless; parasitic on birds and on bats and other mammals.
c. Antennæ reduced, wings when present, with distinct parallel veins and outer crossveins; claws simple; palpi leaf-like, projecting in front of the head. Flies chiefly found on bats. Several genera occur in North America. Streblidæ
cc. Antennæ more elongate, segments more or less distinctly separated; head sunk into an emargination of the thorax; wings when present with the veins crowded toward the anterior margin; palpi not leaf-like. Hippoboscidæ
d. Wings absent or reduced and not adapted for flight.
e. Wings and halteres (balancers) absent. M. ovinus, the sheep tick. Melophagus Latr.
ee. Wing reduced (or cast off), halteres present.
f. Claw bidentate; ocelli present. On deer after the wings are cast off. L. depressa. Lipoptena Nitsch
ff. Claw tridentate ([fig. 161 f]). On Macropis. B. femorata. Brachypteromyia Will.
dd. Wings present and adapted for flight.
e. Claws bidentate.
f. Ocelli present; head flat; wings frequently cast off. On birds before casting of the wing. Lipoptena Nitsch.
ff. Ocelli absent; head round; wings present. The horse tick H. equina may attack man ([fig. 162]). Hippobosca L.
ee. Claws tridentate ([fig. 161 f.]).
f. Anal cell closed at apical margin by the anal crossvein.
g. Ocelli absent. Stilbometopa Coq.
h. R4+5 does not form an angle at the crossvein. On birds. There is a record of one species of this genus attacking man. Ornithomyia Latr.
hh. R4+5 makes an angle at the crossvein. O. confluens. Ornithoica Rdi.
ff. Anal cell not closed by an anal crossvein. Lynchia, Pseudolfersia, and Olfersia are chiefly bird parasites. The first mentioned genus is said to be the intermediate host of Hæmoproteus columbæ.
aa. Abdominal segments chitinous; not parasitic in the adult stage.
b. Antennæ with six or more segments and empodium not developed pulvilliform; palpi often with four segments.
c. Ocelli present. Blepharoceridæ, Rhyphidæ, Bibionidæ, Mycetophilidæ, besides some isolated genera of other families.
cc. Ocelli absent.
d. Dorsum of the thorax with a V-shaped suture; wings usually with numerous veins; legs often very long and slender. Crane flies. Tipulidæ
dd. Dorsum of the thorax without a V-shaped suture.
e. Not more than four longitudinal veins ending in the wing margin; wing usually hairy: antennæ slender; coxæ not long; tibiæ: without spurs, legs long and slender. Small, delicate flies often called Gall gnats. Cecidomyiidæ.
ee. More than four longitudinal veins ending in the wing margin.
f. The costal vein is not produced beyond the tip of the wing; radius with not more than three branches.
g. Antennæ short, composed of ten or eleven closely united segments; legs stout; body stout; abdomen oval; anterior veins stout, posterior ones weak ([fig. 163 b]); eyes of the male contiguous over the antennæ. Black flies, buffalo flies, turkey gnats. Many North American species, several of them notorious for their blood sucking propensities. Simuliidæ
h. Second joint of the hind tarsus with basal scale-like process and dorsal excision ([fig. 161 h]); radial sector not forked; no small cell at the base of the wing. S. forbesi, jenningsi, johannseni, meridionale, piscicidium, venustum, vittatum, etc. Widely distributed species. (= Eusimulium) Simulium Latr.
hh. No basal scale-like process on the second joint of the hind tarsus; radial sector usually forked ([fig. 163 b]).
i. Face broad, small basal cell of the wing present. P. fulvum, hirtipes, mutatum, pecuarum, pleurale. Prosimulium Roub.
ii. Face linear; small basal cell of the wing absent. One species, P. furcatum, from California. Parasimulium Malloch
gg. Flies of a different structure.
h. Antennæ composed of apparently two segments and a terminal arista formed of a number of closely united segments. Rare flies with aquatic larvæ. Orphnephilidæ
hh. Antennæ of six to fifteen segments, those of the male usually plumose; legs frequently slender and wings narrow Chironomidæ
i. Media forked (except in the European genus Brachypogon); thorax without longitudinal fissure and not produced over the head (except in four exotic genera); antennæ usually fourteen-jointed in both sexes; fore tibia with a simple comb of setulæ, hind tibia with two unequal combs, middle tibia without comb. Ceratopogoninæ
j. Thorax produced cap-like over the head, wing narrow and very long. Jenkinsia, Macroptilum and Calyptopogon, eastern hemisphere; Paryphoconus, Brazil.
jj. Thorax not produced over the head.
k. Eyes pubescent, empodium well developed, or if short then R2+3 distinct and crossvein-like or the branches of R coalescent; r-m crossvein present; fore femora not thickened; wing either with appressed hairs or with microscopic erect setulæ. Dasyhelea Kieff.
kk. Eyes bare, or otherwise differing from the foregoing.
l. Empodium well developed, nearly as long as the claws and with long hairs at the base; femora and fifth tarsal segments unarmed, i.e. without spines or stout setæ; fourth tarsal segment cylindrical.
m. Wing with erect and microscopic setulæ. Widely distributed. (= Atrichopogon) Ceratopogon Meig.
mm. Wing with long and depressed hairs. Widely distributed. Forcipomyia
n. Hind metatarsus shorter or not longer than the following (i.e. the second tarsal) segment Subgenus Prohelea Kieff
nn. Hind metatarsus longer than the following segment. Subgenus Forcipomyia Meig.
ll. Empodium short, scarcely reaching the middle of the claws, or vestigial.
m. R-m crossvein wanting.
n. Palpi four segmented; inferior fork of the media obliterated at the base. Australia. Leptoconops Skuse
nn. Palpi three-segmented.
o. Legs spinulose, tarsal claws of the female with a basal tooth or strong bristle, those of the male unequal, the anterior with a long sinuous tooth, the posterior with a short arcuate tooth. Italy. Mycterotypus Noé
oo. Legs unarmed; no crossvein between the branches of the radius ([fig. 163e]). New Mexico. Tersesthes Townsend
mm. R-m crossvein present.
n. Fore femora very much swollen, armed with spines below, fore tibia arcuate and applied closely to the inferior margin of the femur.
o. R2+3 present, therefore cell R1 and R2 both present; wing usually fasciate. United States. Heteromyia Say.
oo. R2+3 not distinct from R4+5, hence cell R3 obliterated. South America. Pachyleptus Arrib. (Walker)
nn. Fore femur not distinctly swollen.
o. R2+3 present therefore cells R1 and R3 both present, or if not, then the branches of the radius more or less coalescent, obliterating the cells.
p. At least the tip of the wing with erect setulæ; tip of R4+5 scarcely attaining the middle of the wing, empodium rather indistinct, not reaching the middle of the claws, the claws not toothed, equal, with long basal bristle; legs without stout setæ. Widely distributed. Culicoides Latr.
Hæmatomyidium and Oecacta are probable synonyms of this.
pp. Wings bare, if rarely with hair, then the radius reaches beyond two-thirds the length of the wing, or the femur or fifth tarsal segment with stout black spines.
q. Media unbranched. Europe. Brachypogon Kieff
qq. Media branched.
r. Hind femur much swollen and spined. America and Europe. Serromyia Meg.
rr. Hind femur not distinctly swollen.
s. Cell R1 not longer than high; fork of the media distad of the crossvein; wing with microscopic setulæ. Stilobezzia Kieff
ss. Cell R1 elongate.
t. Femora unarmed. Widely distributed. (= Sphaeromias Kieff. 1913 not Curtis?). Johannseniella Will.
tt. Femora, at least in part, with strong black spines. Widely distributed. Palpomyia Megerle
oo. R2+3 coalescent with R4+5 hence cell R3 is obliterated.
p. In the female the lower branch of the media with an elbow near its base projecting proximad, the petiole of the media coalescent with the basal section of the radius, wing long and narrow, radial sector ending near the tip of the wing; venation of the male as in Bezzia; front concave. United States. Stenoxenus Coq.
pp. Venation otherwise, front not concave.
q. Subcosta and R1 more or less coalescent with the costa; wing pointed at the apex, much longer than the body; antennæ fourteen segmented, not plumose. India. Haasiella Kieff.
qq. Subcosta and radius distinct from the costa.
r. Abdomen petiolate. Dibezzia Kieff.
rr. Abdomen not petiolate.
s. Head semi-globose; hind tarsi unusually elongate in the female; antennæ of the male not plumose. Europe. Macropeza Meigen.
ss. Head not globose, more or less flattened in front; antennæ of the male plumose. Widely distributed. Bezzia Kieff.
t. Fore femora, at least, armed with stout spines below. Subgenus Bezzia Kieff.
tt. Femora unarmed. Subgenus Probezzia Kieff.
ii. Media of the wing simple, and otherwise not as in "i". To this group belong numerous Chironomid genera, none of which are known to be noxious to man.
ff. The costal vein apparently is continued around the hind margin of the wing; radius with at least four branches.
g. Wing ovate pointed, with numerous veins; crossveins, if evident, before the basal third of the wing; veins very hairy; very small moth-like flies. Psychodidæ
h. With elongate biting proboscis; the petiole of the anterior forked cell of the wing (R2) arises at or beyond the middle of the wing ([fig. 163d]). Phlebotomus Rdi.
hh. With shorter proboscis; the petiole of the anterior forked cell arises near the base of the wing. Psychoda, Pericoma, etc.
gg. The r-m crossvein placed at or beyond the center of the wing; wings not folded roof-like over the abdomen.
h. Proboscis short, not adapted for piercing; wings bare (Dixidæ); or wings scaled (Culicidæ, Subf. Corethrinæ).
hh. Proboscis elongate, adapted for piercing; wings scaled, fringed on the hind margin; antennæ of the male bushy plumose. Mosquitoes. Culicidæ (exclusive of Corethrinæ)
i. Metanotum without setæ.
j. Proboscis strongly decurved; body with broad, appressed, metalescent scales; cell R2 less than half as long as its petiole; claws of female simple, some of the claws of the male toothed. Several large southern species believed to feed only on nectar of flowers Megarhinus R. D.
jj. Proboscis straight or nearly so, or otherwise different.
k. Scutellum evenly rounded, not lobed; claws simple in both sexes. Anopheles Meig.
l. Abdomen with clusters of broad outstanding scales along the sides; outstanding scales on the veins of the wing rather narrow, lanceolate; upper side of the thorax and scutellum bearing many appressed lanceolate scales. Florida and southward (Cellia).
m. Hind feet from the middle of the second segment largely or wholly snow white.
n. With a black band at the base of the last segment of each hind foot. A. albimanus*[H] and tarsimaculata*
nn. Without such a band A. argyritarsis*
mm. Hind feet black, mottled with whitish and with bands of the same color at the sutures of the segments. W. I. A. maculipes
ll. Abdomen without such a cluster of scales; outstanding scales of the wing veins rather narrow, lanceolate; tarsi wholly black.
m. Deep black, thorax obscurely lined with violaceous, especially posteriorly; head, abdomen and legs black; no markings on the pleura; abdomen without trace of lighter bindings; wing scales outstanding, uniform, not forming spots, though little thicker at the usual points indicating the spottings. Florida. A. atropus
mm. Otherwise marked when the wings are unspotted.
n. Wings unspotted.
o. Petiole of the first forked cell (R2) more than a third the length of the cell. Mississippi valley. A. walkeri
oo. Petiole of the first forked cell a third the length of the cell. Md. A. barberi
nn. Wings spotted.
o. Front margin of the wings with a patch of whitish and yellow scales at a point about two-thirds or three-fourths of the way from base to apex of wing.
p. Veins of the wing with many broad obovate outstanding scales; thorax with a black dot near the middle of each side. W. I. A. grabhami*
pp. The outstanding scales of the wings rather narrow, lanceolate.
q. Scales of the last vein of the wings white, those at each end black; R4+5 black scaled, the extreme apex white scaled. Widely distributed north and south ([fig. 131]). A. punctipennis
A dark variety from Pennsylvania has been named A. perplexens.
qq. Scales of the last vein of the wing white, those at its apex black; R4+5 white scaled and with two patches of black scales. South and the tropics. A. franciscanus and pseudopunctipennis*
oo. Front margin of the wings wholly black scaled.
p. Last (anal) vein of the wings white scaled with three patches of black scales ([fig. 132]). New Jersey to Texas. A. crucians*
pp. Last vein of the wings wholly black scaled.
q. Widely distributed north and south ([fig. 130]), (= maculipennis). A. quadrimaculatus*
qq. Distributed from Rocky Mountains westward. A. occidentalis
kk. Scutellum distinctly trilobed.
l. Cell R2 less than half as long as its petiole; thorax with metallic blue scales; median lobe of the scutellum not tuberculate; few small species which are not common. Uranotænia Arrib.
ll. Cell R2 nearly or quite as long as its petiole, or otherwise distinct.
m. Femora with erect outstanding scales; occiput broad and exposed. Large species. P. ciliata. P. howardi. Psorophora R. D.
mm. Femora without erect scales.
n. Clypeus bearing several scales or hairs, scutellum with broad scales only; back of head with broad scales; scales along the sides of the mesonotum narrow; some or the claws toothed; thorax marked with a pair of silvery scaled curved stripes; legs black with white bands at the bases of some of the segments ([fig. 134]). Yellow Fever mosquito Aedes (= Stegomyia) calopus.
nn. With another combination of characters. Numerous species of mosquitoes belonging to several closely related genera, widely distributed over the country. (Culex, Aedes, Ochlerotatus, etc.). Culex in the wide sense.
ii. Metanotum with setæ. Wyeomyia (found in the United States); and related tropic genera.
bb. Antennæ composed of three segments with a differentiated style or bristle; third segment sometimes complex or annulate, in which case the empodium is usually developed like the pulvilli, i.e., pad-like ([fig. 161 g]).
c. Empodium developed pad-like (pulvilliform) i.e., three nearly equal membranous appendages on the underside of the claw ([fig. 161g]).
d. Squamæ, head, and eyes large; occiput flattened or concave; third segment of the antennæ with four to eight annuli or segments, proboscis adapted for piercing; body with fine hairs, never with bristles; middle tibia with two spurs; wing venation as figured ([fig. 163f]); marginal vein encompasses the entire wing. Horse flies, greenheads, deer flies, gad flies. Tabanidæ[I]
e. Hind tibia with spurs at tip; ocelli usually present. (Pangoninæ)
f. Third joint of the antennæ with seven or eight segments; proboscis usually prolonged.
g. Each section the third antennal segment branched. Central American species, P. festæ. Pityocera G. T.
gg. Sections of the third antennal segment not branched.
h. Upper corner of the eyes in the female terminating in an acute angle; wings of both sexes dark anteriorly. G. chrysocoma, a species from the eastern states. Goniops Ald.
hh. Upper corner of the eye in the female not so terminating; wings nearly uniform in color, or hyaline.
i. Proboscis scarcely extending beyond the palpi; front of the female wide; much wider below than above. S. W. States. Apatolestes Will.
ii. Proboscis extending beyond the palpi.
j. Wing with cell M3 closed. Tropic America. (= Diclisa) Scione Wlk.
jj. Cell M3 open; ocelli present or absent. Two or three eastern species; many south and west. Pangonia Rdi.
ff. Third segment of the antenna with five divisions; ocelli present.
g. First and second segments of the antenna short, the second only half as long as the first, three western species. Silvius Rdi.
gg. First and second segments of the antenna long, the second distinctly over half as long as the first. Deer flies. Many species, widely distributed. Chrysops Meig.
ee. Hind tibia without spurs; ocelli absent.
f. Third segment of antenna with four divisions, no tooth or angulation; wings marked with rings and circles of darker coloring; front of the female very wide. Widely distributed. H. americana, H. punctulata. Hæmatopota Meig.
ff. Third segment of the antenna with five divisions ([fig. 161b]).
g. Third segment of the antenna not furnished with a tooth or distinct angular projection.
h. Body covered with metallic scales; front of female of normal width; front and middle tibiæ greatly dilated. L. lepidota. Lepidoselaga Macq.
hh. Body without metallic scales; antennæ not very long, the third segment not cylindrical, not situated on a projecting tubercle; front of the female narrow. South. D. ferrugatus. (= Diabasis) Diachlorus O. S.
gg. Third segment of the antenna furnished with a tooth or a distinct angular projection.
h. Hind tibiæ ciliate with long hairs. S. W. and tropics. Snowiella and Stibasoma.
hh. Hind tibiæ not ciliate.
i. Species of slender build, usually with a banded thorax and abdomen; third segment of the antenna slender, the basal prominence long; wings mostly with brownish markings. Tropic America. Dichelacera Macq.
ii. Species of a stouter build; third segment of the antenna stout, its basal process short ([fig. 161b]). Many species, widely distributed Tabanus L.
dd. With another group of characters.
e. Squamæ small, antennæ variable, thinly pilose or nearly bare species, without distinct bristles; wing veins not crowded anteriorly, R4 and R5 both present, basal cells large; middle tibiæ at least with spurs. Leptidæ
f. Flagellum of the antenna more or less elongated, composed of numerous more or less distinct divisions. Xylophaginæ and Arthroceratinæ.
ff. Antennæ short, third segment simple, with arista or style; face small, proboscis short Leptinæ
g. Front tibiæ each with one or two spurs, or if absent, then no discal cell. Triptotricha, Pheneus, Dialysis, Hilarimorpha.
gg. Front tibiæ without terminal spurs, discal cell present.
h. Hind tibiæ each with a single spur.
i. Anal cell open ([fig. 163g]); third antennal segment kidney-shaped with dorsal or subdorsal arista; first antennal segment elongate and thickened. About a dozen species have been described from the United States, of which at least one (S. pachyceras) is known to be a vicious blood sucker. Symphoromyia Frauenf.
ii. Anal cell closed; third antennal segment not kidney-shaped. Chrysopila, Ptiolina, Spania.
hh. Hind tibiæ each with two spurs.
i. Third segment kidney-shaped, the arista subdorsal; anal cell closed. Atherix Meig.
ii. Third segment of the antenna short and with terminal arista; anal cell open. Leptis Fabr.
Two European species of this genus have been accused of blood sucking habits, but the record seems to have been based upon error in observation.
ee. With another combination of characters. Stratiomyiidæ, Cyrtidæ, etc.
cc. Empodium bristlelike or absent.
d. Antennæ apparently two segmented, with three-segmented arista, wings (rarely wanting) with several stout veins anteriorly, the weaker ones running obliquely across the wing ([fig. 163h]); small, quick running, bristly, humpbacked flies. Several genera; Aphiochæta, Phora, Trineura, etc. Phoridæ
dd. Flies with other characters.
e. No frontal lunule above the base of the antennæ; both R4 and R5 often present; third segment of the antenna often with a terminal bristle. Asilidæ, Mydaidæ, Apioceridæ, Therevidæ, Scenopinidæ, Bombyliidæ, Empididæ, Dolichopodidæ, Lonchopteridæ.
ee. A frontal lunule above the base of the antennæ; third segment of the antenna always simple, i.e., not ringed, usually with a dorsal arista; R4 and R5 coalesced into a simple vein.
f. A spurious vein or fold between the radius and the media, rarely absent; the cell R4+5 closed at the apex by vein M1; few or no bristles on the body, none on the head; flies frequently with yellow markings. Eristalis ([fig. 163i]), Helophilus, and many other genera. Syrphidæ
ff. No spurious vein present.
g. Body without bristles; proboscis elongate and slender, often folding; front of both male and female broad. Conopidæ
gg. Bristles almost always present on head, thorax, abdomen and legs.
h. Arista terminal; hind metatarsus enlarged, sometimes ornamented, hind tarsus more or less flattened beneath. Platypezidæ
hh. Flies having a different combination of characters.
i. Head large, eyes occupying nearly the entire head; cell R4+5 narrowed in the margin; small flies. Pipunculidæ
ii. Head and eyes not unusually large.
j. Squamæ (tegulæ, or calyptræ, or alulæ) not large, often quite small, the lower one lacking, or at most barely projecting from below the upper one (antisquama); front of both male and female broad, the eyes therefore widely separated; posthumeral and intraalar macrochæta not simultaneously present; thorax usually without a complete transverse suture; postalar callus usually absent; the connectiva adjoining the ventral sclerites always visible; hypopleural macrochætæ absent; last section of R4+5 and M1+2 with but few exceptions nearly parallel; subcostal vein often wanting or vestigial or closely approximated to R1; the latter often short, basal cells small, the posterior ones often indistinct or wanting; vibrissæ present or absent Acalyptrate Muscoidea
k. Subcosta present, distinctly separated from R1 at the tip; R1 usually ends distad of the middle of the wing; the small basal cells of the wing distinct.
l. A bristle (vibrissa) on each side of the face near the margin of the mouth. Cordyluridæ, Sepsidæ, Phycodromidæ, Heteroneuridæ, Helomyzidæ.
ll. No vibrissæ present.
m. Head nearly spherical, cheeks broad and retreating; proboscis short; the cell R5 closed or narrowed in the margin; legs very long; tarsi shorter than the tibiæ. Calobata and other genera. Micropezidæ
mm. Flies with another combination of characters. Rhopalomeridæ, Trypetidæ, Ortalidæ, Sciomyzidæ.
kk. Subcosta absent or vestigial, or if present, then apparently ending in the costa at the point where R1 joins it; R1 usually ends in the costa at or before the middle of the wing.
l. Arista long plumose, or pectinate above; oral vibrissæ present; anal cell complete; costa broken at the apex of R1. Drosophila, Phortica, and other genera. Drosophilidæ
ll. With another combination of characters.
m. The cell M and first M2 not separated by a crossvein; anal cell absent; front bare or only bristly above; usually light colored flies. Hippelates, Oscinus, and other genera. (See also m m m.) Oscinidæ
mm. Cell M and cell first M2 often separated by a crossvein; anal cell present, complete, though frequently small; scutellum without spines or protuberances; oral vibrissæ present; arista bare or short plumose; front bristly at vertex only; small dark flies. Piophila ([fig. 99]), Sepsis and other genera. Sepsidæ
mmm. The Geomyzidæ, Agromyzidæ, Psilidæ, Trypetidæ, Rhopalomeridæ, Borboridæ and Diopsidæ differ in various particulars from either the Oscinidæ and the Sepsidæ noted above.
jj. Squamæ well developed, usually large, the lower one frequently projecting from below the upper one; both posthumeral and intraalar macrochætæ present; thorax with a complete transverse suture; postalar callus present and separated by a distinct suture from the dorsum of the thorax; front of the female broad, of the male frequently narrow, the eyes then nearly or quite contiguous; the connectiva adjoining the ventral sclerites either visible or not; hypopleural macrochætæ present or absent; subcosta always distinct in its whole course, R1 never short. Calyptrate Muscoidea[J]
k. Oral opening small, mouth parts usually much reduced or vestigial. This family is undoubtedly of polyphyletic origin but for convenience it is here considered as a single family. Oestridæ.
l. The costal vein ends at the tip of R4+5, M1+2 straight, not reaching the wing margin, hence cell R5 wide open ([fig. 163j]); squamæ small; arista bare; ovipositor of the female elongate. Larvæ in the alimentary canal of horses, etc. Gastrophilus
m. Posterior crossvein (m-cu) wanting; wings smoky or with clouds. Europe. G. pecorum
mm. Posterior crossvein (m-cu) present, at least in part.
n. Wing hyaline with smoky median cross band, and two or three spots; posterior trochanters with hook in the male and a prominence in the female. World wide distribution. G. equi.
nn. Wings without spots.
o. Posterior crossvein (m-cu) distad of the anterior crossvein (r-m); legs, particularly the femora, blackish brown. Europe and North America. G. hæmorrhoidalis
oo. Posterior crossvein opposite or proximad of the anterior crossvein. Europe and North America. G. nasalis
ll. The costal vein ends at the tip of M1+2, M1+2 with a bend, the cell R5 hence much narrowed in the margin, or closed.
m. Proboscis geniculate, inserted in a deep slit; female without extricate ovipositor; arista either bare or plumose; squamæ large; facial grooves approximated below.
n. Arista bare, short. Larvæ in rodents. Tropic America. B. princeps. Bogeria Austen
nn. Arista pectinate above.
o. Tarsi broadened and flattened, hairy, anal lobe of the wing large. Larvæ in rodents. A number of American species. Cuterebra.
oo. Tarsi slender, not hairy; anal lobe of the wing moderate. Larvæ in man and other mammals. Tropic America. D. cyaniventris. Dermatobia Br.
mm. Mouth parts very small, vestigial; arista bare.
n. Facial grooves approximated below, leaving a narrow median depression or groove.
o. Cell R5 closed and petiolate, body nearly bare. Larvæ in the nasal cavities of the smaller Ungulates. The sheep bot fly. O. ovis. Widely distributed Oestrus L.
oo. Cell R5 narrowly open, body hairy. Larvæ parasitic on deer. Europe and America. Cephenomyia Latr.
nn. Facial grooves far apart, enclosing between them a broad shield-shaped surface; squamæ large; female with elongate ovipositor. Larvæ hypodermatic on Ungulates. Hypoderma Clark
o. Palpi wanting; tibiæ thickened in the middle.
p. Hair at apex of the abdomen yellow; legs including femora yellowish brown. H. diana
pp. Hair at the apex of the abdomen reddish yellow. Europe and America.
q. Tibiæ and tarsi yellow; femora black. H. lineata
qq. Legs black with black hair; tips of hind tibia and tarsi yellowish brown. H. bovis
oo. Palpi small, globular; tibiæ cylindrical, straight. On reindeer. O. tarandi Oedemagena Latr.
kk. Oral opening of the usual size; mouth parts not vestigial.
l. Hypopleurals wanting; if three sternopleurals are present the arrangement is 1:2; conjunctiva ([fig. 161c]) of the venter usually present; if the terminal section of M1+2 is bent it has neither fold nor appendage. (Anthomyiidæ of Girschner).
m. Sternopleurals wanting; M1+2 straight toward the apex, costa ends at or slightly beyond the tip of R4+5; mouth parts vestigial. Gastrophilinæ. See Oestridæ
mm. Sternopleurals present, if rarely absent then differing in other characters.
n. Caudal margin of the fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male deeply notched on the median line usually to beyond the middle; abdomen often cylindrical or linear; abdomen often with four to eight spots; eyes of the male usually widely separated; sternopleurals three, arranged in an equilateral triangle; subapical seta of the hind tibia placed very low; M1+2 straight; anal vein abbreviated; wings not rilled. Cænosia, Caricea, Dexiopsis, Hoplogaster, Schœnomyia, etc. (Cœnosinæ)[K]. Anthomyiidæ in part
nn. Caudal margin of the fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male incurved, rarely deeply cleft, rarely entire, in a few genera deeply two or three notched; M1+2 straight or curved; abdomen usually short or elongate oval; sternopleurals, if three are present, arranged in the order 1:2 in a right triangle. (Muscinæ-Anthomyiinæ of Girschner)
o. M1+2 straight, hence cell R5 not narrowed in the margin. Anthomyiidæ in part
p. Underside of the scutellum more or less sparsely covered with fine hairs; anal vein nearly always reaches the hind margin of the wing; extensor surface of the hind tibiæ with a number of stout setæ; squamæ often small and equal. Anthomyia, Chortophila, Eustalomyia, Hammomyia, Hylemyia, Prosalpia, Pegomyia, etc. Hylemyinæ-Pegomyinæ
pp. Underside of the scutellum bare; anal vein does not reach the wing margin.
q. First anal vein short, second anal suddenly flexed upwards; hind tibiæ each with one or two strong setæ on the extensor surface. Fannia (= Homalomyia), Cœlomyia, Choristoma, Euryomma, Azelia, etc. Fanninæ-Azelinæ
qq. Anal veins parallel or divergent.
r. Setæ on the exterior surface of the hind tibiæ wanting (except in Limnaricia and Cœnosites), lower squama not broadened to the margin of the scutellum. Leucomelina, Limnophora, Limnospila, Lispa, Mydæa, Spilogaster, etc. Mydæinæ-Limnophorinæ
rr. One (rarely more) seta on the extensor surface of the hind tibia; squamæ usually large and unequal. Hydrotaea, Aricia, Drymeia, Ophyra, Phaonia (= Hyetodesia), Pogonomyia, Trichophthicus, etc. Aricinæ
oo. M1+2 curved or bent, hence the cell R5 more or less narrowed in the margin. (Muscinæ). Muscidæ in part. See [page 303] for generic synopsis.
ll. Hypopleurals present; when three sternopleurals are present the arrangement is 2:1 or 1:1:1. (Tachinidæ of Girschner)
m. Conjunctiva of the ventral sclerites of the abdomen present, frequently well developed, surrounding the sclerites.
n. Mouth parts vestigial. Oestridæ. See [page 297] for generic synopsis.
nn. Mouth parts well developed.
o. M1+2 straight, hence cell R5 wide open in the margin; costa ending at the tip of R5; three sternopleurals present; antennal arista plumose. Syllegoptera. Europe. (Syllegopterinæ). Dexiidæ in part
oo. M1+2 bent, hence cell R5 narrowed in the margin; sternopleurals rarely wanting, usually 1:1 or 0:1; facial plate strongly produced below vibrissal angle like the bridge of the nose; antennal arista bare. Parasitic on Hemiptera and Coleoptera. Allophora, Cistogaster, Clytia, Phasia, etc. (Phasiinæ). Tachinidæ in part.
mm. Conjunctiva of the ventral sclerites invisible ([fig. 161a]).
n. Second ventral sclerite of the abdomen lying with its edges either upon or in contact with the ventral edges of the corresponding dorsal sclerite.
o. Outermost posthumeral almost always lower (more ventrad) in position than the presutural macrochæta; fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male cleft beyond the middle, often strongly developed; body color very frequently metallic green or blue, or yellow; arista plumose. (Calliphorinæ) Muscidæ in part.
See [page 303] for generic synopsis.
oo. Outermost posthumeral macrochæta on level or higher (more dorsad) than the presutural macrochæta; arista bare, pubescent, or plumose only on the basal two-thirds; body coloring usually grayish ([fig. 106]). Sarcophagidæ
p. Fifth ventral sclerite of the male either wanting or with the caudal margin straight; presutural intraalar rarely present. (Sarcophaginæ)
q. Fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male much reduced, the remaining segments with straight posterior margin, overlapping scale-like; in the female only segment one and two scale-like, the others wholly or in part covered; sternopleurals usually three or more. Sarcophaga and related genera.
qq. Fifth ventral sclerite of the male plainly visible; sternopleurals usually two. Sarcophila, Wohlfahrtia, Brachycoma, Hilarella, Miltogramma, Metopia, Macronychia, Nyctia, Paramacronychia, Pachyphthalmus, etc.
pp. Fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male cleft to beyond the middle; ventral sclerites usually visible, shield-like. Rhinophora, Phyto, Melanophora. Rhinophorinæ
nn. Second ventral abdominal sclerite as well as the others more or less covered, sometimes wholly, by the edges of the dorsal sclerite.
o. The presutural intraalar wanting; ventral sclerites two to five nearly or quite covered by the edges of the corresponding dorsal sclerites; base of the antennæ usually at or below the middle of the eye; arista usually plumose; legs usually elongate; abdominal segments with marginal and often discal macrochætæ. Dexiidæ
oo. Presutural intraalar present, if absent, then the ventral sclerites broadly exposed or the fifth ventral sclerite vestigial; base of the antennæ usually above the middle of the eye; arista bare; at least two posthumerals and three posterior intraalars present. Parasitic on caterpillars, etc. Tachinidæ
