The House Roof.
Lastly comes the house roof. We have already seen that the Drâvidian tribes will not allow their women to touch the thatch during a whirlwind. So, most people particularly object to people standing on their roof, and in a special degree to a buffalo getting upon it. It is on the roof, too, that the old shoe or black pot or painted tile is always kept to scare the Bhûts which use it as a perch.
END OF VOL. I.
[1] “Observations,” 625; and see Frazer, “Golden Bough,” i. 150; Lubbock, “Origin of Civilization,” 220; Tylor, “Primitive Culture,” ii. 27; Spencer, “Principles of Sociology,” i. 215 sq.; Sir W. Scott, “Letters on Demonology,” 90.
[2] “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” iii. 166.
[3] Tawney, “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” i. 21, 420; Miss Cox, “Cinderella,” 489; Clouston, “Popular Tales,” i. 437.
[4] “North Indian Notes and Queries,” iii. 31; Clouston, loc. cit., ii. 228; Tawney, “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” ii. 588.
[5] Führer, “Monumental Antiquities,” 144.
[6] “Panjâb Ethnography,” 116.
[7] Ibbetson, loc. cit., 117.
[8] Aubrey, “Remaines,” 121; Lady Wilde, “Legends,” 44, 233.
[9] Campbell, “Notes,” 171.
[10] “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” i. 13; “North Indian Notes and Queries,” i. 4.
[11] “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” iv. 57.
[12] See Cunningham, “Archæological Reports,” xvii. 147.
[13] Dalton, “Descriptive Ethnology,” 261.
[14] “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” iv. 51; Lâl Bihâri Dê, “Folk Tales,” 199; “Govinda Sâmanta,” i. 109, 152 sq., 157; “North Indian Notes and Queries,” i. 83.
[15] “Bombay Gazetteer,” xv. 150; Campbell, “Notes,” 172.
[16] “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” iv. 5; “North Indian Notes and Queries,” ii. 9; iii. 74.
[17] Hislop, “Notes,” i. 3.
[18] “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” ii. 114, 167; Tylor, “Primitive Culture,” i. 102; Aubrey, “Remaines,” 177, 194; Campbell, “Notes,” 177.
[19] Fausböll, “Jâtaka,” ii. 15 sq.; Ibbetson, “Panjâb Ethnography,” 118.
[20] Tawney, “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” i. 254.
[21] Campbell, “Notes,” 177.
[22] “Odyssey,” xvii. 541 sq.; Yule, “Marco Polo,” ii. 351; Aubrey, “Remaines,” 177.
[23] Henderson, “Folk-lore of the Northern Counties,” 117.
[24] “Folk-lore,” ii. 289.
[25] Hunt, “Popular Romances,” 109.
[26] Lâl Bihâri Dê, “Gobinda Sâmanta,” i. 115 sqq.
[27] Ralston, “Russian Folk-tales,” 306.
[28] Tawney, “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” i. 231, 543.
[29] Ibid., ii. 208.
[30] Wilson, “Essays,” i. 26.
[31] Buchanan, “Eastern India,” i. 65, 166.
[32] Tawney, “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” i. 256 sqq.
[33] Knowles, “Kashmîr Folk-tales,” 43; Clouston, “Popular Tales,” i. 135.
[34] Tawney, “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” i. 210; ii. 318.
[35] “Journal Royal Asiatic Society,” N.S. ii. 300; “Ancient Sanskrit Texts,” iv. 247; Wilson, “Rig Veda,” i. 107.
[36] Manu, “Institutes,” iii. 90; Haug, “Aitareya Brâhmanam,” ii. 87, 90 sq.
[37] “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” ii. 132; Lai Behâri Dê, “Govinda Sâmanta,” i. 117; Campbell, “Notes,” 24 sqq.
[38] “Journal Asiatic Society Bengal,” 1847, p. 582.
[39] “Folk-lore,” iii. 323.
[40] Grimm, “Household Tales,” ii. 381.
[41] Hartland, “Legend of Perseus,” i. 16.
[42] Hunt, “Popular Romances,” 75, 270.
[43] Miss Frere, “Old Deccan Days,” 41, 198; Wright, “History of Nepâl,” 175; Lady Wilde, “Legends,” 257.
[44] Miss Frere, loc. cit., 82, 58, 62, 208, 268 sqq.; Knowles, “Kashmîr Folk-tales,” 47.
[45] Atkinson, “Himâlayan Gazetteer,” ii. 352, note; Cunningham, “Archæological Reports,” ii. 21.
[46] Tylor, “Early History,” 316; Herodotus, i. 68.
[47] Campbell, “Popular Tales,” ii. 95; “Wideawake Stories,” 404 sqq.; Miss Stokes, “Fairy Tales,” 261; Tylor, “Primitive Culture,” i. 161; Frazer, “Golden Bough,” ii. 300; Tawney, “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” i. 42, 47; Hartland, “Legend of Perseus,” ii. chap. viii.
[48] “Central Provinces Gazetteer,” 428; Cunningham, “Archæological Reports,” ix. 142; xviii. 5; “Indian Antiquary,” vi. 360; “Bombay Gazetteer,” xii. 449; compare Tylor, “Primitive Culture,” i. 394 sq.; Wright, “History of Nepâl,” 175; “Folk-lore,” i. 524.
[49] Führer, “Monumental Antiquities,” 7, 40, 103.
[50] Hunt, “Popular Romances,” 43, 75.
[51] Buchanan, “Eastern India,” i. 88; iii. 56.
[52] Grimm, “Household Tales,” ii. 413; Hunt, loc. cit., 136.
[53] Knowles, “Folk-tales of Kashmîr,” 423.
[54] Annals, ii. 382, note; Wright, “History of Nepâl,” 86.
[55] “North Indian Notes and Queries,” iii. 71.
[56] Lâl Bihâri Dê, “Folk-tales,” 257; Miss Stokes, “Fairy Tales,” 273, 291; Tylor, “Primitive Culture,” ii. 98 sq., 378; Hunt, “Popular Romances,” 55.
[57] Cunningham, “Archæological Reports,” xvii. 1.
[58] “North Indian Notes and Queries,” ii. 1.
[59] “Gazetteer,” xi. 308.
[60] Risley, “Tribes and Castes of Bengal,” i. 303.
[61] Grimm, “Teutonic Mythology,” ii. 449.
[62] Campbell, “Notes,” 150.
[63] “North Indian Notes and Queries,” iii. 57, 80, 130.
[64] “Annals,” ii. 681.
[65] Hunt, “Popular Romances,” 145, 244; Campbell, “Popular Tales,” ii. 101; “Folk-lore,” iv. 352; Grimm, “Household Tales,” i. 346.
[66] Lâl Bihâri Dê, “Govinda Sâmanta,” i. 9; “North Indian Notes and Queries,” iii. 199.
[67] “Bombay Gazetteer,” xxv. 457.
[68] “Oudh Gazetteer,” i. 308, 311.
[69] Lâl Behâri Dê, “Govinda Sâmanta,” i. 158.
[70] “North Indian Notes and Queries,” iii. 180.
[71] Cunningham, “Archæological Reports,” xx. 96.
[72] Leland, “Etruscan Roman Remains,” 213.
[73] Henderson, “Folk-lore of the Northern Counties,” 308; Grote, “History of Greece,” iv. 285; “Folk-lore,” i. 167.
[74] Leland, loc. cit., 95.
[75] Traill, “Asiatic Researches,” xvi. 137 sq.
[76] Atkinson, “Himâlayan Gazetteer,” ii. 820.
[77] Tylor, “Primitive Culture,” i. 428 sq.
[78] Wright, “History,” 153; Frazer, “Golden Bough,” i. 142.
[79] Traill, “Asiatic Researches,” xvi. 137 sq.; “North Indian Notes and Queries,” ii. 27.
[80] Hunt, “Popular Romances,” 223.
[81] Brand, “Observation,” 571.
[82] Oppert, “Original Inhabitants,” 505.
[83] Atkinson, “Himâlayan Gazetteer,” ii. 825 sqq.; Madden, “Journal Asiatic Society Bengal,” 1847, p. 599 sqq.
[84] “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” i. 120; iii. 171.
[85] Traill, “Asiatic Researches,” xvi. 137; Atkinson, loc. cit., ii. 831; Leland, “Etruscan Roman Remains,” 101.
[86] Grierson, “Behâr Peasant Life,” 408.
[87] Dalton, “Descriptive Ethnology,” 251.
[88] Campbell, “Notes,” 387; Hartland, “Science of Fairy Tales,” 93 sqq.
[89] “Rig Veda,” iv. 17, 16; i. 51, 13.
[90] Burton, “Arabian Nights,” i. 9, note.
[91] Hughes, “Dictionary of Islâm,” s.v. Genii; Burton, “Arabian Nights,” passim.
[92] “Eastern India,” i. 106.
[93] Dalton, “Descriptive Ethnology,” 132.
[94] “Central Provinces Gazetteer,” 280.
[95] Hunt, “Popular Romances,” 253.
[96] Ibbetson, “Panjâb Ethnography,” 117.
[97] Campbell, “Notes,” 149.
[98] Frazer, “Golden Bough,” i. 185, 187; ii. 238.
[99] “North Indian Notes and Queries,” iii. 204.
[100] Campbell, “Notes,” 156.
[101] Tylor, “Primitive Culture,” i. 307; Pliny, “Natural History,” vii. 2.
[102] Rhys, “Lectures,” 156.
[103] Leland, “Etruscan Roman Remains,” 158.
[104] “Folk-lore,” ii. 288; Lady Wilde, “Legends,” 7, 39.
[105] Tawney, “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” ii. 198; Hartland, “Science of Fairy Tales,” 42.
[106] Risley, “Tribes and Castes,” i. 94.
[107] Campbell, “Notes,” 488.
[108] Tawney, “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” i. 227.
[109] Atkinson, “Himâlayan Gazetteer,” ii. 932.
[110] “Folk-lore,” iv. 363.
[111] “Etruscan Roman Remains,” 337.
[112] Blochmann, “Aîn-i-Akbari,” i. 139.
[113] “Oudh Gazetteer,” ii. 418.
[114] Yule, “Marco Polo,” ii. 70, with note.
[115] “Lectures,” 626 sq.
[116] The most recent authority on the subject, Mr. Hartland, sums up the matter thus: “It is founded on the belief that the child is a part of the parent; and, just as after apparent severance of hair and nails from the remainder of the body, the bulk is affected by anything which happens to the severed portion, so as well after as before the infant has been severed from the parent’s body, and in our eyes has acquired a distinct existence, he will be affected by whatever operates on the parent. Hence whatever the parent ought for the child’s sake to do or avoid before severance it is equally necessary to do or avoid after. Gradually, however, as the infant grows and strengthens he becomes able to digest the same food as his parents, and to take part in the ordinary avocations of their lives. Precaution then may be relaxed, and ultimately remitted altogether,”—“Legend of Perseus,” ii. 406.
[117] “Brâhmanism and Hinduism,” 229.
[118] Dalton, “Descriptive Ethnology,” 191; Risley, “Tribes and Castes,” i. 323; Tylor, “Primitive Culture,” i. 84.
[119] Campbell, “Notes,” 410.
[120] Ibid.
[121] “Sirsa Settlement Report,” 32.
[122] Wright, “History,” 15; Yule, “Marco Polo,” i. 203; Spencer, “Principles of Sociology,” i. 249 sq.; Henderson, “Folk-lore of the Northern Counties,” 278.
[123] “Remaines,” 109 sq.; Spencer, loc. cit., i. 329; Farrer, “Primitive Manners,” 24, 225 sq.
[124] Isaiah xxxiv. 14; Mayhew, “Academy,” June 14th, 1884; Conway, “Demonology,” ii. 91 sqq.; Gubernatis, “Zoological Mythology,” ii. 202.
[125] Campbell, “Notes,” 59.
[126] “Journal Asiatic Society Bengal,” 1848, p. 609; Benjamin, “Persia,” 192; Tylor, “Primitive Culture,” i. 451.
[127] Frazer, “Golden Bough,” i. 204; Tylor, loc. cit., ii. 230; “Early History,” 358; Cox, “Mythology of the Aryan Nations,” ii. 327; Conway, “Demonology,” i. 18.
[128] “Eastern India,” i. 414.
[129] “Bombay Gazetteer,” xii. 13; xvii. 703.
[130] “Oudh Gazetteer,” iii. 286.
[131] “Folk-lore,” iii. 83.
[132] Campbell, “Notes,” 150 sq.
[133] Tawney, “Katha Sarit Sâgara,” i. 446, 558; ii. 197.
[134] Hunt, “Popular Romances,” 431.
[135] “Principles of Sociology,” i. 201.
[136] Lady Wilde, “Legends,” 86.
[137] “North Indian Notes and Queries,” ii. 27.
[138] “North Indian Notes and Queries,” ii. 106; iii. 147.
[139] Atkinson, “Himâlayan Gazetteer,” ii. 321 sq.; “Bombay Gazetteer,” viii. 660; xi. 383.
[140] “North Indian Notes and Queries,” i. 103 sq.
[141] Ibid., ii. 3.
[142] Hunt, “Popular Romances,” 82.
[143] “Anatomy of Melancholy,” 126.
[144] Hunt, loc. cit., 81.
[145] Ganga Datt Upreti, “Folk-lore,” 10.
[146] Cunningham, “Archæological Reports,” x. 117.
[147] Lady Wilde, “Legends,” 56; Henderson, “Folk-lore of the Northern Counties,” 320 sq.; “Folk-lore,” iv. 180.
[148] “Lectures,” 265.
[149] “North Indian Notes and Queries,” ii. 58.
[150] “Science of Fairy Tales,” chap. vi.
[151] “Archæological Reports,” xxiii. 91.
[152] Ibid., xvii. 31; x. 72.
[153] “North Indian Notes and Queries,” II. 174.
[154] Ibid., II. 29.
[155] Julien’s “Translation,” i. 179.
[156] Miss Cox, “Cinderella,” 498.
[157] Ralston, “Russian Folk-tales,” 311.
[158] “North Indian Notes and Queries,” i. 100.
[159] Macpherson, “Khonds,” 67 sq.
[160] Ganga Datt, “Folk-lore,” 97.
[161] “Panjâb Notes and Queries,” iv. 132.
[162] Campbell, “Popular Tales,” ii. 63.
[163] Hearn, “Aryan Household,” 55 sq.
[164] Risley, “Tribes and Castes,” i. 456.
[165] Wilson, “Essays,” i. 39.
[166] “Notes,” 169.
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