THE QUESTION OF POWER
In the year 1810, a steam engine weighed something over a ton to the horse-power. This was reduced to about 200 pounds in 1880. The steam-driven dirigible balloon of Giffard, in 1852, carried a complete power plant weighing a little over 100 pounds per horse-power; about the weight of a modern locomotive. The unsuccessful Maxim flying machine of 1894 brought this weight down to less than 20 pounds. The gasoline engine on the original Wright machines weighed about 5 pounds to the horse-power; those on some recent French machines not far from 2 pounds.
Pig iron is worth perhaps a cent a pound. An ordinary steam or gas engine may cost eight cents a pound; a steam turbine, perhaps forty cents. A high grade automobile or a piano may sell for a dollar a pound; the Gnome aeroplane motor is priced at about twenty dollars a pound. This is considerably more than the price of silver. The motor and accessories account for from two-thirds to nine-tenths of the total cost of an aeroplane.
A man weighing 150 pounds can develop at the outside about one-eighth of a horse-power. It would require 1200 pounds of man to exert one horse-power. Considered as an engine, then, a man is (weight for weight) only one six-hundredth as effective as a Gnome motor. In the original Wright aeroplane, a weight of half a ton was sustained at the expenditure of about twenty-five horse-power. The motor weight was about one-eighth of the total weight. If traction had been produced by man-power, 30,000 pounds of man would have been necessary: thirty times the whole weight supported.
The Gnome Motor
(Aeromotion Company of America)
Under the most favorable conditions, to support his own weight of 150 pounds (at very high gliding velocity and a slight angle of inclination, disregarding the weight of sails necessary), a man would need to have the strength of about fifteen men. No such thing as an aerial bicycle, therefore, appears possible. The man can not emulate the bird.
Screw Propeller (American Propeller Company)
The power plant of an air craft includes motor, water and water tank, radiator and piping, shaft and bearings, propeller, controlling wheels and levers, carbureter, fuel, lubricating oil and tanks therefor. Some of the weight may eventually be eliminated by employing a two-cycle motor (which gives more power for its size) or by using rotary air-cooled cylinders. Propellers are made light by employing wood or skeleton construction. One eight-foot screw of white oak and spruce, weighing from twelve to sixteen pounds, is claimed to give over 400 pounds of propelling force at a thousand turns per minute.
One of the Motors of the Zeppelin
The cut shows the action of the so-called “four-cycle” motor. Four strokes are required to produce an impulse on the piston and return the parts to their original positions. On the first, or suction stroke, the combustible mixture is drawn into the cylinder, the inlet valve being open and the outlet valve closed. On the second stroke, both valves are closed and the mixture is highly compressed. At about the end of this stroke, a spark ignites the charge, a still greater pressure is produced in consequence, and the energy of the gas now forces the piston outward on its third or “working” stroke, the valves remaining closed. Finally, the outlet valve is opened and a fourth stroke sweeps the burnt gas out of the cylinder.
Action of the Four-Cycle Engine
In the “two-cycle” engine, the piston first moves to the left, compressing a charge already present in the cylinder at F, and meanwhile drawing a fresh supply through the valve A and passages C to the space D. On the return stroke, the exploded gas in F expands, doing its work, while that in D is slightly compressed, the valve A being now closed. When the piston, moving toward the right, opens the passage E, the burnt gas rushes out. A little later, when the passage I is exposed, the fresh compressed gas in D rushes through C, B, and I to F. The operation may now be repeated. Only two strokes have been necessary. The cylinder develops power twice as rapidly as before: but at the cost of some waste of gas, since the inlet (I) and outlet (E) passages are for a brief interval both open at once: a condition not altogether remedied by the use of a deflector at G. A two-cycle cylinder should give nearly twice the power of a four-cycle cylinder of the same size, and the two-cycle engine should weigh less, per horse-power; but it requires from 10 to 30% more fuel, and fuel also counts in the total weight.
Action of Two-Cycle Engine
The high temperatures in the cylinder would soon make the cast-iron walls red-hot, unless the latter where artificially cooled. The usual method of cooling is to make the walls hollow and circulate water through them. This involves a pump, a quantity of water, and a “radiator” (cooling machine) so that the water can be used over and over again. To cool by air blowing over the surface of the cylinder is relatively ineffective: but has been made possible in automobiles by building fins on the cylinders so as to increase the amount of cooling surface. When the motors are worked at high capacity, or when two-cycle motors are used, the heat is generated so rapidly that this method of cooling is regarded as inapplicable. By rapidly rotating the cylinders themselves through the air, as in motors like the Gnome, air cooling is made sufficiently adequate, but the expenditure of power in producing this rotation has perhaps not been sufficiently regarded.
Motor and Propeller
(Detroit Aeronautic Construction Co.)
Possible progress in weight economy is destined to be limited by the necessity for reserve motor equipment.
The engine used is usually the four-cycle, single-acting, four-cylinder gasoline motor of the automobile, designed for great lightness. The power from each cylinder of such a motor is approximately that obtained by dividing the square of the diameter in inches by the figure 2-1/2. Thus a five-inch cylinder should give ten horse-power—at normal piston speed. On account of friction losses and the wastefulness of a screw propeller, not more than half this power is actually available for propulsion.
The whole power plant of the Clément-Bayard weighed about eleven pounds to the horse-power. This balloon was 184 feet long and 35 feet in maximum diameter, displacing about 100,000 cubic feet. It carried six passengers, about seventy gallons of fuel, four gallons of lubricating oil, fifteen gallons of water, 600 pounds of ballast, and 130 pounds of ropes. The motor developed 100 horse-power at a thousand revolutions per minute. About eight gallons of fuel and one gallon of oil were consumed per hour when running at the full independent speed of thirty-seven miles per hour.
The Wellman balloon America is said to have consumed half a ton of gasoline per twenty-four hours: an eight days’ supply was carried. The gas leakage in this balloon was estimated to have been equivalent to a loss of 500 pounds of lifting power per day.
The largest of dirigibles, the Zeppelin, had two motors of 170 horse-power each. It made, in 1909, a trip of over 800 miles in thirty-eight hours.
The engine of the original Voisin cellular biplanes was an eight-cylinder Antoinette of fifty horse-power, set near the rear edge of the lower of the main planes. The Wright motors are placed near the front edge. A twenty-five horse-power motor at 1400 revolutions propelled the Fort Myer machine, which was built to carry two passengers, with fuel for a 125 mile flight: the total weight of the whole flying apparatus being about half a ton.
Two-Cylinder Opposed Engine.
(From Aircraft)
Four-Cylinder Vertical Engine
(The Dean Manufacturing Co.)
The eight-cylinder Antoinette motor on a Farman biplane, weighing 175 pounds, developed thirty-eight horse-power at 1050 revolutions. The total weight of the machine was nearly 1200 pounds, and its speed twenty-eight miles per hour.
The eight-cylinder Curtiss motor on the June Bug was air cooled. This aeroplane weighed 650 pounds and made thirty-nine miles per hour, the engine developing twenty-five horse-power at 1200 turns.