History of the settlement of Upper Canada (Ontario,) / with special reference to the Bay Quinté

by William Canniff

CONTENTS.

A SKETCH OF FRANCO-CANADIAN HISTORY.
CHAPTER I.
	PAGE
Antiquarianism—​Records of the Early Nations—​Tradition—​The Press—​The Eastern World—​The Western World—​Importance of History—​Columbus—​Colonization—​Canada—​America—​Cartier—​French Canadian writers—​Cartier’s first visit—​Huguenots—​Cartier’s second visit—​Jean Francois—​Sir George E. Cartier—​Establishment of the Fur Trade—​Champlain—​Discovery of Lake Ontario—​Bay of Quinté—​Quebec founded—​First fighting with Indians—​First taking of Quebec by the British—​Returned to France—​The Recollets and Jesuits—​Death of Champlain—​Foundation of Montreal—​Emigration from France—​The Carignan Regiment—​DeCourcelle—​Proposal to found a Fort at Lake Ontario—​Frontenac—​Fort at Cataraqui—​La Salle—​Fort at Niagara—​First vessel upon the Lakes—​Its fate—​Death of La Salle, the first settler of Upper Canada—​Founder of Louisiana—​Discoverer of the mouth of the Mississippi	[1]
CHAPTER II.
Cataraqui Fort strengthened—​Kente Indians seized and carried captive to France—​Massacre of Lachine—​Commencing struggle between New England and New France—​Siege of Quebec by Sir Wm. Phipps—​Destruction of Fort Cataraqui—​Its re-erection—​Treaty of Ryswick—​Death of Frontenac—​Iroquois in England—​Another attempt to capture Quebec—​Decline of French power—​Population of Canada and of New England—​Continuation of the contest for the fur trade—​Taking of Fort Louisburg—​Col. Washington, dishonorable conduct—​Inconsistency of Dr. Franklin—​Commencement of seven years’ war—​Close of first year—​Montcalm—​His presentiment—​Taking of Fort Oswego—​Of Fort William Henry—​Fearful massacre—​The state of Canada—​Wolfe appears—​Taking of Frontenac—​Duquesne—​Apathy of France—​The Spring of 1759—​Reduced state of Canada—​Overthrow of French power in America—​The result—​Union of elements—​The capture of Quebec—​Wolfe—​Death of Montcalm—​Fort Niagara—​Johnson—​Effort to retake Quebec—​Wreck of the French army—​Capitulation at Montreal—​Population—​The first British Governor of Canada—​The Canadians as British subjects—​The result of French enterprise—​Rebellion	[15]
DIVISION I.
THE REBELLION OF 1776—​THE THIRTEEN COLONIES.
CHAPTER III.
First American rebellion—​Independence—​Traitors made heroes—​Loyalists driven away to found another colony—​The responsibility of rebelling—​Treatment of the Loyalists—​The several colonies—​The first Englishman in America—​Receives £10—​English colonization—​Virginia—​Convicts—​Extent of Virginia—​First Governor—​Virginians not willing to rebel—​Quota supplied to the rebel army—​New York—​Hudson—​The Dutch—​New Netherlands—​Price of New Amsterdam (New York)—​First Legislative Assembly—​Not quick to rebel—​Quota of rebel troops—​Gave many settlers to Upper Canada—​New Jersey—​Its settlement—​A battle ground—​Gave rebel troops; also loyal troops—​Furnished settlers to Upper Canada—​Massachusetts—​Captain Smith—​New England Puritans—​The “Mayflower”—​First Governor—​Cruel treatment of Indians—​Massachusetts takes the lead in rebelling—​Troops—​Loyalists—​New Hampshire—​Troops—​Delaware—​Settlement—​Quota of rebel troops—​Connecticut—​Education—​Troops—​Roman Catholics—​Toleration—​Rhode Island—​Providence—​Inconsistency of the Puritans—​Roger Williams—​North Carolina—​Inhabitants—​South Carolina—​Many Loyalists—​Pennsylvania—​William Penn—​Conduct toward Indians—​The people opposed to rebellion—​Georgia—​Oglethorpe—​Policy of New England—​New England	[32]
CHAPTER IV.
American writers—​Sabine—​Loyalists had no time to waste—​Independence not sought at first—​Adams—​Franklin—​Jay—​Jefferson—​Washington—​Madison—​The British Government—​Ingratitude of the Colonists—​Taxation—​Smugglers—​Crown officers—​Persistence—​Superciliousness Contest between Old England and New England	[41]
CHAPTER V.
The signers of the Declaration of Independence—​Their nativity—​Injustice of American writers for 80 years—​Cast back mis-statements—​The Whigs had been U. E. Loyalists—​Hancock—​Office-seekers—​Malcontents stir up strife—​What the fathers of the Republic fought for—​Rebel committees—​Black mail—​Otis, John Adams, Warren, Washington, Henry, Franklin—​What caused them to rebel—​What the American revolutionary heroes actually were—​Cruelty, during and after the war—​No Freedom—​The political mistake of the rebels in alienating the loyalists—​The Consequence—​Motives of the loyalists—​False charges—​Conscientious Conservatives—​Rebellion not warranted—​Attachment to the old flag—​Loyalists driven away—​Suppressio veri—​Want of noble spirit towards the South—​Effects—​Comparison between loyalists and rebels—​Education—​Religion—​The neutral—​The professions	[46]
CHAPTER VI.
Republicanism—​The lesson of the first rebellion—​The late civil war—​The Loyalists; their losses and hardships—​Ignored by Americans—​Unrecorded—​The world kept in ignorance—​American glory—​Englishmen—​Question of Colonial treatment—​The reason why Great Britain failed to subdue the rebellion—​Character of the rebel bravery—​The great result—​Liberty in England and United States contrasted—​Slavery—​The result to U. E. Loyalists—​Burgoyne—​Mobocracy—​Treatment from “Sons of Liberty”—​Old men, women and children—​Instances of cruelty—​Brutality—​Rapacity—​Torture—​The lower classes—​“Swamp Law”—​Fiendish cruelty—​Worse than Butler’s Rangers—​Seward and the Fenians—​Infamous falsification—​Close of the war—​Recognition of independence by Great Britain—​Crushed hopes of the Loyalists—​In New York—​Their conduct—​Evacuation day—​The position of the Loyalists—​Confiscation—​“Attainting”—​Seizing Estates—​Paine—​Commissioners at Paris—​British Ministry—​Loyalists’ petition—​King’s speech—​Division of claimants—​Six classes—​The number—​Tardy justice—​Noble conduct of South Carolina—​Impostors—​Loyalists in Lower Canada—​Proclamation—​The soldiers’ families—​Journeyings—​Meeting of families	[52]
CHAPTER VII.
A spirit of strife—​The French war—​British American troops—​Former comrades opposed—​Number of U. E. Loyalists in the field—​General Burgoyne—​Defeat—​First reverse of British arms—​The campaign—​Colonel St. Leger—​Fort Stanwix—​Colonel Baume—​Battle of Bennington—​General Herkimer—​Gates—​Schuyler—​Braemar Heights—​Saratoga—​Surrender—​The result upon the people—​Sir John Johnson—​Sir William—​Sketch—​Indian Chief—​Laced coat—​Indian’s dream—​It comes to pass—​Sir William dreams—​It also comes to pass—​Too hard a dream—​Sir John—​Attempt to arrest—​Escape—​Starving—​Royal greens—​Johnson’s losses—​Living in Canada—​Death—​Principal Corps of Royalists—​King’s Rangers—​Queen’s Rangers—​Major Rogers—​Simcoe—​The Rangers in Upper Canada—​Disbanded—​The Hessians	[63]
CHAPTER VIII.
Indian names—​The Five Tribes—​The Sixth—​Confederation—​Government—​Subdivisions—​Origin—​Hendrick—​Death—​Brant—​Birth—​Education—​Married—​Teaching—​Christianity—​Brant elected Chief—​Commissioned a British Captain—​Visits England—​Returns—​Leads his warriors to battle—​Efforts of Rebels to seduce Brant to their cause—​Attempted treachery of the Rebel Herkimer—​Border warfare—​Wyoming—​Attempt to blacken the character of Brant—​His noble conduct—​Untruthful American History—​The inhabitants of Wyoming—​The Rebels first to blame—​Cherry Valley—​Van Schaick—​Bloody orders—​Terrible conduct of the Rebels, Helpless Indian families—​Further deeds of blood and rapine by the rebel Sullivan—​A month of horrible work—​Attributes of cruelty more conspicuous in the Rebels than in the Indians—​The New Englander—​Conduct toward the Indians—​Inconsistent—​The “down trodden”—​The Mohawks—​Indian agriculture—​Broken faith with the Indians—​Noble conduct of Brant—​After the war—​His family—​Death—​Miss Molly—​Indian usage—​The character of the Mohawk—​The six Indians as Canadians—​Fidelity to the British—​Receiving land—​Bay Quinté—​Grand River—​Settling—​Captain Isaac, Captain John—​At present—​Mohawk Counsel	[71]
CHAPTER IX.
Individuals—​Anderson—​Bethune—​Burwell—​Butler—​Canliff—​Claus—​Coffin—​Doune—​Jarvis—​Jones—​McDonald—​McGill—​McGilles—​Merrit—​Munday—​Peters—​Robinson—​Singleton—​Ross—​McNab—​Allen—​Allison—​Ashley—​Bell—​Burritt—​Casey—​Carscallion—​Church—​Clark—​Crawford—​Dame—​Daly—​Diamond	[85]
CHAPTER X.
Ferguson—​Frazer—​Gerollamy—​Goldsmith—​Harrison—​Hudgins—​Hicks—​Howell—​Hover—​Hogle—​Ham—​Herkimer—​Holt—​Jones—​Johnson—​Ketcheson—​Loyst—​Myers—​McArthur—​Miller—​Mordens—​McDonald—​McDonnell—​McDonell—​Ostrom—​Peterson	[100]
CHAPTER XI.
Rogers’ family—​Ryerson—​Redner—​Sherwood—​Taylor—​Van Dusen—​Williamsburgh—​Wright—​Wilkins—​Young—​Officers who settled in Niagara District	[117]
DIVISION II.
TRAVELING IN EARLY TIMES—​ORIGINAL ROUTES.
CHAPTER XII.
Indian paths—​Portages—​Original French routes—​Mer de Canada—​Original names of St. Lawrence—​Ontario—​Huron—​Route by Bay Quinté—​Old French maps—​Original English routes—​Four ways from Atlantic to the Lakes—​Mississippi—​Potomac—​Hudson—​Indian name of Erie—​From New York to Ontario—​The Hudson River—​Mohawk—​Wood creek—​Oneida Lake—​Oswego River—​The carrying places—​West Canada Creek—​Black River—​Oswegotchie—​The navigation—​Military highway—​Lower Canada—​An historic route—​The paths followed by the Loyalists—​Indian paths north of Lake Ontario—​Crossing the Lake—​From Cape Vincent to the Bay Quinté—​From Oswego by Duck Islands—​East Lake—​Picton Bay—​Coasting Ontario—​Two ways to Huron—​By Bay Quinté and Trent; by Don River—​Lake Simcoe—​Point Traverse—​Loyalists—​Travelling by the St. Lawrence—​First road—​Long remembered event	[129]
CHAPTER XIII.
Indians traveled by foot or by canoe—​Secreting canoes—​Primeval scenes—​Hunting expeditions—​War path—​In 1812—​Brock—​A night at Myers’ Creek—​Important arrival—​The North West Company—​Their canoes—​Route—​Grand Portage—​The Voyageurs—​The Batteaux—​Size—​Ascending the rapids—​Lachine—​A dry dock—​Loyalists by batteaux—​Durham boats—​Difficulties—​In 1788, time from Lachine to Fredericksburgh—​Waiting for batteaux—​Extracts from a journal, traveling in 1811—​From Kingston to Montreal—​The expenses—​The Schenectady boats—​Trade between Albany and Cataraqui—​The Durham boat—​Duncan—​Description of flat-bottomed boat by “Murray”—​Statement of Finkle—​Trading—​Batteaux in 1812—​Rate of traveling—​The change in fifty years—​Time from Albany to Bay Quinté—​Instances—​Loyalists traveling in winter—​Route—​Willsbury wilderness—​Tarrying at Cornwall—​The “French Train”—​Traveling along north shore of Ontario—​Indian path—​Horseback—​Individual owners of batteaux—​Around Bay Quinté—​The Last regular batteaux—​In 1819—​“Lines” from magazine	[135]
CHAPTER XIV.
The first Vessel—​The French—​La Salle—​The Griffon—​Vessels in 1770—​During the Rebellion—​Building at Carleton Island—​Captain Andrews—​The Ontario—​Col. Burton—​Loss of the Ontario—​The Sheehans—​Hills—​Givins’—​Murney’s Point—​Schooner ‘Speedy’—​Mohawk—​Mississauga—​Duke of Kent—​Capt. Bouchette—​Paxton—​McKenzie—​Richardson—​Earle Steele—​Fortiche—​The Governor Simcoe—​Sloop ‘Elizabeth’—​First vessel built at York—​Collins’ Report upon Navigating the Lakes—​Navy in Upper Canada, 1795—​Rochfoucault—​Capt. Bouchette—​Officers’ Pay—​York, the centre of the Naval Force—​Gun Boats—​The Loss of the “Speedy”—​Reckoner—​Dr. Strachan—​Solicitor-Gen. Gray—​Canada took the lead in building Vessels—​First Canadian Merchant Vessel—​The York—​A Schooner on runners round the Falls—​Sending Coals to Newcastle—​Upon Bay Quinté—​The Outskirts of Civilization—​“The Prince Edward” built of Red Cedar—​In 1812—​Schooner “Mary Ann”—​1817—​Capt. Matthews	[147]
DIVISION III.
THE LOYALISTS AS PIONEERS—​THE ORIGINAL SURVEY.
CHAPTER XV.
Major Gen. Holland—​Surveying on Atlantic Coast—​An adherent of the Crown—​Removal to Montreal—​Death—​Major Holland—​Information from “Maple Leaves”—​Holland Farm—​Taché—​First Canadian Poem—​Head Quarters of Gen. Montgomery—​Hospitality—​Duke of Kent—​Spencer Grange—​Holland Tree—​Graves—​Epitaphs—​Surveyor Washington—​County Surveyor—​Surveyors after the War—​First Survey in Upper Canada—​Commenced in 1781—​The Mode pursued—​Information in Crown Lands Department—​The Nine Townships upon the St. Lawrence—​At the close of the War—​Non-Professional Surveyors—​Thomas Sherwood—​Assisting to Settle—​Surveying around the Bay Quinté—​Bongard—​Deputy-Surveyor Collins—​First Survey at Frontenac—​Town Reserve—​Size of Township—​Mistakes—​Kotte—​Tuffy—​Capt. Grass—​Capt. Murney—​Surveying in Winter—​Planting Posts—​Result—​Litigation—​Losing Land—​A Newspaper Letter—​Magistrates—​Landholders—​Their Sons’ Lawyers—​Alleged Filching—​Speculators at Seat of Government—​Grave Charges—​Width of Lots—​Mode of Surveying—​Number of Concessions—​Cross Roads—​Surveyors Orders—​Numbering the Lots—​Surveying around the Bay—​The ten Townships—​Their Lands—​The Surveying Party—​A Singer—​Statement of Gourlay	[154]
CHAPTER XVI.
The term Concession—​First Concession of Land in Canada—​The Carignan Regiment—​Seigniories—​Disproportion of the sexes—​Females sent from France—​Their appearance—​Settling them—​Marriage allowance—​The last seigniory—​New Longeuil—​Seigniory at Frontenac—​Grants to refugees—​Officers and men—​Scale of granting—​Free of expense—​Squatting—​Disbanded soldiers—​Remote regions—​A wise and beneficent policy—​Impostors—​Very young officers—​Wholesale granting of land—​Republicans coming over—​Covetous—​False pretensions—​Government had to discriminate—​Rules and regulations—​Family lands—​Bounty—​Certificates—​Selling claims—​Rear concessions—​Transfer of location ticket—​Land board—​Tardiness in obtaining titles to real estate—​Transfer by bond—​Jobbing—​Sir Wm. Pullency—​Washington—​Giving lands to favorites—​Reserves—​Evil results—​The Family Compact—​Extract from Playter—​Extract from Lord Durham—​From Gourlay—​Recompense to Loyalists—​Rations—​Mode of drawing land—​Land agent—​Broken front—​Traitor Arnold—​Tyendinaga	[164]
CHAPTER XVII.
Lines—​Western Settlement, 1783—​Population—​Settlement upon St. Lawrence and Bay—​Number, 1784—​Proclamation to Loyalists—​Society disturbed—​Two kinds of Loyalists—​St. Lawrence and Bay favorable for settlement—​Government provisions—​State of the Loyalists—​Serving out rations—​Clothes—​Utensils for clearing and fencing—​The axe—​Furniture—​Attacking a last enemy—​Tents—​Waiting for their lots—​“Bees”—​Size of dwellings—​Mode of building—​Exchanging work—​Bedsteads—​Clearing—​Fireing trees—​Ignorance of pioneer life—​Disposing of the wood—​No beast of burden—​Logging—​Determination—​All settlers on a common ground—​Additional refugees—​Advance—​Simcoe’s proclamation, 1792—​Conditions of grants—​The response—​Later settlers—​Questionable Loyalists—​Yankees longing for Canada—​Loyalty in 1812	[181]
DIVISION IV.
THE FIRST YEARS OF UPPER CANADA.
CHAPTER XVIII.
Father Picquet—​Provision of Forts in Upper Canada just before conquest—​Frontenac—​Milk—​Brandy—​Toronto—​The several forts—​Detroit—​British garrisons—​Grasping rebels—​Efforts to starve out Loyalists in Canada—​Worse treated than the Acadians—​Efforts to secure Fur Trade—​The frontier forts—​Americans’ conduct to Indians—​Result—​Conduct of British Government—​Rations for three years—​Grinding by hand—​“Hominy blocks”—​“Plumping mill”—​The women—​Soldier farmers—​The Hessians—​Suffering—​The “Scarce Year”—​Charge against the Commissariat officers—​Famine—​Cry for bread—​Instances of suffering—​Starving children—​No salt—​Fish—​Game—​Eating young grain—​Begging bran—​A common sorrow—​Providential escapes—​Eating buds and leaves—​Deaths—​Primitive fishing—​Catching salmon—​Going 125 miles to mill—​Disconsolate families—​1789—​Partial relief—​First beef slaughtered in Upper Canada—​First log barn—​A “Bee,” what they ate and drank—​Tea introduced—​Statements of Sheriff Sherwood—​Roger Bates—​John Parrott—​Col. Clark—​Squirrel swimming Niagara—​Maple sugar—​How it was made—​Women assisting—​Made dishes of food—​Pumpkin loaf—​Extract from Rochefoucault—​1795—​Quality of grain raised—​Quinté Bay—​Cultivation—​Corn exported—​The grain dealers—​Price of flour—​Pork—​Profits of the merchants	[191]
CHAPTER XIX.
Kingston Mills—​Action of Government—​The Millwright—​Situation of the first Mill—​Why Selected—​The Machinery—​Put up by Loyalists—​No Toll—​Only Mill for three years—​Going to Mill, 1784—​The Napanee Mill—​Commenced 1785—​Robert Clarke—​An old Book—​“Appenea” Falls—​Price of certain articles—​What Rum cost, and was used for—​The Mill opened 1787—​Sergt.-Major Clarke in charge—​Indian Corn—​Small Toll—​Surveyor Collins in charge—​Becomes the property of R. Cartwright, 1792—​Rebuilt—​Origin of Napanee—​Price of Butter, 1788—​Mills at Four Mile Creek, Niagara Falls, Fort Erie, and Grand River—​Mills on the St. Lawrence—​The Stone Mills—​Van Alstine—​Lake of the Mountain—​1796—​Natural Beauty, versus Utility—​The Mill—​Van Alstine’s Death—​Wind Mill—​Myer’s Mill—​Mill at Consecon	[206]
CHAPTER XX.
Clothing—​Domestic and Farming Implements—​Style of Dress eighty years ago—​Clothing of the Refuges—​Disbanded Soldiers—​No Fresh Supply—​Indian Garments of Skin—​Deerskin Pants—​Petticoats—​Bed Coverings—​Cultivating Flax—​Sheep—​Home-made Clothes—​Rude Implements—​Fulling—​French Mode—​Lindsay Woolsey—​The Spinning-wheel—​Young men Selecting Wives—​Bees—​Marriage Portion—​Every Farmer his own Tanner and Shoemaker—​Fashions—​How odd hours were spent—​Home-made Shoes—​What Blankets were made of—​Primitive Bedstead—​Nakedness—​Bridal Apparel—​No Saddles—​Kingston and Newark—​Little Money—​Bartering—​Merchants from Albany—​Unable to buy—​Credit with Merchants—​The Results—​Itinerant Mechanics—​Americans—​Become Canadians—​An old Stone-mason—​Wooden Dishes—​Making Spoons—​Other Hardships—​Indians Friendly—​Effects of Alcohol upon the Mississaugas—​Groundless Panic—​Drunken Indians—​Women, defending Themselves—​An erroneous Statement about Indian Massacre in “Dominion Monthly Magazine”—​Statement of an Old Settler, Sherwood—​Wild Beasts—​Few Fire-arms—​Narrow Escapes—​Depredations at Night—​Destroying Stock—​An Act of Parliament—​“A traveller’s statement”—​The Day of Small Things—​Settlers Contented—​The Extent of their Ambition—​Reward of Industry—​Population in 1808—​Importations—​Money—​The Youth	[211]
CHAPTER XXI.
Sweat of the brow—​No beast of burden—​No stock—​Except by a few—​Horses and oxen—​From Lower Canada—​York State—​Late comers, brought some—​No fodder—​First stock in Adolphustown—​Incidents—​Cock and hens—​“Tipler”—​Cattle driving—​First cow in Thurlow—​First house in Marysburgh—​The first oxen—​No market for butter and cheese—​Sheep—​Rev. Mr. Stuart, as an Agriculturist—​Horses at Napanee—​An offer for a yoke of steers	[220]
CHAPTER XXII.
Old channels of trade, and travel—​Art and science—​New channels—​The wilderness—​Loyalists Travelling on foot, from Kingston to York—​Formation of roads—​Act of parliament—​1793—​Its provisions—​Crooked roads—​Foot-path—​Bridle-path—​King’s highway from Lower Canada—​When surveyed—​Road from Kingston westward—​Its course—​Simcoe’s military road—​Dundas street—​Asa Danforth—​Contract with government—​Road from Kingston to Ancaster—​Danforth road—​1799—​Misunderstandings—​Danforth’s pamphlets—​Slow improvement—​Cause—​Extract from Gourlay—​Thomas Markland’s report—​Ferries—​1796—​Acts of parliament—​Statute labor—​Money grants—​Commissioners—​Midland district—​Distribution—​The Cataraqui Bridge Company—​The petitioners—​An act—​The provisions—​The plan of building—​The bridge—​Toll—​Completing the bridge—​Improvements of roads—​McAdam—​Declines a knighthood	[224]
CHAPTER XXIII.
Ode to Canada—​Early events—​First English child in America, 1587—​In New England—​First French child, 1621—​First in Upper Canada, 1783—​In Prince Edward—​Adolphustown—​Ameliasburgh—​North of the Rideau—​Indian marriage ceremony—​Difficulty among first settlers to get clergymen—​First marriage in America, 1608—​First in New England, 1621—​First in Canada, 1621—​Marriageable folks—​No one to tie the matrimonial knot—​Only one clergyman—​Officers marrying—​Magistrates empowered—​Legislation, 1793—​Its provision—​Making valid certain marriages—​Further Legislation, 1798—​In 1818—​1821—​1831—​Clergymen of all denominations permitted to marry—​Methodist ministers—​Marriage license, 1814—​Five persons appointed to issue—​A noticeable matter—​Statements of Bates—​Mode of courting in the woods—​Newcastle wedding expeditions—​Weapons of defence—​Ladies’ dresses—​The lover’s “rig”—​A wedding ring—​Paying the magistrate—​A good corn basket—​Going to weddings—​“Bitters”—​Old folks stay at home—​The dance, several nights—​Marriage outfit—​Frontier life—​Morals in Upper Canada—​Absence of irregularities—​Exceptional instances—​Unable to get married, Peter and Polly—​A singular witness—​Rev. Mr. Stuart—​Langhorn—​McDowell—​How to adorn the bride—​What she wore—​A wedding in 1808—​On horseback—​The guests—​The wedding—​The banquet—​The game of forfeits—​The night—​Second day wedding—​The young folks on horseback—​Terpischorean—​An elopement by canoe—​The Squire—​The chase—​The lovers successful—​The Squires who married	[232]
CHAPTER XXIV.
Burying places—​How selected—​Family burying place—​For the neighborhood—​The Dutch—​Upon the Hudson—​Bay Quinté—​A sacred spot to the Loyalists—​Ashes to ashes—​Primitive mode of burial—​The coffin—​At the grave—​The father’s remarks—​Return to labor—​French Burying-place at Frontenac—​Its site—​U. E. Loyalists’ burying place at Kingston—​The “U. E. burying-ground,” Adolphustown—​Worthy sires of Canada’s sons—​Decay—​Neglect of illustrious dead—​Repair wanted—​Oldest burying-ground in Prince Edward—​Ross Place—​At East Lake—​Upon the Rose farm—​“The Dutch burying-ground”—​Second growth trees—​In Sophiasburgh—​Cronk farm—​In Sidney—​Rude tomb stones—​Burial-place of Captain Myers—​Reflections—​Dust to dust—​In Thurlow—​“Taylor burying-ground”—​The first person buried—​Lieut. Ferguson—​An aged female—​Her work done—​Wheels stand still	[243]
DIVISION V.
THE EARLY CLERGYMEN AND CHURCHES.
CHAPTER XXV.
French missionaries—​First in 1615—​Recollets—​With Champlain—​Jesuits, in 1625—​Valuable records—​Bishopric of Quebec, 1674—​First Bishop of Canada, Laval—​Rivalry—​Power of Jesuits—​Number of missionaries—​Their “relations”—​First mission field; Bay Quinté region—​“Antient mission”—​How founded—​First missionaries—​Kleus, Abbe D’Urfé—​La Salle to build a church—​The ornaments and sacred vessels—​The site of the “Chappel” uncertain—​Bald Bluff, Carrying Place—​Silver crosses—​Mission at Georgian Bay—​The “Christian Islands”—​Chapel at Michilmicinac, 1679—​The natives attracted—​Subjects of the French King—​Francois Picquet—​La Presentation—​Soegasti—​The most important mission—​The object—​Six Nations—​The missionary’s living—​“Disagreeable expostulations”—​Putting stomach in order—​Trout—​Picquet’s mode of teaching Indians—​The same afterwards adopted by Rev. W. Case—​Picquet’s success—​Picquet on a voyage—​At Fort Toronto—​Mississaugas’ request—​Picquet’s reply—​A slander—​At Niagara, Oswego—​At Frontenac—​Grand reception—​Return to La Presentation—​Picquet in the last French war—​Returns to France—​By Mississippi—​“Apostles of Peace”—​Unseemly strife—​Last of the Jesuits in Canada	[249]
CHAPTER XXVI.
First church in New York, 1633—​First Dominie, Rev. Everardus Bogardus—​The Dutch, Huguenots, Pilgrims—​Transporting ministers and churches—​First Rector of New York, Wm. Vesey—​Henry Barclay, 1746—​First Catholic Bishop in America, 1789—​Episcopalian Bishop, 1796—​Moral state of Pioneers in Canada—​Religion—​No ministers—​No striking immorality—​Feared God and honored their King—​The Fathers of Upper Canada—​Religious views—​A hundred years ago—​“Carousing and Dancing”—​Rev. Dr. John Ogilvie—​First Protestant clergyman in Canada—​Chaplain, 1759, at Niagara—​A Missionary Successor of Dr. Barclay, New York—​Death, 1774—​Rev. John Doughty—​A Graduate ordained—​At Peekskill—​Schenectady—​A Loyalist—​A Prisoner—​To Canada—​Chaplain—​To England—​Returns—​Missionary Resigns—​Rev Dr. John Stuart—​First clergyman to settle—​His memoir—​The “Father of the U. C. Church”—​Mission work—​The five nations—​The Dutch—​Rev. Mr. Freeman—​Translator—​Rev. Mr. Andrews—​Rev. Mr. Spencer Woodbridge, Howley—​New England missionaries—​Rev. Dr. Whelock—​The Indian converts—​The London society—​Rev. Mr. Inglis—​John Stuart selected missionary—​A native of Pennsylvania—​Irish descent—​A graduate, Phil. Coll.—​Joins Church of England—​To England—​Ordination—​Holy Orders, 1770—​Enters upon his work	[255]
CHAPTER XXVII.
At Fort Hunter—​Mr. Stuart’s first sermon, Christmas—​Officiates in Indian tongue—​Translates—​The rebellion—​Prayers for the King—​The Johnsons—​Rebels attack his house—​Plunder—​Indignity—​Church desecrated—​Used as a stable—​A barrel of rum—​Arrested—​Ordered to come before rebel commissioners—​On Parole—​Limits—​Idle two years—​To Albany—​Phil—​Determines to remove to Canada—​Not secure—​Exchanging—​Security—​Real estate forfeited—​Route—​Negroes—​The journey, three weeks—​At St. John’s—​Charge of Public School—​Chaplain—​At the close of the war—​Three Protestant Parishes—​Determines to settle at Cataraqui—​Chaplain to Garrison—​Missionary—​Bishop of Virginia, Dr. Griffith—​Visits Mr. Stuart—​Invitation to Virginia declined—​“Rivetted prejudices,” satisfied—​“The only refuge clergymen”—​Path of duty—​Visits the settlements, 1784—​Mohawks, Grand river—​Reception of their old pastor—​First church—​Mohawks, Bay of Quinté—​Remains in Montreal a year—​Assistant—​Removes to Cataraqui, 1785—​His land—​Number of houses in Kingston—​A short cut to Lake Huron—​Fortunate in land—​5000 settlers—​Poor and happy—​Industrious—​Around his Parish, 1788—​Two hundred miles long—​By batteau—​Brant—​New Oswego—​Mohawk village church, steeple, and bell—​First in Upper Canada—​Plate—​Organ—​Furniture—​Returns—​At Niagara—​Old parishioners—​Tempted to move—​Comfortable, not rich—​Declines a judgeship—​New Mecklenburgh—​Appointed Chaplain to first House of Assembly—​Mohawk Mission—​At Marysburgh—​Degree of D.D.—​Prosperity—​Happy—​Decline of life—​His duties—​Illness, Death, 1811—​His appearance—​“The little gentleman”—​His manners—​Honorable title—​His children—​Rev. O’Kill Stuart	[260]
CHAPTER XXVIII.
A Missionary—​Chaplain at Niagara—​Pastors to the settlers—​Chaplain to Legislature—​Visits Grand river—​Officiates—​A land speculator—​Receives a pension, £50—​1823—​Rev. Mr. Pollard—​At Amherstburgh—​Mr. Langhorn—​A missionary—​Little education—​Useful—​Odd—​On Bay Quinté in Ernesttown—​Builds a church—​At Adolphustown—​Preaches at Hagerman’s—​Another church—​A diligent pastor—​Pioneer preacher around the bay—​Christening—​Marrying—​Particular—​His appointments—​Clerk’s Fees—​Generosity—​Present to bride—​Faithful to sick calls—​Frozen feet—​No stockings—​Shoe buckles—​Dress—​Books—​Peculiarities—​Fond of the water—​Charitable—​War of 1812—​Determined to leave Canada—​Thinks it doomed—​Singular notice—​Returns to Europe—​His library—​Present to Kingston—​Twenty years in Canada—​Extract from Gazette—​No one immediately to take his place—​Rev. John Bethune—​Died 1815—​Native of Scotland—​U. E. Loyalists—​Lost Property—​Chaplain to 84th Regiment—​A Presbyterian—​Second Legal Clergymen in Upper Canada—​Settled at Cornwall—​Children—​The Baptists—​Wyner—​Turner—​Holts Wiem—​Baptists upon river Moira—​First Chapel—​How built—​Places of preaching—​Hayden’s Corners—​At East Lake—​The Lutherans—​Rev. Schwerdfeger—​Lutheran settlers—​County Dundas—​First church east of Kingston—​Rev. Mr. Myers lived in Marysburgh—​Marriage—​His log church—​Removes to St. Lawrence—​Resigns—​To Philadelphia—​Mr. Weant—​Lives in Ernesttown—​Removes to Matilda—​Not supported—​Secretly joins the English church—​Re-ordained—​His society ignorant—​Suspicious—​Preaching in shirt sleeves—​Mr. Myers’ return, by sleigh—​Locking church door—​The thirty-nine articles—​Compromise—​Mr. Myers continues three years a Lutheran—​He secedes—​The end of both Seceders—​Rev. I. L. Senderling—​Rev. Herman Hayunga—​Rev. Mr. Shorts—​Last Lutheran minister at Ernesttown, McCarty—​Married	[267]
CHAPTER XXIX.
Bishop Strachan—​A teacher—​A preacher—​A student—​Holy Orders—​A Presbyterian—​Becomes an Episcopalian—​A supporter of the “Family compact”—​Sincere—​His opinion of the people—​Ignorant—​Unprepared for self-government—​Strachan’s religious chart—​He was deceived—​The Methodists—​Anomalous connection—​A fillibustering people—​Republicanism egotistical—​Loyalty of the Methodists—​American ministers—​Dr. Strachan’s position—​His birth place—​His education—​A.M., 1793—​Studying Theology—​Comes to Canada—​A student of Dr. Stuart’s—​Ordained Deacon—​A missionary at Cornwall—​Rector at York—​Archdeacon—​Bishop of Toronto—​Coadjutor—​Death—​A public burial—​Rev. Mr. McDowell—​First Presbyterian at Bay Quinté—​Invited by Van Alstine—​On his way—​At Brockville—​Settles in a second town—​His circuit—​A worthy minister—​Fulfilling his mission—​Traveling on foot—​To York—​Marrying the people—​His death—​His descendants—​Places of preaching—​A Calvinist—​Invites controversy—​Mr. Coate accepts the challenge—​The disputation—​Excitement—​The result—​Rev. Mr. Smart—​Called by Mr. McDowell—​Pres. clergyman at Brockville—​Fifty years—​An earnest Christian—​A desire to write—​“Observer”—​A pioneer—​A cause of regret—​Not extreme—​Mr. Smart’s views on politics—​The masses uneducated—​The “Family Compact”—​Rise of responsible government—​The Bidwells—​Credit to Dr. Strachan—​Brock’s funeral sermon—​Foundation of Kingston gaol—​Maitland—​Demonstration—​Sherwood’s statement	[273]
CHAPTER XXX.
The Quakers—​Among the Settlers—​From Penn—​Duchess County—​First Meeting-house—​David Sand—​Elijah Hick—​Visiting Canada—​James Noxen—​A first settler—​Their mode of worship—​In Sophiasburg—​The meeting-house—​Joseph Leavens—​Hicksites—​Traveling—​Death, aged 92—​Extract, Picton Sun—​The first preaching places—​First English church—​In private houses—​At Sandwich—​The Indian church at the bay—​Ernesttown—​First Methodist church—​Preaching at Niagara—​First church in Kingston—​At Waterloo—​At Niagara—​Churches at Kingston, 1817—​In Hallowell—​Thurlow—​Methodist meeting-houses, 1816—​At Montreal—​Building chapels in olden times—​Occupying the frame—​The old Methodist chapels—​In Hallowell township—​In the fifth town—​St. Lawrence—​First English Church, Belleville—​Mr. Campbell—​First time in the pulpit—​How he got out—​The old church superseded—​Church, front of Sidney—​Rev. John Cochrane—​Rev. Mr. Grier—​First Presbyterian Church in Belleville—​Rev. Mr. Ketcham—​First Methodist Church in Belleville—​Healey, Puffer—​The site of the church—​A second one	[279]
CHAPTER XXXI.
The first Methodist Preachers—​The army—​Capt. Webb—​Tuffey—​George Neal—​Lyons—​School-teacher—​Exhorter—​McCarty—​Persecution—​Bigotry—​Vagabonds—​McCarty arrested—​Trial—​At Kingston—​Banished—​“A martyr”—​Doubtful—​Losee, first Methodist missionary, 1790—​A minister—​A loyalist—​Where he first preached—​“A curiosity”—​Earnest pioneer Methodist—​Class-meetings—​Suitable for all classes—​Losee’s class-meetings—​Determines to build a meeting-house—​Built in Adolphustown—​Its size—​The subscribers—​Members, amount—​Embury—​Those who subscribed for first church in New York—​Same names—​The centenary of Methodism—​New York Methodists driven away—​American Methodist forgetful—​Embury and Heck refugees—​Ashgrove—​No credit given to British officers—​Embury’s brother—​The rigging loft, N. Y.—​Barbara Heck—​Settling in Augusta—​First Methodist Church in America—​Subscribers—​“Lost Chapters”—​The Author’s silence—​What is acknowledged—​“Severe threats”—​Mr. Mann—​To Nova Scotia—​Mr. Wakely “admires piety”—​Not “loyalty”—​Second chapel, N. Y.—​Adolphustown subscribers—​Conrad VanDusen—​Eliz. Roblin—​Huff—​Ruttan—​The second Methodist chapel—​The subscribers—​Commenced May, 1795—​Carpenter’s wages—​Members Cataraqui Circuit—​Going to Conference—​Returns—​Darias Dunham—​Physician—​First quarterly meeting—​Anecdotes—​Bringing a “dish cloth”—​“Clean up”—​The new made squire—​Asses—​Unclean spirits—​Losee discontinues preaching—​Cause—​Disappointment—​Return to New York—​Dunham useful—​Settles—​Preachers travelling—​Saddle-bags—​Methodism among loyalists—​Camp-meetings—​Where first held in Canada—​Worshipping in the woods—​Breaking up—​Killing the Devil—​First Canadian preacher—​Journey from New York	[285]
CHAPTER XXXIa.
Henry Ryan—​Ryanites—​He comes to Canada—​His associate, Case—​At Kingston—​A singer—​Preaching in the market-place—​Their treatment—​In office—​His circuit—​1000 miles—​What he received—​Elder—​Superseded—​Probable cause—​A British subject—​During the war of 1812—​President of Conference—​“High-minded”—​Useful—​Acceptable to the people—​Desired independence by the Canadians—​How he was treated—​His labors—​Brave—​Witty—​“Fatherless children”—​“Impudent scoundrel”—​Muscular—​“Methodists’ bull”—​“Magistrate’s goat”—​Ryan seeks separation—​Breckenridge—​Conduct of the American Conference—​Ryan’s agitation—​Effect upon the Bishops—​First Canada Conference—​At Hallowell—​Desire for independence—​Reasons, cogent—​Fruit of Ryan’s doings—​The way the Conference treated Ryan—​Withdraws—​No faith in the United States Conference—​Ryan sincere—​“Canadian Wesleyans”—​The motives of the United States Conference questionable—​The wrong done Ryan—​Second Canada Conference—​Case, first Superintendent—​Visit of Bishop Asbury—​Account by Henry Bœhm—​Asbury an Englishman—​During the rebellion—​A Bishop—​His journey to Canada—​Crossing the St. Lawrence—​Traveling in Canada—​An upset—​“A decent people”—​His opinion of the country—​The Bishop ill—​At Kingston—​Bœhm at Embury’s—​A field meeting—​Riding all night—​Crossing to Sackett’s harbor—​Nearly wrecked	[295]
CHAPTER XXXII.
McDonnell—​First R. Catholic Bishop—​A “Memorandum”—​Birth-place—​in Spain—​A priest—​In Scotland—​Glengary Fencibles—​Ireland, 1798—​To Canada—​Bishop—​Death in Scotland—​Body removed to Canada—​Funeral obsequies—​Buried at Kingston—​Had influence—​Member of Canadian Legislative Council—​Pastoral visitations, 1806—​A loyal man—​A pioneer in his church—​The Bishop’s Address, 1836—​Refuting Mal-charges—​Number of the R. C. clergy in 1804—​From Lake Superior to Lower Canada—​Traveling horseback—​Sometimes on foot—​Hardships—​Not a politician—​Expending private means—​Faithful services—​Acknowledged—​Roman Catholic U. E. Loyalists—​First church in Ernesttown—​McDonnell at Belleville—​Rev. M. Brennan—​First church in Belleville—​What we have aimed at—​The advantages to the English Church—​The Reserves—​In Lower Canada—​Dr. Mountain—​Number of English clergymen, 1793—​A Bishop—​Monopoly initiated—​Intolerance and exclusion swept away—​An early habit at Divine Service	[303]
CHAPTER XXXIII.
First Sabbath teaching—​Hannah Bell, 1769—​School established, 1781—​Raikes—​Wesley—​First in United States—​First in Canada—​Cattrick—​Moon—​Common in 1824—​First in Belleville—​Turnbull—​Cooper—​Marshall—​Prizes, who won them—​Mr. Turnbull’s death—​Intemperance—​First temperance societies—​Change of custom—​Rum—​Increasing intemperance—​The tastes of the pioneers—​Temperance, not teetotalism—​First society in Canada—​Drinks at raisings and bees—​Society at Hallowell	[308]
CHAPTER XXXIV.
The Six Nations—​Faithful English Allies—​Society for Propagation of Gospel—​First missionary to Iroquois—​John Thomas, first convert—​Visit of Chiefs to England—​Their names—​Their portraits—​Attention to them—​Asking for instructor—​Queen Anne—​Communion Service—​During the Rebellion—​Burying the plate—​Recovered—​Division of the articles—​Sacrilege of the Rebels—​Re-printing Prayer Book—​Mr. Stuart, missionary—​The women and children—​At Lachine—​Attachment to Mr. Stuart—​Touching instance—​Mr. Stuart’s Indian sister—​Church at Tyendinaga—​School teacher to the Mohawk—​John Bininger—​First teacher—​The Bininger family—​The Moravian Society—​Count Zinzendorf—​Moravian church at New York—​First minister, Abraham Bininger—​Friend of Embury—​An old account book—​John Bininger journeying to Canada—​Living at Bay Quinté—​Removes to Mohawk village—​Missionary spirit—​Abraham Bininger’s letters—​The directions—​Children pleasing parents—​“Galloping thoughts”—​Christianity—​Canadian Moravian missionaries—​Moravian loyalists—​What was sent from New York—​“Best Treasure”—​The “Dear Flock”—​David Zieshager at the Thames—​J. Bininger acceptable to Mohawk—​Abraham Bininger desires to visit Canada—​Death of Mrs. Bininger—​“Tender mother”—​Bininger and Wesley—​“Garitson”—​“Losee”—​“Dunon”—​Reconciled to Methodists—​Pitying Losee—​Losee leaving Canada—​Ceases to be teacher—​Appointing a successor—​William Bell—​The salary—​The Mohawks don’t attend school—​An improvement—​The cattle may not go in School-house—​The school discontinued	[312]
CHAPTER XXXV.
The first Church at Tyendinaga grows old—​A Council—​Ask for assistance—​Gov. Bagot—​Laying first stone of new Church—​The Inscription—​The Ceremony—​The new Church—​Their Singing—​The surrounding Scenery—​John Hall’s Tomb—​Pagan Indians—​Red Jacket—​His Speech—​Reflection upon Christians—​Indians had nothing to do with murdering the Saviour	[319]
CHAPTER XXXVI.
Mississauga Indians—​Father Picquet’s opinion—​Remnant of a large tribe—​Their land—​Sold to Government—​Rev. Wm. Case—​John Sunday—​A drunkard—​Peter Jones—​Baptising Indians—​At a camp-meeting—​Their department—​Extract from Playter—​William Beaver—​Conversions—​Jacob Peter—​Severe upon white Christians—​Their worship—​The Father of Canadian missions—​Scheme to teach Indians—​Grape Island—​Leasing Islands—​The parties—​“Dated at Belleville”—​Constructing a village—​The lumber—​How obtained—​Encamping on Grape Island—​The method of instruction—​The number—​Agriculture—​Their singing—​School house—​The teacher—​Instructions of women—​Miss Barnes—​Property of Indians—​Cost of improvements—​A visit to Government—​Asking for land—​“Big Island”—​Other favors—​Peter Jacobs at New York—​Extracts from Playter—​Number of Indian converts, 1829—​River Credit Indians—​Indians removed to Alnwick	[323]
DIVISION VI.
EARLY EDUCATION IN UPPER CANADA.
CHAPTER XXXVII.
Education among the Loyalists—​Effect of the war—​No opportunity for Education—​A few Educated—​At Bath—​A common belief—​What was requisite for farming—​Learning at home—​The school teachers—​Their qualifications—​Rev. Mr. Stuart as a teacher—​Academy at Kingston—​First Canadian D.D.—​Mr. Clark, Teacher, 1786—​Donevan—​Garrison Schools—​Cockerell—​Myers—​Blaney—​Michael—​Atkins—​Kingston, 1795—​Lyons—​Mrs. Cranahan—​In Adolphustown—​Morden—​Faulkiner—​The school books—​Evening schools—​McDougall—​O’Reiley—​McCormick—​Flogging—​Salisbury—​James—​Potter—​Wright—​Watkins—​Gibson—​Smith—​Whelan—​Articles of Agreement—​Recollections—​Boarding round—​American teachers—​School books—​The letter Z	[329]
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
Mr. Stuart’s school—​Simcoe—​State Church and College—​Grammar schools—​Hon. R. Hamilton—​Chalmers—​Strachan—​Comes to Canada—​Educational history—​Arrival at Kingston—​The pupils—​Fees—​Removes to Cornwall—​Pupils follow—​Strachan, a Canadian—​Marries—​Interview with Bishop Strachan—​His disappointment—​A stranger—​What he forsook—​300 pupils—​Their success—​Stay at Cornwall—​Appointments at York—​A lecturer—​At Kingston—​Member of Legislative Council—​Politician—​Clergy Reserves—​Founds King’s College—​The thirty-nine articles—​Monopoly swept away—​Voluntaryism—​Founds Trinity College—​Bishop Strachan in 1866—​What he had accomplished—​Those he tutored—​Setting up a high standard—​“Reckoner”—​Sincerity—​Legislation, 1797—​Address to the King—​Grammar Schools—​Grant, 1798—​Board of Education—​Endowment of King’s College—​Its constitution—​Changes—​Upper Canada College—​Endowment—​“A spirit of improvement”—​Gourlay—​The second academy—​At Ernesttown—​The trustees—​Bidwell—​Charges—​Contradicted—​Rival school—​Bidwell’s son—​Conspicuous character—​Bidwell’s death—​Son removes to Toronto—​Academy building, a barrack—​Literary spirit of Bath—​Never revived—​York	[334]
CHAPTER XXXIX.
Extract from Cooper—​Educational institutions—​Kingston—​Queen’s College—​Own’s Real Estate—​Regiopolis College—​Roman Catholic—​Grammar School—​Attendance—​School houses—​Library—​Separate School—​Private Schools—​The Quaker School—​William Penn—​Upon the Hudson—​Near Bloomfield—​Origin of school—​Gurnay—​His offer—​Management of school—​The teaching—​Mrs. Crombie’s school—​Picton ladies’ Academy—​McMullen, proprietor—​Teachers—​Gentlemen’s department—​Popular—​The art of printing—​In America—​Book publishing—​First in America—​Books among the loyalists—​Few—​Passed around—​Ferguson’s books—​The Bible—​Libraries at Kingston and Bath—​Legislation—​In Lower Canada—​Reading room at Hallowell—​Reserves for education—​Upper Canada in respect to education—​Praiseworthy—​Common School system bill introduced 1841—​Amended, 1846—​Dr. Ryerson’s system—​Unsurpassed	[341]
CHAPTER XL.
First Newspapers, 1457—​Year, 66—​English Newspapers—​In America—​In Canada—​‘Gazette’—​Founder—​Papers in 1753—​Quebec ‘Herald’—​Montreal ‘Gazette’—​‘Le Temps’—​Quebec ‘Mercury’—​Canadian ‘Courant’—​‘Royal Gazette’—​First in Newfoundland—​‘U. C. Gazette’—​First paper—​Subscribers—​Upper Canada ‘Guardian’—​Wilcox—​Mr. Thorpe—​Opposition—​Libel—​Elected to Parliament—​York Jail—​Leader—​In 1812—​Deserted—​York ‘Gazette’—​Kingston ‘Gazette’—​Only Paper—​News sixty years ago—​In Midland District—​Rev. Mr. Miles—​Pioneer of Journalism—​His Birthplace—​Learns the printing business—​Mower—​Montreal ‘Gazette’—​Kendall—​Partnership—​To Kingston in 1810—​The printing office—​Kingston ‘Gazette’—​Mr. Miles sells out—​The concern purchased—​Mr. Miles asked to be Editor—​Their kindness—​Gratitude—​Second Volume—​Extract from ‘Gazette’—​The Price—​Kingston ‘Chronicle’—​Upper Canada ‘Herald’—​‘Canadian Watchman’—​Mr. Miles at Prescott—​Returns to Kingston—​Enters the Ministry—​Loyal Subject—​In 1812—​On Duty—​Archdeacon Stuart—​Col. Cartwright—​Contributors to ‘Gazette’—​Our Thanks—​A Watch—​Faithfulness—​“A Good Chance”—​Subscribers at York—​Kingston ‘Spectator’—​‘Patriot’—​‘Argus’—​‘Commercial Advertizer’—​‘British Whig’—​‘Chronicle’ and ‘News’—​First Daily in Upper Canada—​Paper Boxes—​Brockville ‘Recorder’—​A Reform paper—​McLeod—​Grenville ‘Gazette’—​Prescott ‘Telegraph’—​‘Christian Guardian’—​Reform Journals	[350]
CHAPTER XLI.
First paper between Kingston and York—​Hallowell “Free Press”—​The Editor—​“Recluse”—​Fruitless efforts—​Proprietor—​Wooden press—​Of iron—​“Free Press,” independent—​The “Traveller”—​Press removed to Cobourg—​“Prince Edward Gazette”—​“Picton Gazette”—​“Picton Sun”—​“Picton Times”—​“New Nation”—​“Cobourg Star”—​“Anglo-Canadian” at Belleville—​The Editor—​Price—​The “Phœnix”—​Slicer—​“Canadian Wesleyan”—​“Hastings Times”—​The “Reformer”—​The “Intelligencer”—​George Benjamin—​The “Victoria Chronicle”—​“Hastings Chronicle”—​Extract from Playter—​“Colonial Advocate”—​“Upper Canada Herald”—​“Barker’s Magazine”—​“Victoria Magazine”—​Joseph Wilson—​Mrs. Moodie—​Sheriff Moodie—​Pioneer in Canadian literature—​Extract from Morgan—​“Literary Garland”—​“Roughing it in the Bush”—​“Eclectic Magazine”—​“Wilson’s Experiment”—​“Wilson’s Canada Casket”—​The “Bee” at Napanee—​“Emporium”—​The “Standard”—​The “Reformer”—​“North American”—​“Ledger”—​“Weekly Express”—​“Christian Casket”—​“Trenton Advocate”—​“British Ensign”—​The “Canadian Gem”—​“Maple Leaf”—​Papers in 1853—​Canadian papers superior to American—​Death at Boston—​Berczy—​Canadian idioms—​Accent—​Good English—​Superstition—​Home education—​Fireside stories—​Traditions	[358]
DIVISION VII.
THE TERRITORY OF UPPER CANADA—​THE BAY QUINTÉ.
CHAPTER XLII.
The Indians—​Their origin—​Pre-historic Canada—​Indian relics—​Original inhabitants—​Les Iroquois du nord—​Original names—​Peninsula of Upper Canada—​Champlain exploring—​Ascends the Ottawa—​His route to Lake Nippissing—​To Lake Huron—​French river—​The country—​Georgian Bay—​Lake Simcoe—​Down the Trent—​A grand trip—​Bay Quinté and Lake Ontario discovered—​War demonstration—​Wintering at the Bay—​A contrast—​Roundabout way—​Erroneous impressions	[366]
CHAPTER XLIII.
Name—​Letter, “Daily News”—​“Omega” Lines—​The writer—​Conjectures—​Five Bays—​Indian origin—​Kentes—​Villages—​Les Couis—​Modes of spelling—​Canty—​The occupants, 1783—​Mississaugas—​Origin—​With the Iroquois—​The Souter—​Mississaugas, dark—​At Kingston—​Bay Quinté—​Land bought—​Reserves—​Claim upon the islands—​Wappoose Island—​Indian agent—​Indians hunting—​Up the Sagonaska—​Making sugar—​Peaceable—​To Kingston for presents	[374]
CHAPTER XLIV.
Appearance—​Mouth of Bay—​Length—​The Peninsula of Prince Edward—​Width of Bay—​Long Reach—​Course of Bay—​The High Shore—​Division of bay—​Eastern, central, western—​Taking a trip—​Through the Reach—​A picture—​A quiet spot—​Lake on the mountain—​A description—​Montreal Gazette—​Beautiful view—​Rhine, Hudson—​Contrast—​Classic ground—​A sketch—​Birth place of celebrated Canadians—​Hagerman—​A leading spirit—​Sir J. A. McDonald—​Reflections—​A log house—​Relics of the past—​Lesson of life—​In the lower bay—​Reminiscences—​The front—​Cradle of the province—​Shore of Marysburgh—​In the Western Bay—​Cuthbertson—​Up the bay—​A battle ground—​Devil’s Hill—​In the depths—​Prosperity—​Geological supposition—​Head of bay—​The past	[383]
CHAPTER XLV.
The “Big Bay”—​Musketoe Bay—​Mohawk Bay—​Hay Bay—​“Eastern Bay”—​Site of Ancient Kentes—​The name—​Old Families—​An Accident, 1819—​Eighteen Drowned—​Extract from Playter—​Searching for the Bodies—​Burying the dead—​Picton Bay—​Appearance—​The “Grand Bay”—​Upper Gap—​Lower Gap—​Kingston Bay—​A Picture—​Recollections—​A Contract—​Ship Yards—​Extract from Cooper—​Inland Lakes	[395]
CHAPTER XLVa.
Islands—​Possessed by Indians—​The “Thousand Islands”—​Carleton Island—​History of Island—​During the rebellion—​Wolfe Island—​The name—​Howe Island—​Old name—​County of Ontario—​Garden Island—​Horseshoe Island—​Sir Jeffry Amherst—​The size—​Indian name—​“Tontine”—​Johnson’s Island—​The Island won—​Present owner—​First settler—​The three brothers—​Small Islands—​Hare Island—​Nut Island—​Wappoose Island—​Indian rendezvous—​Captain John’s Island—​Bartering—​Hunger Island—​Big Island—​First settlers—​Huff’s Island—​Paul Huff—​Grape Island—​Hog Island—​Smaller Islands—​Mississauga Island—​A tradition—​The carrying place—​Its course—​Original survey—​History—​American prisoners—​Col. Wilkins	[402]
DIVISION VIII.
THE FIRST TEN TOWNSHIPS IN THE MIDLAND DISTRICT.
CHAPTER XLVI.
The French—​Their policy—​Trading posts—​Cahiaque—​Variations—​Name of river—​Foundation of Fort Frontenac—​A change—​Site of old fort—​La Salle’s petition—​A Seigniory—​Governors visiting—​War Expedition—​Fort destroyed—​Rebuilt—​Colonial wars—​Taking of Fort Oswego—​Frontenac taken—​End of French domination	[410]
CHAPTER XLVII.
Cooper’s Essay—​Loyalists naming places—​King’s Town—​Queen’s Town—​Niagara—​Spanish names—​Cataraqui from 1759 to 1783—​Desolation—​The rebellion—​Station, Carleton Island—​Settling—​Refugees at New York—​Michael Grass—​Prisoner at Cataraqui—​From New York to Canada—​Captain Grass takes possession of first township—​First landholders—​A letter by Captain Grass—​Changes—​Surveying forts and harbors—​Report to Lord Dorchester—​Kingston, versus Carleton Island—​The defenses—​Troops—​King’s township—​First settlers—​“Plan of township No. 1”—​First owners of town lots—​Names—​Settlers upon the front—​First inhabitants of Kingston—​A naval and military station—​The Commodore—​Living of old—​Kingston in last century—​New fortifications	[419]
CHAPTER XLVIII.
The situation of Kingston—​Under military influence—​Monopolist—​Early history of legislation—​In 1810—​Gourlay’s statement—​Police—​Modern Kingston—​Lord Sydenham—​Seat of government—​Perambulating—​Surrounding country—​Provisions—​An appeal for Kingston as capital—​Barriefield—​Pittsburgh—​Building of small crafts—​Famous—​Roads—​Waterloo—​Cemetery—​Portsmouth—​Kingston Mill—​Little Cataraqui—​Collinsby—​Quantity of land—​Early and influential inhabitants—​Post masters—​“Honorable men”—​Deacon, Macaulay, Cartwright, Markland, Cummings, Smiths, Kerby—​Allen McLean, first lawyer—​A gardener—​Sheriff McLean—​“Chrys” Hagerman—​Customs—​Sampson, shooting a smuggler—​Hagerman, M.P.P.—​Removes to Toronto	[430]
CHAPTER XLIX.
The second town—​Ernest’s town—​King George—​His children—​Settlers of Ernesttown—​Disbanded soldiers—​Johnson’s regiment—​Major Rogers’ corps—​The “Roll”—​Number—​By whom enlisted—​An old book—​Township surveyed—​Settling—​Traveling—​Living in tents—​A change—​Officers—​Names—​Occupants of lots—​Mill Creek—​The descendants—​Quality of land—​Village—​The settlers in 1811—​The main road—​Incorporation of Bath—​Trading—​Fairfield—​The library—​Bath by Gourlay—​Bath of the present—​Bath versus Napanee—​In 1812—​American Fleet—​Wonderful achievement—​Safe distance from shore—​Third township—​Fredericksburgh—​After Duke of Sussex—​Surveyed by Kotte—​A promise to the disbanded soldiers—​Johnson—​Fredericksburgh additional—​A dispute—​Quantity of land—​Extract from Mrs. Moodie—​Reserve for village—​Second surveys	[439]
CHAPTER L.
The fourth township—​Adolphustown—​After Duke of Cambridge—​Quantity of Land—​Survey—​Major VanAlstine—​Refugees—​From New York—​Time—​Voyage—​Their Fare—​Names—​Arrived—​Hagerman’s Point—​In Tents—​First Settler—​Town Plot—​Death—​The Burial—​A Relic—​Commissary—​Dispute of Surveyors—​The Settlers—​All things in common—​An aged man—​Golden rule—​Old map—​Names—​Islands—​The township—​Price of land—​First “town meeting”—​Minutes—​The Officers Record—​Inhabitants, 1794—​Up to 1824—​First Magistrates—​Centre of Canada—​Court Held in Barn—​In Methodist Chapel—​“A Den of Thieves”—​Court House erected—​Adolphustown Canadians—​Members of Parliament—​The Courts—​Where first held—​Hagerman—​Travelers tarrying at Adolphustown	[448]
CHAPTER LI.
Marysburgh—​Origin—​Once part of a Seigniory—​Survey—​Hessians—​Old map—​The lots—​Officers of the 84th Regt.—​Original landowners—​Indian Point—​McDonnell’s Cove—​Grog Bay—​“Accommodating Bay”—​“Gammon Point”—​Black River—​“Long Point”—​Reserves—​Course pursued by the Surveyor—​Number of Hessians—​Their sufferings—​Dark tales—​Discontented—​Returning to Hesse—​A suitable location—​Not U. E. Loyalists—​Received land gratis—​Family land—​Their habits—​Capt. McDonnell—​Squire Wright—​Sergt. Harrison—​The Smith’s—​Grant to Major VanAlstine—​Beautiful Scenery—​Smith’s bay—​“The Rock”—​Over a precipice	[458]
CHAPTER LII.
Sixth township—​Name—​Survey—​Convenient for settlement—​First settlers—​A remote township—​What was paid for lots—​“Late Loyalists”—​Going to Mill—​Geological formation—​Along the fronts—​High shore—​Grassy Point—​Its history—​Marsh front—​Central place—​Stickney’s Hill—​Foster’s Hill—​Northport—​Trade—​James Cotter—​Gores—​Demerestville—​The name—​“Sodom”—​First records—​Township meetings—​The Laws of the township—​Divided into parishes—​Town clerk—​Officers—​The poor—​The committee—​Inhabitants, 1824—​Fish Lake—​Seventh Township—​The name—​Survey by Kotte—​At the Carrying Place—​Surveyor’s assistant—​No early records—​First settlers	[465]
CHAPTER LIII.
Prince Edward—​The name—​Rich land—​Size of peninsula—​Shape—​Small Lakes—​Sand hills—​The Ducks—​Gibson’s rock—​The past—​First settler—​Col. Young—​Prospecting—​Discovery of East Lake—​West Lake—​Moving in—​Settlers in 1800—​East Lake—​Capt. Richardson—​“Prince Edward Division Bill”—​Office seekers—​Township of Hallowell—​The name—​Formation of Township—​First records 1798—​The officers—​The laws—​Magistrates—​Picton—​Its origin—​Hallowell village—​Dr. Austin—​Gen. Picton—​His monument—​Naming the villages—​A contest—​The Court house—​An offer—​Enterprise—​Proposed steamboat—​Churches—​Rev. Mr. Macaulay—​Rev. Mr. Fraser—​Rev. Mr. Lalor	[476]
CHAPTER LIV.
Eighth Township—​Sidney—​Name—​Survey—​Settlement, 1787—​Letter from Ferguson—​Trading—​Barter—​Potatoes—​Building—​Cows—​No salt to spare—​First settlers—​Myers—​Re-surveying—​James Farley—​Town Clerk at first meeting—​William Ketcheson—​Gilbert’s Cove—​Coming to the front—​River Trent—​Old names—​Ferry—​Bridge—​Trenton—​Its settlement—​Squire Bleeker	[485]
CHAPTER LV.
Ninth town—​Thurlow—​Name—​When surveyed—​Front—​Indian burying ground—​Owner of first lots—​Chisholm—​Singleton—​Myers—​Ferguson—​Indian traders—​To Kingston in batteau—​Singleton’s death—​Ferguson’s death—​Distress of the families—​Settled, 1789—​Ascending the Moira—​Taking possession of land—​Fifth concession—​John Taylor—​Founder of Belleville—​Myers buying land—​Settlers upon the front—​Municipal record—​Town officers—​1798—​Succeeding years—​Canifton, its founder—​Settling—​The diet—​Building mill—​Road—​River Moira—​Origin of name—​Earl Moira—​Indian name—​Indian offering—​“Cabojunk”—​Myers’ saw-mill—​Place not attractive—​First bridge—​The flouring-mill—​Belleville—​Indian village—​Myers’ Creek—​Formation of village—​First Inn—​Permanent bridge—​Bridge Street—​In 1800—​Growth—​A second mill—​McNabb’s—​Sad death—​Captain McIntosh—​Petrie—​Inhabitants, 1809—​Dr. Spareham—​Naming of Belleville—​Bella Gore—​By Gore in council—​Petition—​Extract from Kingston Gazette—​Surveying reserve—​Wilmot—​Mistakes—​Granting of lots—​Conditions—​Board of Police—​Extent of Belleville—​Muddy streets—​Inhabitants in 1824—​Court-house—​First Court, Quarter Sessions—​Belleville in 1836	[489]
CHAPTER LVI.
Tenth township—​Richmond—​Origin—​Quantity of land—​Shores of Mohawk Bay—​Village on south shore—​Original land holders—​Names—​Napanee—​The falls—​The mill—​Salmon River—​Indian name—​Source of Napanee River—​Its course—​Colebrook—​Simcoe Falls—​Name—​Clarke’s Mills—​Newburgh—​Academy—​The settlers—​“Clarkville”—​No records	[503]
DIVISION IX.
THE EARLY GOVERNMENT OF UPPER CANADA.
CHAPTER LVII.
Military rule—​Imperial Act, 1774—​French Canada—​Refugees—​Military Government in Upper Canada—​New Districts—​Lunenburgh—​Mecklenburgh—​Nassau—​Hesse—​The Judges—​Duncan—​Cartwright—​Hamilton—​Robertson—​Court in Mecklenburgh—​Civil Law—​Judge Duncan—​Judge Cartwright—​Punishment inflicted—​First execution—​New Constitution of Quebec—​1791, Quebec Bill passed—​Inhabitants of Upper Canada	[505]
CHAPTER LVIII.
Simcoe—​His arrival in Canada—​Up the St. Lawrence—​An old house—​“Old Breeches’ River”—​Simcoe’s attendants—​The old veterans—​“Good old cause”—​“Content”—​Toasting—​Old officers—​Executive Council of Upper Canada—​First entry—​Simcoe inducted to office—​Religious ceremony—​“The proceedings”—​Those present—​Oath of office—​Organization of Legislative Council—​Assembly—​Issuing writs for elections—​Members of Council—​Simcoe’s difficulty—​At Kingston—​Division of Province—​The Governor’s officers—​Rochfoucault upon Simcoe—​Simcoe’s surroundings—​His wife—​Opening Parliament in 1795—​Those present—​Retinue—​Dress—​The nineteen counties—​Simcoe’s designs—​Visit of the Queen’s father—​At Kingston—​Niagara—​A war dance	[509]
CHAPTER LIX.
General Hunter—​Peter Russell—​Francis Gore, 1806—​Alex. Grant—​Brock—​1812—​United States declare war—​Prompt action—​Parliament—​Proclamation—​The issue—​Second proclamation—​General Hull—​His proclamation—​Bombast and impertinence—​The Indians—​Proclamation answered—​Hull a prisoner—​Michigan conquered—​To Niagara—​At Queenston heights—​“Push on York Volunteers”—​Death of Brock—​McDonnell—​War of 1812, the Americans—​Extract from Merritt—​What Canadians did—​Brock’s monument—​General Sheaffe—​General Drummond—​Invading the States—​What Canada will do—​Lord Sydenham—​A tribute by Dr. Ryerson—​Union of the Provinces	[517]
CHAPTER LX.
Kingston—​First capital—​First act of government—​Niagara—​Selecting the capital—​Niagara in 1788—​Carrying place—​Landing place—​Newark—​In 1795—​Mr. Hamilton—​The inhabitants—​Little York—​The Don—​The Harbor—​Survey—​De la Trenche—​London—​Inhabitants of the Don—​Yonge street, a military road—​Governor at York—​Castle Frank—​York in 1798—​The Baldwins—​In 1806—​Buffalo—​York, 1813—​Taken by the Americans—​The Combatants—​Toronto—​“Muddy York”—​A monument required	[526]
CHAPTER LXI.
Parliament—​Simcoe’s Proclamation—​Nineteen counties formed—​Names and boundaries—​First elections—​Names of members—​Officers of the House—​A Quaker member—​Chaplain—​Meeting of Parliament—​The Throne, a camp stool—​Address—​To both houses—​Closing address—​Acts passed—​Simcoe’s confidential letters—​A contrast—​A blending—​2nd Session—​The Acts—​Quarter Sessions—​3rd, 4th, 5th Sessions—​New division of Province—​1798—​Modes of punishment—​Burning the hand—​Whipping—​Salaries of officers—​Revenue first year—​The members of Parliament—​Education—​Offering for Parliament—​A “Junius”—​Early administration of justice—​“Heaven-born lawyers”—​First magistrates	[533]
DIVISION X.
THE EARLY MILITIA OF UPPER CANADA.
CHAPTER LXII.
Militia Act, 1792—​Simcoe—​No faith in the Americans—​His views—​Military Roads—​Division of Districts—​Military purposes—​The officers—​Legislation—​The expenses—​Repeated Legislation—​Aggressive spirit—​The Enrolment—​Hastings Battalion—​“Something brewing”—​List of Officers—​Col. Ferguson—​Col. Bell—​Leeds Militia—​Officers’ clothing—​The Midland District—​Prince Edward—​Training Places	[544]
CHAPTER LXIII.
In 1812, around Bay Quinté—​The declaration of war—​The news at Kingston—​The call to arms—​Hastings—​Events at Kingston—​In 1813—​Attack upon Sacket’s Harbor—​Oswego—​American fleet before Kingston—​Royal George—​Kingston prepared—​Chrysler’s farm—​A “Postscript”—​Along the St. Lawrence—​Ribaldry—​The Commissary—​Capt. Wilkins—​Quakers—​Rate of pay—​American prisoners—​The Wounded—​Surgeons, Dougal, Meacham—​Jonathan Phillips—​Militiamen’s reward—​Militia orders—​Parliamentary grants	[551]
CHAPTER LXIV.
The Six Nations in 1812—​American animus—​“Manifest Destiny”—​Mohawk Indians—​A right to defend their homes—​Inconsistency—​American savages—​Extract from Playter—​Brock’s proclamation—​Indian character, conduct, eloquence—​Deserters in 1812—​Few of them—​Court-martials—​The attempts at conquest by the Americans—​The numbers—​Result of war—​Canadians saved the country—​And can do so—​Fraternal kindness	[564]
DIVISION XI.
ADVANCE OF CIVILIZATION.
CHAPTER LXV.
Canada’s first step in civilization—​Slavery in America—​By whom introduced—​False charge—​Slavery in Canada—​History—​Imperial Acts—​Legislation in Canada—​The several clauses—​In Lower Canada—​Justice Osgood—​Slavery at the Rebellion—​Among the U. E. Loyalists—​Those who held slaves—​Descendants of the slaves—​“A British slave”—​“For sale”—​“Indian slave”—​Upper Canada’s Record—​Compared with the States—​Liberty—​Why the United States abolished slavery—​Honor to whom honor is due	[569]
CHAPTER LXVI.
Returns to the Pioneer—​Bay Region—​Garden of Canada—​Clogs—​False views of settlers—​Result—​New blood—​Good example—​Anecdote—​The “Family Compact”—​Partiality—​Origin of the Compact—​Their conduct—​The evil they did—​A proposed Canadian Aristocracy—​What it would have led to—​What may come—​“Peter Funks”	[580]
CHAPTER LXVII.
Agriculture—​Natural Products—​Rice—​Ginseng—​Orchards—​Plows—​Reaping—​Flax—​Legislation—​Agricultural Society organized by Simcoe—​A Snuff Box—​Fogies—​Silver—​Want of help—​Midland District taking the lead—​Societies—​Legislative help—​Prince Edward—​Pearl Ashes—​Factories—​Tanneries—​Breweries, Carding Machines—​Paper—​Lumber—​First vehicles—​Sleighs—​Waggons—​Home-made—​Roads—​First Public Conveyances—​Stages—​Fare—​Building Greater—​Sawing Mills introduced by the Dutch—​First Brick Building—​Myers’ House—​Its past history—​Furniture from Albany—​Currency—​Paper Money—​Banks—​First Merchants—​Barter—​Pedlars—​On the Bay	[587]
CHAPTER LXVIII.
Steam vessels—​Crossing the Atlantic in 1791—​First Steam Vessel—​Hudson—​The second on the St. Lawrence—​First across the Atlantic—​In Upper Canada—​Frontenac—​Built in Ernesttown—​The Builders—​Finkle’s Point—​Cost of Vessel—​Dimensions—​Launched—​First Trip—​Captain McKenzie—​‘Walk-in-the-Water’—​Queen Charlotte—​How Built—​Upon Bay Quinté—​Capt. Dennis—​First year—​Death of Dennis—​Henry Gilderslieve—​What he did—​Other Steamboats—​Canals—​First in Upper Canada—​Welland Canal—​Desjardin—​Rideau—​Its object—​Col. By—​A proposed Canal—​Railroads—​The first in the world—​Proposed Railway from Kingston to Toronto, 1846—​In Prince Edward District—​Increase of Population—​Extract from Dr. Lillie—​Comparison with the United States—​Favorable to Canada—​False Cries—​The French—​Midland District, 1818	[599]
DIVISION XII.
THE UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS—​THE FATHERS OF UPPER CANADA.
CHAPTER LXIX.
Definition—​A division—​Their principles—​Our position—​Ancestry—​Dutch—​Puritans—​Huguenots—​New Rochelle—​English writers—​Talbot—​Falsehoods—​Canadian and English ancestry—​Howison—​Maligner—​Gourlay’s reply—​Palatines—​Old names	[616]
CHAPTER LXX.
Character—​Hospitality—​At home—​Fireside—​Visitors—​Bees—​Raisings—​Easter Eggs—​Dancing—​Hovington House—​Caste—​Drinks—​Horse-racing—​Boxing—​Amusements—​La Crosse—​Duels—​Patriotism—​Annexation—​Freedom—​Egotism—​The Loyalists—​Instances—​Longevity—​Climate of Canada—​A quotation—​Long lived—​The children—​The present race—​A nationality—​Comparison—​“U. E. Loyalist”—​Their Privileges—​Order of Council—​Dissatisfaction	[624]
CHAPTER LXXI.
Notice of a Few—​Booth—​Brock—​Burritt—​Cotter—​Cartwright—​Conger—​Cole—​Dempsey—​Detlor—​Fraser—​Finkle—​Fisher—​Fairfield—​Grass—​Gamble—​Hagerman—​Johnson’s—​“Bill” Johnson—​Macaulay—​The Captive, Christian Moore—​Parliament—​Morden—​Roblins—​Simon—​Van Alstine—​Wallbridge—​Chrysler—​White—​Wilkins—​Stewart—​Wilson—​Metcalf—​Jayne—​McIntosh—​Bird—​Gerow—​Vankleek—​Perry—​Sir William Johnson’s children	[642]
APPENDIX.
Roll of the 2nd Battalion King’s Royal Regiment	[667]
The Governors of Canada	[670]
Indian Goods	[671]