FOOTNOTES:

[A] October, 1890.—The preparation containing 90 per cent. linseed oil cracked badly in fourteen months: the oil and dryer cracked soon after, due, I presume, to gum in the japan.

[CHAPTER XV.]
GRAINING CONSIDERED AS A FINE ART.

Graining—that is painting in imitation of wood or of marble—is generally looked upon as a business branch of the house-painting which any competent painter is, or should be, able to do, but in reality we find that only about four or five men in each large city do all the best work in this line, and make a business of it, doing nothing else—"graining for the trade," as it is called. One grainer will do the work of twenty or more paint-shops, and if he is a first-class workman, he will earn more than double the wages of an ordinary painter, and will find employment all the year round.

Now, any large city can boast of twenty to thirty artists—landscape, marine, portrait, etc.—whose work is praised and is accepted at art-galleries, and in some cases brings enormous prices at sales; but why is it that their work is lauded to the skies; when at best it is but an imitation of nature, and when an equally good imitation in another form is (as a rule) condemned by architects and critics as unworthy a place in artistic residences or in the more prominent rooms of such houses? Any person of ordinary intelligence can at a glance discover that an oil painting is a mere copy or representation of nature, but the grain of wood or of marble can be so closely imitated that it is impossible even for an expert to detect at a glance that it is counterfeit, and a close examination sometimes fails to reveal whether it is genuine or not.

Some people think that successfully to imitate the color and the grain of any wood or any marble is as much of an art as is the representation of a landscape, for, while there are dozens of artists who can faithfully reproduce a landscape on canvas, there are few who can make a pine door look like the oak or cherry jamb and casing that surround it, as first-class grainers often have to do, and do so well that not one person in a thousand could tell the real wood from the imitation. And not only is the wood imitated by such men, but mouldings, cornices, panels, etc., are so faithfully represented as to pass for such except on close inspection.

It is said that in order to become an artist one must be born with certain qualifications or he will fail to be successful: this is equally true in the case of the grainer; and some people think that in order to become a first-class grainer more gifts are required at birth than if the person were destined to become an artist, as the artist generally has before him models or the original of his picture, while the grainer is supposed to imitate whatever kind of wood or marble is called for—in most cases, without any of the original before him and doing the work from recollection of the grain of the particular wood or marble he is imitating. While it is very true that the average imitation of wood or marble is poorly done, still the whole business should not be condemned, and any large city can furnish illustrations of the fact that graining is so well done as to deceive workers in wood; and they ought to be competent judges.

The idea of representing wood by painting is as old as any branch of the business, and, though excellent work has been done in days gone by, the efforts of the foremost grainers of the present time will favorably compare with those of any age, as, with new inventions to aid them, they have taken rapid strides toward perfection.

[CHAPTER XVI.]
THE TOOLS USED BY GRAINERS.

Steel combs ([Fig. 1]) are four or five inches wide, with teeth of three regular sizes—course, medium and fine. They may be used for all woods where the grain is strongly marked, whether the work is done in oil or in distemper; there is also a four-inch steel comb with teeth graduated from coarse to fine ([Fig. 2]) that is often useful; a few one- or two-inch steel combs are handy for use on mouldings or on odd corners.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Leather combs ([Fig. 3]) can be purchased from most of the large dealers in painters' materials, but they are inferior to combs cut from the best sheet rubber. In making the latter choose a piece of rubber measuring about two by four inches and not over a quarter of an inch. Cut the teeth on each of the four inch sides, making those on one side coarse and those on the other side fine, thus you have two combs in one, and by turning over the comb different lines can be made; do not cut the notches of the comb too deep, and leave considerable space for the face of the teeth. A rubber comb can be often used, especially on rough work, without covering the teeth with a rag, as being soft it conforms to the inequalities of the surface, and leaves a more distinct pattern than does a leather comb.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 14.

Fig. 15.

Fig. 16.

Fig. 17.

Fig. 18.

Fig. 19.

Fig. 20.

In representing the grain of oak, the tracks of the steel comb should cross or interlock so as to make a series of disconnected lines similar to the pores of the wood; for ash and other straight-grained woods, the grains should never interlock but appear clean and sharp in regular order from the side of the hearts to the edges of the board.

Fig. 21.

Fig. 22.

Fig. 23.

Fig. 24.

The piped bristle or fitch hair overgrainer ([Fig. 4]) may be used in oil or in distemper for representing ash, walnut, cherry, mahogany, etc.; for maple it may be used as an overgrainer. For overgraining any wood in distemper there is no better tool than the plain bristle overgrainer ([Fig. 5]) the bristles being separated into clusters with a bone comb after charging the brush with color.

Fig. 25.

Fig. 26.

The badger blender ([Fig. 6]) is used for all graining done in distemper and is sometimes used for oil work, a similar brush made of bristles is sometimes used for marbling. The flat bristle brush used for applying the graining color is the only blender necessary for oil work.

The castellated or knotted overgrainer ([Figs. 7], [8] and [9]) is used for graining in distemper work, which has previously been grained in oil.

The plain overgrainer ([Figs. 10], [11] and [12]) may be used for shading in distemper or for graining maple.

Mottlers or cutters made of bristles ([Figs. 13], [14], [15], [16], [17]) are for use for distemper color in graining maple, mahogany, etc.

The angular cutter ([Fig. 17]) is used for taking out the high lights in mahogany.

The waved mottler ([Fig. 18]) is used for representing maple, mahogany or satinwood in distemper.

Camel's-hair mottlers or cutters ([Figs. 19] and [20]) are used for very fine work on maple, etc., but the bristle brushes answer all practical purposes.

The serrated mottler or marbler ([Fig. 21]) is used for maple or satinwood in distemper or for marbling.

For applying distemper color a tin bound bristle graining brush ([Fig. 22]) is excellent, it should be about 1/2 an inch thick.

The bristle stippler ([Fig. 23]) is used for walnut or for mahogany in distemper.

The fitch or sable piped overgrainer ([Fig. 24]) is used in distemper for maple, satinwood or other delicate work.

The check roller is used for putting in the pores of oak and the dark streaks or lines in the hearts, and is used to best advantage in distemper. A well charged mottler supplies the color. The mottler is laid against the edges of the wheels, and by revolving the roller the color is transferred to the work. A guard of tin may be soldered to the mottler so that it fits the handle of the roller, being held in place by the thumb.

One or two flat fresco bristle liners ([Figs. 25] and [26]) No. 1 and 2 for putting in hearts, veins, etc., and one or two tin bound sash tools complete the list of all tools necessary for use, and any wood that grows may be represented by using the tools mentioned.

[CHAPTER XVII.]
PATENT GRAINING MACHINES.

Various devices other than those usually employed—brushes, combs, etc.—have been invented for representing the grains of wood, and some of these machines are excellent, and are so constructed that by properly using them a very good imitation of wood may be obtained. The majority of them, however, seem to have been invented for the express purpose of being sold to gullible painters. The work done by such machines bears but little resemblance to the grain of any wood, and the only merit they possess is their boasted "ease of manipulation." It would seem that the majority of the patent pads, rollers, etc., now in use were designed by persons totally unfamiliar with the various woods which they claim their machines can represent; they bear the same relation to good handwork as the schoolboy's drawing of a house bears to that of an architect. The quality of the work seems to be immaterial if it can rapidly be executed; and if there are plenty of knots in the pattern, so much the better. It is of no consequence what wood it is supposed to represent, so long as it pleases the eye of the painter, and he will often purchase at an exorbitant price that which is practically useless for ordinary housework.

I have before me a circular containing some photographic illustrations of the work done by a patent roller process; and if any wood ever grew that bears a resemblance to the illustrations, I am ignorant of its name. Aniline colors are the means employed to represent the grains, and the process is designed to obviate the necessity of first painting the work, as the color is directly applied by the roller, without the wood being prepared in any way. It is claimed that any shadows or grains existing in the wood will only add to the beauty of the finished work. This will be news to the intelligent workman. The circular says nothing about how to use the rollers on painted work, so I presume it is worthless except for new work, and nearly so for that; for the painter who attempts to represent wood in the manner described will find that in the end it costs as much as though he had employed a skilful workman; and when the job is finished, he will have but a poor imitation of wood.

So far as I am aware, the oldest machine for representing the graining of wood is the Mason pad, which consists of a convex pad with handles at either end. The face of the pad is made of a rubber composition, on which are engraved the grains, the pad being about two feet in length. The graining-color is applied to the work, and while wet the pad is pressed against it, thus removing sufficient color to show the grain. This process is now seldom used; the composition of which the face of the pad is made hardens in cold weather and in hot weather it is inclined to run together, and great care must be taken to avoid defacing the pad.

The objection common to all roller processes or machines is that they do the same work over and over again, which is contrary to what we find in nature, as the grains are always different from one another, so that it would require an endless variety of patterns to do such work as is done by any first-class grainer.

Another method for the rapid imitation of wood is found in stencil-plates, which consist of thin sheets of brass so constructed that when laid against the panel to be grained they leave no mark until a cloth is passed over the plate, when the graining-color exposed by the stencil is rubbed off, thus making the grains. This sort of work looks much better than that done by any of the pads or rollers, but is open to the same objection—viz., repetition.

Another process is operated by having rolls with leather or composition surface, with the grains cut thereon; after the graining-color has been applied to the work, the rollers are passed over it, thus removing the color wherever the roller touches. As a rule, the work done by this process is not very distinct, nor is it particularly clean. Very large rollers have to be used in order to grain a panel four feet long, as the work will seldom join without showing the joints; and while a door was being grained in this manner (with joints in the panels), a skilful workman could do one by hand and in a much better manner.

The best work that I have ever seen, not done by hand, was by means of a composition roller with a smooth surface; it can be used only for the imitation of porous woods, as chestnut, ash and walnut, and is useless for oak, cherry or any of the close-grained woods. The work can first be stippled in distemper, and when dry rubbed in lightly in oil; or the roller can be applied directly to the stippled work or to the groundwork, and afterwards stippled if necessary. It is requisite to procure several pieces of the wood to be imitated, smoothed carefully with the pores open; then directly apply the graining-color and with the composition roller go over the wood, taking the color from the pores and applying it directly to the work by transfer. If carefully done, you have an exact duplicate of the grain of the real wood, and no man can do better work than this; but, in order to grain a room or a house in this manner, it is necessary to have a great variety of pieces of porous wood, and to use each piece only for imitating the wood of which it is composed.

The gransorbian is another transfer process, by which the grains are produced as follows: The graining-color is applied in the usual manner, and heavy absorptive paper on which the grain of the wood to be imitated is impressed is laid against the wet color; a roller with a smooth surface is passed over the paper, using considerable force, so that the color is absorbed into the paper wherever it is pressed against the work by the roller. The paper can be used several times before it becomes useless through becoming saturated with color, but, being cheap, it is an inexpensive manner of doing fair to good work. All depends on the man who makes the patterns, as, if they are not true to nature, the effect is very bad, and some of the samples that I have seen are very poor imitations of the grain of any wood. I should judge that the paper is produced by applying the pulp to a block of wood on which the pattern to be produced is engraved, using considerable pressure to force the pulp into the carved work. The plain work is done with combs in the usual manner.

Another transfer process is the transfer paper. The grain is printed on paper similar to the best wall-paper, and is transferred to the groundwork by pressure after first wetting the back of the paper and allowing time for the water thoroughly to soften the printed color. The surface of the groundwork must first be damped in order to receive the moist color from the paper. Two or three impressions may be obtained from each wetting of the paper. Some of the work done by this process is excellent, and approaches very near the work done by the smooth transfer roller, but the majority of the paper is printed from blocks or cylinders, designed not by nature, but by man, and are unworthy of comparison with those printed from nature.

There are various processes other than handwork, but the above are the principal methods employed.

The first-class grainer has nothing to fear from any of the foregoing processes, for while some were being used the work could be done in the old way, and equally well, provided the workmen were at all skilful. I have never seen any work that can excel fine handwork, as there is more grace and variety in such work than there is in any done by any other methods. When the services of a grainer cannot be obtained, machine processes may answer for ordinary work or for small work, such as ice-chests, pails, etc., but the chief objection I have to them is that they claim too much, and the average painter who buys the process is deceived, because he is told that any wood can be imitated by this or that machine, when such is not the case.

[CHAPTER XVIII.]
IMITATIONS OF CARVED WORK, MOULDINGS, ETC., BY GRAINING.

In imitating carved work, mouldings, etc. in graining color, more than ordinary ability is required in order to succeed in deceiving people; and this kind of work should not be attempted unless there is ample time for its proper execution, nor should its use be contemplated for too exposed positions, as if not thoroughly done it is an eyesore to the intelligent beholder, but if done in a recessed doorway or other suitable place, inside or outside, it enhances the value of the work if it agrees with the general style of the architecture or of the surroundings. Mouldings or raised panels are often imitated on front doors where the real article would never be placed by an intelligent carpenter, owing to the shape of the door; hence it would be displaying poor judgment to place the imitation where the real article ought to find no place. It is wonderful how a thorough grainer can transform a plastered wall into one apparently sheathed or wainscoted, and I have seen doors so perfectly imitated that persons would grasp at the knob in attempting to open a door that was grained on a plastered wall. Imitations of carved figures, scrolls and game-birds are favored by some workmen, and are very effective if well done; as a rule such work should be seen in a subdued light to render the deception more complete.

[INDEX.]

[INDEX TO COLORED PLATES.]

[CHICAGO VARNISH CO.]

Offers to the Trade at reasonable prices the undermentioned Varnishes which have earned for themselves a high reputation for Durability, Uniformity and Beauty of Finish.

DURABLE OAK for painted or grained surfaces.

INSIDE OAK for same use, but cheaper.

SHIPOLEUM for natural woods, thoroughly water-proof.

SUPREMIS FLOOR FINISH, unequalled in its line.

CRYSTALITE FINISH, a very pale polishing varnish.

HYPERION FINISH, a pale rubbing varnish.

ARCHITECTURAL COACH, an excellent article of medium price.

IVORY ENAMELITE for white interiors; can be rubbed.

OIL FINISH, hard, light & extra light

All of these are made of hard gums, and contain no rosin or acids.

CHICAGO, BOSTON,
SAN FRANCISCO.
Established 1865.

G. B. SIBLEY'S
Patent Brush Binder

is worthy of the attention of every practical painter; it being the only perfect binder ever made and one of the best improvements in the painters' outfit. They are durable and easily adjusted.

Circulars and Price List furnished on application to
G. B. SIBLEY, Manufacturer, Bennington, Vt.

CHICAGO WOOD FINISHING CO.
Manufacturers of
WOOD FILLERS
259 and 261 Elston Ave.,
CHICAGO.
CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED.

GRAINING
Largest Assortment In Patterns of nearly all woods.
TRANSFER GRAINING PAPER
Perfectly Natural, Copies 4 times, Quick and Cheap.
ROLLS, 20" × 26', 40c. SHEETS, 20" × 6', 12c.
Postage, 3c. per roll. 3 samples, 10" × 18" 5c. 20 mailed 25c.
Excellent for study. To Grainers 10 sheets mailed for $1.00
FRESCO STENCILS, MEDALLIONS BRONZES, CRAYONS, ETC.
STENCIL CO. of N. Y., 215 E. 59th St. NEW YORK.

GRAINING

William E. Wall
GRAINER,

14 MORGAN STREET, SOMERVILLE, MASS.
Give three days notice of work if possible. Orders by mail promptly attended to

Somerville, September 18, 1890
Messrs Harrison Bro's & Co.

I desire to place myself on record as thoroughly favoring the colors put up by you for Grainers use.

After eight years experience with your colors, I find them always uniform in shade, thoroughly ground, and of great strength.

While in Philadelphia last month I visited the factory, and was particularly impressed with the method employed to keep the color uniform in tone and strength, by blending the different varieties which occur in the crude material, and keeping up to the high standard of purity of color adopted by you.

Yours Respectfully,
William E. Wall

[Painting and Decorating]

Is a Monthly Magazine

Devoted to the interests of Grainers, Sign-, Fresco-, and Carriage-Painters, and treating also of wall-paper and decoration. The subscription price is $1.00 per annum, payable in advance; single copies 10 cents. In each number will be found one or more COLORED PLATES representing such subjects as graining panels, signs, suggestions for interior decoration, color combinations for exterior work, etc.

Practical articles of interest to painters by some of the best writers in the country are a constant feature, and the minor departments are replete with information written for the express purpose of not only interesting the practical man and of teaching the beginner, but proving of use and interest to all in the fraternity.

Sample Copies may be had Free of Charge on Application.

ADDRESS
HOUSE PAINTING & DECORATING PUBLISHING CO.,
1130 SOUTH 35th. STREET,
PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Transcriber's Note
Illustrations were moved to paragraph breaks.
Minor corrections were made in punctuation.
The following changes were made:
Page [20]: Changed represently to representing.
Orig: for use in represently the minute clusters of knots.
Page [22]: Changed overgainer to overgrainer.
Orig: fitch tool, and use the overgainer
Page [34]: Changed stipping to stippling.
Orig: the stipping may be done in distemper on the ground-work
Index page [iii]: Changed Cyress wood to Cypress wood.
Index pages [x] and [xiii]: Changed Curley walnut to Curly walnut.
Index page [xi]: Changed Mapel to Maple.
Corrected numbers on [List of Colored Illustrations]:
Switched 3 and 4, 5 and 6, 40 and 41, 42 and 43. Also corrected these numbers in [Index to Colored Plates] to reference the correct plates.
All other inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the original publication.