Index.
Abortion, diversities of moral judgment respecting, i. 92.
History of the practice of, ii. [20], [24]
Abraham the Hermit, St., ii. [110]
Acacius, his ransom of Persian slaves, ii. [72]
Adultery, laws concerning, ii. [313]
Æschylus, his views of human nature, i. 196.
His violation of dramatic probabilities, 229
Affections, the, all forms of self-love, according to some Utilitarians, i. 9.
Subjugation of the, to the reason, taught by the Stoics, &c., 177, 187.
Considered by the Stoics as a disease, 188.
Evil consequences of their suppression, 191
Africa, sacrifices of children to Saturn in, ii. [31].
Effect of the conquest of Genseric of, [82]
Agapæ, or love feasts, of the Christians, how regarded by the pagans, i. 415; ii. [79].
Excesses of the, and their suppression, [150]
Agnes, St., legend of, ii. [319]
Agricultural pursuits, history of the decline of, in Italy, i. 266.
Efforts to relieve the agriculturists, 267
Albigenses, their slow suicides, ii. [49]
Alexander the Great: effect of his career on Greek cosmopolitanism, i. 229
Alexandria, foundation of, i. 230.
Effect of the increasing importance of, on Roman thought, 319.
The Decian persecution at, 451.
Excesses of the Christian sects of, ii. [196], [197], note
Alexis, St., his legend, ii. [322]
Alimentus, Cincius, his work written in Greek, i. 230
Almsgiving, effects of indiscriminate, ii. [90], [91]
Amafanius, wrote the first Latin work on philosophy, i. 175, note.
Ambrose, St., his miraculous dream, i. 379.
His dissection of the pagan theory of the decline of the Roman empire, 409.
His ransom of Italians from the Goths, ii. [72].
His commendation of disobedience to parents, [132]
American Indians, suicide of the, ii. [54]
Ammon, St., his refusal to wash himself, ii. [110].
Deserts his wife, [322]
Amour, William de St., his denunciation of the mendicant orders, ii. [96]
Amphitheatres, history and remains of Roman, i. 273
Anaxagoras, on the death of his son, i. 191.
On his true country, 201
Anchorites. See [Ascetics]; [Monasticism]
Angelo, Michael, in what he failed, ii. [363]
Anglo-Saxon nations, their virtues and vices, i. 153
Animals, lower, Egyptian worship of, i. 166, note.
Humanity to animals probably first advocated by Plutarch, 244.
Animals employed in the arena at Rome, 280.
Instances of kindness to, 288, 307.
Legends of the connection of the saints and the animal world, ii. [161].
Pagan legends of the intelligence of animals, [161], [162].
Legislative protection of them, [162].
Views as to the souls of animals, [162].
Moral duty of kindness to animals taught by pagans, [166].
Legends in the lives of the saints in connection with animals, [168].
Progress in modern times of humanity to animals, [172]
Antigonus of Socho, his doctrine of virtue, i. 183, note
Antioch, charities of, ii. [80].
Its extreme vice and asceticism, [153]
Antisthenes, his scepticism, i. 162
Antoninus, the philosopher, his prediction, i. 427
Antoninus the Pious, his death, i. 207.
His leniency towards the Christians, 438, 439.
Forged letter of, 439, note.
His charity, ii. 77
Antony, St., his flight into the desert, ii. [103].
His mode of life, [110].
His dislike to knowledge, [115].
Legend of his visit to Paul the hermit, [157], [158]
Aphrodite, the celestial and earthly, i. 106
Apollonius of Tyana, his conversation with an Egyptian priest respecting the Greek and Egyptian modes of worshipping the deity, i. 166, note.
Miracles attributed to him, 372.
His humanity to animals, ii. [165]
Apollonius, the merchant, his dispensary for monks, ii. [81]
Apuleius, his condemnation of suicide, i. 213.
His disquisition on the doctrine of dæmons, 323.
Practical form of his philosophy, 329.
Miracles attributed to him, 372.
His defence of tooth-powder, ii. [148]
Archytas of Tarentum, his speech on the evils of sensuality, i. 200, note
Argos, story of the sons of the priestess of Juno at, i. 206
Arians, their charges against the Catholics, i. 418, note
Aristides, his gentleness, i. 228
Aristotle, his admission of the practice of abortion, i. 92.
Emphasis with which he dwelt upon the utility of virtue, 124.
His patriotism, 200.
His condemnation of suicide, 212.
His opinions as to the duties of Greeks to barbarians, 229
Arius, death of, ii. [196]
Arnobius, on the miracles of Christ, i. 375
Arrian, his humanity to animals, ii. [164]
Arsenius, St., his penances, ii. [107], [114], note.
His anxiety to avoid distractions, 125, note
Ascetics, their estimate of the dreadful nature of sin, i. 113.
Decline of asceticism and evanescence of the moral notions of which it was the expression, 113.
Condition of society to which it belongs, 130.
Decline of the ascetic and saintly qualities with civilisation, 130.
Causes of the ascetic movement, ii. [102].
Its rapid extension, [103-105].
Penances attributed to the saints of [pg 375] the desert, [107-109].
Miseries and joys of the hermit life, [113] et seq.
Dislike of the monks to knowledge, [115].
Their hallucinations, [116].
Relations of female devotees with the anchorites, [120].
Ways in which the ascetic life affected both the ideal type and realised condition of morals, [122], et seq.
Extreme animosity of the ascetics to everything pagan, [136], [137].
Decline of the civic virtues caused by asceticism, [139].
Moral effects of asceticism on self-sacrifice, [154], [155].
Moral beauty of some of the legends of the ascetics, [156].
Legends of the connection between the saints and the animal world, [161].
Practical form of asceticism in the West, [177].
Influence of asceticism on chastity, [319], [320].
On marriage, [320].
On the estimate of women, [337]
Asella, story of her asceticism, ii. [133]
Asia Minor, destruction of the churches of, ii. [14]
Aspasia, the Athenian courtesan, ii. [293]
Asses, feast of, ii. [173]
Association, Hartley's doctrine of, i. 22.
Partly anticipated by Hutcheson and Gay, 23.
Illustrations of the system of association, 26-30.
The theory, how far selfish, 30.
The essential and characteristic feature of conscience wholly unaccounted for by the association of ideas, 66
Astrology, belief in, rapidly gaining ground in the time of the elder Pliny, i. 171, and note
Atticus, his suicide, i. 215, and note
Augustine, St., on original sin, i. 209.
His belief in contemporary miracles, 378.
On the decline of the Roman empire, 410.
His condemnation of virgin suicides, ii. [47]
Augustus, his solemn degradation of the statue of Neptune, i. 169.
His mode of discouraging celibacy, 232.
Miraculous stories related of him, 258.
His superstition, 376.
Advice of Mæcenas to him, 399.
His consideration for the religious customs of the Jews, 406
Aulus Gellius, his account of the rhetoricians, i. 313.
Compared with Helvétius, 313
Aurelius, Marcus, on a future state, i. 184.
On posthumous fame, 186.
Denied that all vices are the same, 192, note.
On the sacred spirit dwelling in man, 198.
His submissive gratitude, 199.
His practical application of the precepts of the Stoics, 202.
His wavering views as to suicide, 213.
His charity to the human race, 241.
Mild and more religious spirit of his stoicism, 245.
His constant practice of self-examination, 249.
His life and character, 249-255.
Compared and contrasted with Plutarch, 253.
His discouragement of the games of the arena, 286.
His humanity, 308.
His disbelief of exorcism, 384.
His law against religious terrorism, 422.
His persecution of the Christians, 439, 440.
His benevolence, ii. [77].
His view of war, [258]
Austin, Mr., his view of the foundation of the moral law, i. 17, note.
His advocacy of the unselfish view of the love we ought to bear to God, 18, note.
Character of his “Lectures on Jurisprudence,” 22, note
Avarice, association of ideas to the passion of, i. 25
Avitus, St., legend of, ii. [159]
Babylas, St., miracles performed by his bones, i. 382, and note.
His death, ii. [9]
Bacchus, suppression of the rites of, at Rome, i. 401
Bacon, Lord, great movement of modern thought caused by, i. 125.
His objection to the Stoics' view of death, 202
Bacon, Roger, his life and works, ii. [210]
Bain, Mr., on pleasure, i. 12, note.
His definition of conscience, 29, note.
Balbus, Cornelius, his elevation to the consulate, i. 232
Baltus on the exorcists, i. 381, note.
Baptism, Augustinian doctrine of, i. 96
Barbarians, causes of the conversion of the, i. 410
Basil, St., his hospital, ii. [80].
His labours for monachism, [106]
Bassus, Ventidius, his elevation to the consulate, i. 232
Bathilda, Queen, her charity, ii. [245]
Bear-gardens in England, ii. [175], note.
Beauty, analogies between virtue and, i. 77.
Their difference, 79.
Diversities existing in our judgments of virtue and beauty, 79.
Causes of these diversities, 79.
Virtues to which we can, and to which we cannot, apply the term beautiful, 82, 83.
Pleasure derived from beauty compared with that from the grotesque, or eccentric, 85.
The prevailing cast of female beauty in the north, contrasted with the southern type, 144, 145, 152.
Admiration of the Greeks for beauty, ii. [292]
Bees, regarded by the ancients as emblems or models of chastity, i. 108, note.
Beggars, causes of vast numbers of, ii. [94].
Old English laws for the suppression of mendicancy, [96].
Enactments against them in various parts of Europe, [98]
Benedict, St., his system, 183
Benefices, military use of, ii. [270]
Benevolence; Hutcheson's theory that all virtue is resolved into benevolence, i. 4.
Discussions in England, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as to the existence of, 20.
Various views of the source from which it springs, 22.
Association of ideas producing the feeling of, 26.
Hartley on benevolence quoted, 27, note.
Impossibility of benevolence becoming a pleasure if practised only with a view to that end, 37.
Application to benevolence of the theory, that the moral unity of different ages is a unity not of standard but of tendency, 100.
Influenced by our imaginations, 132, 133.
Imperfectly recognised by the Stoics, 188, 192
Bentham, Jeremy, on the motives of human actions, i. 8, note.
On the pleasures and pains of piety quoted, 9, note.
On charity, 10, note.
On vice, 13, note.
On the sanctions of morality, 19, and note, 21.
Throws benevolence as much as possible into the background, 21.
Makes no use of the doctrine of association, 25, note.
His definition of conscience, 29, note.
On interest and disinterestedness, 32, note.
On the value and purity of a pleasure, 90, note.
Besarion, St., his penances, ii. [108]
Biography, relative importance of, among Christians and Pagans, i. 174
Blandina, martyrdom of, i. 442
Blesilla, story of her slow suicide, ii. [48]
Blondel, his denunciation of the forgeries of the Sibylline books, i. 377
Boadicea, her suicide, ii. [53], note
Bolingbroke's “Reflections on Exile,” i. 201, note
Bona Dea, story and worship of, i. 94, note.
Popularity of her worship among the Romans, 106, 386
Boniface, St., his missionary labours, ii. [247]
Bonnet, his philosophy, i. 71
Bossuet, on the nature of the love we should bear to God, i. 18, note
Brephotrophia, in the early church, ii. [32]
Brotherhood, effect of Christianity in promoting, ii. [61]
Brown, on the motive for the practice of virtue, i. 8, note.
On theological Utilitarianism, 16, note
Brunehaut, Queen, her crimes, approved of by the Pope, ii. [236], [237].
Her end, [237]
Brutus, his extortionate usury, i. 193, 194
Buckle, Thomas, his remarks on morals, i. 74, note.
On the difference between mental and physical pleasures, 90, note.
His views of the comparative influence of intellectual and moral agencies in civilisation, 103, note
Bull-baiting in England, ii. [175], note
Bulgarians, their conversion to Christianity, ii. [180]
Butler, Bishop, maintains the reality of the existence of benevolence in our nature, i. 20, 21, note.
On the pleasure derived from virtue, 32, note.
His analysis of moral judgments, 76.
His definition of conscience, 83
Byzantine Empire, general sketch of the moral condition of the, ii. [13], [14].
Moral condition of the empire during the Christian period, 147
Cædmon, story of the origin of his “Creation of the World,” ii. [204]
Cæsar, Julius, denies the immortality of the soul, i. 182.
His condemnation of suicide, 213.
His colonial policy, 233.
His multiplication of gladiatorial shows, 273
Caligula, his intoxication with his imperial dignity, i. 259.
His superstitious fears, 367
Calvinists: tendency of the Supralapsarian to deny the existence of a moral sense, i. 17, note
Camma, conjugal fidelity of, ii. [341]
Capital punishment, aversion to, ii. [39]
Carlyle, Thomas, on self-sacrifice, i. 57, note.
The influence of conscience on the happiness of men, 62
Carneades, his expulsion from Rome proposed by Cato, i. 399
Carpocrates, licentiousness of the followers of, i. 417
Carthage, effect of the destruction of, on the decadence of Rome, i. 169.
The Decian persecution at, 452
Carthaginians, the, amongst the most prominent of Latin writers, i. 235
Cassius, the tyrannicide, his suicide, i. 215
Castellio, his exposure of the forgeries of the Sibylline books, i. 377
Catacombs, the, i. 453, 455
Catholicism, Roman, the system of education adopted by, contrasted with that of the English public schools, i. 114.
Conflict of the priests with political economists on the subject of early marriages, 114, 115.
The teaching of, on many points the extreme antithesis of that of the pagan philosophers, 208.
Its view of death, [pg 378] 208, 210.
Little done by it for humanity to animals, ii. [173], [177], [188].
Influence on despotism, [186].
Its total destruction of religious liberty, [194-199].
Causes of the indifference to truth manifested in its literature, [241].
Protestantism contrasted with it, [368]
Cato, his refusal to consult the oracles, i. 165, note.
His stoicism, 185.
His inhumanity to his slaves, 193.
His study of the “Phædon” the night he committed suicide, 212.
His opposition to Greek philosophy, 231.
His view of pre-nuptial chastity, ii. 314
Cattle plague, theological notions respecting the, i. 356
Catullus, on the death of a sparrow, ii. [165], note
Cautinus, Bishop, his drunkenness, ii. [236]
Celibacy among the ancients, i. 106.
The Catholic monastic system, 107.
How discouraged by Augustus, 232.
Celibacy the primal virtue of the Christians of the fourth and fifth centuries, ii. [122].
Effect of this upon moral teaching, [122], [123].
History of the celibacy of the clergy, [328], [336]
Celsus calls the Christians Sibyllists, i. 376.
And jugglers, 384
Celts, Spanish, their worship of death, i. 206, 207.
Causes of their passion for suicide, 207, note.
Their lamentations on the birth of men, 207, note
Censors, Roman, minute supervision of the, i. 168
Character, influence of, on opinion, i. 172.
Governed in a great measure by national circumstances, 172
Chariot races, passion for, at Constantinople, ii. [37]
Charity, a form of self-love, according to the Utilitarians, i. 9, and note.
Impossibility of charity becoming a pleasure if practised only with a view to that end, 36.
Charity of the Stoics, 191.
Cicero's emphatic assertion of the duty, 240.
Exertions of the Christians in the cause of charity, ii. [75], [79].
Inadequate place given to this movement in history, [84], [85].
Christian charity, in what it consists, [73].
Laws of the Romans, [73].
Pagan examples of charity, [78].
Noble enthusiasm of the Christians in the cause of charity, [78], [79].
Charity enjoined as a matter of justice, [81].
Theological notions of charity, [85], [90], [91].
Evils of Catholic charity, [93-94].
Legends respecting the virtue, [245], and note
Charlemagne, his law respecting Sunday, ii. [245].
Fascination exercised by him over the popular imagination, [271], [272].
His polygamy, [343]
Charles V., the Emperor, his law against beggars, ii. [97]
Charles Martel, his defeat of the Mohammedans, at Poictiers, ii. [273]
Charondas, law of, on second marriages, ii. [325], note
Chastity, in Utilitarian systems, i. 12, 49.
Sketch of the history of, 103-107.
The Catholic monastic system, 107.
Modern judgments of, ii. [282], [283].
Cato's views, [314].
Mystical views, [315].
Services of the ascetics in enforcing the duty of chastity, [318-320]
Children, charge of murdering infants, among the early Christians, i. 417.
Abortion, ii. [20-24].
Exposed children, [32].
Institutions of the [pg 379] Romans for the benefit of children, [77]
Chilon, his closing hours, i. 207
Cholera, theological notions respecting the, i. 356
Christian and pagan virtues compared, i. 190
Christianity; distinctions between the pagan and Christian conceptions of death, i. 208.
The importance of Christianity not recognised by pagan writers, 336.
Causes of this, 338.
Examination of the theory which ascribes part of the teaching of the later pagan moralists to Christian influence, 340.
Theory which attributes the conversion of Rome to evidences of miracles, 346.
Opinion of the pagans about the credulity of the Christians, 347.
Incapacity of the Christians of the third century for judging historic miracles, 375.
And for judging prophecies, 376.
Contemporary miracles represented as existing among them, 377.
Christian miracles had probably little weight with the pagans, 385.
Progress of Christianity to what due, 386, 387.
Singular adaptation of it to the wants of the time, 387.
Heroism it inspired, 390.
Explanation of the conversion of the Roman Empire, 393.
Account of the persecutions of the Christians, 395.
Reasons why the Christians were more persecuted than the Jews, 403, 406, 407.
The first cause of the persecution of the Christians, 406.
Charges of immorality brought against them, 414.
Due in a great measure to Jews and heretics, 416, 417.
The disturbance of domestic life caused by female conversions, 418.
Antipathy of the Romans to every system which employed religious terrorism, 421.
Christian intolerance of pagan worship, 423.
And of diversity of belief, 424-427.
History of the persecutions, 429.
Nero's, 429.
Domitian's, 431.
Condition of the Christians under the Antonines, 434.
Become profoundly obnoxious to the people, 436.
Marcus Aurelius, 439, 440.
Introduction of Christianity into France, 442, and note.
Attitude of the rulers towards it from M. Aurelius to Decius, 451, et seq.
Condition of the Church on the eve of the Decian persecution, 448.
Gallus, 454.
Valerian, 454.
Gallienus, 455.
Erection of churches in the Empire, 457.
Persecutions of Diocletian and Galerius, 458.
End of the persecutions, 463.
Massacre of Christians in Phrygia, 464.
Moral efficacy of the Christian sense of sin, ii. [3].
Dark views of human nature not common in the early Church, [5].
The penitential system, [6].
Empire Christianity attained in eliciting disinterested enthusiasm, [8].
Great purity of the early Christians, [10], [11].
The promise of the Church for many centuries falsified, [12].
The first consequence of Christianity a new sense of the sanctity of human life, [17].
Influence in the protection of infant life, [20-32].
In the suppression of gladiatorial shows, [34].
Its effect upon persecutions, [40], et seq.
The penal code not lightened by it, [42].
Condemnation of suicide, [43].
Second consequence of Christianity Teaches universal brotherhood, [61].
Slavery, [61-66].
Ransom of captives, [72].
Charity, [73].
Exertions of the Christians in the cause of charity, [75], [79].
Their exertions when the Empire was [pg 380] subverted, [81], [82], [88].
Theological notions concerning insanity, [85-90].
Almsgiving, [90-92].
Beneficial effect of Christianity in supplying pure images to the imagination, [99].
Summary of the philanthropic achievements of Christianity, [100].
Ways in which the ascetic mode of life affected both the ideal type and realised condition of morals, [122], et seq.
History of the relations of Christianity to the civic virtues, [140].
Improvements effected by Christianity in the morals of the people, [153].
Attitude of Christianity to the barbarians, [178].
How it achieved their conversion, [179-181].
Tendency of the barbarians to adulterate it, [181].
Legends of the conflict between the old gods and the new faith, [181].
Fierce hatred of rival sects, and total destruction of religious liberty, [194], [200].
Polytheistic and idolatrous form of Christianity in mediæval times, [229].
The doctrine of purgatory, [232].
Benefits conferred by the monasteries, [243-245].
The observance of Sunday, [245].
Influence of Christianity upon war, [254], [259].
Upon the consecration of secular rank, [260], et seq.
Upon the condition of women, [316], et seq.
Strong assertion of the equality of obligation in marriage, [345], [346].
Relation of Christianity to the female virtues, [358], et seq.
Chrysippus on the immortality of the soul, i. 183
Chrysostom, St., his labours for monachism, ii. [107].
His treatment of his mother, [132]
Cicero on the evidence of a Divine element within us, i. 56, note.
His definition of conscience, 83.
His conception of the Deity, 164.
His opinion of the popular beliefs, 165.
Instance of his love of truth, 176, note.
His desire for posthumous reputation, 185, note.
His declaration as to virtue concealing itself from the world, 185.
His belief in the immortality of the soul, 204.
His view of death, 205, 206.
His complacency on the approach of death, 207.
His conception of suicide, 213.
His maintenance of the doctrine of universal brotherhood, 240.
How he regarded the games of the arena, 285.
His friendship with his freedman Tiro, 323.
His remarks on charity, ii. [79].
His rules respecting almsgiving, [92]
Circumcelliones, atrocities of the, ii. [41].
Their custom of provoking martyrdom, [49]
Civic virtues, predominance accorded to, in ancient ethics, i. 200
Civilisation, refining influence of, on taste, i. 79.
Pleasures of a civilised and semi-civilised society compared, 86.
Views of Mill and Buckle on the comparative influence of intellectual and moral agencies in, 102, note.
Effect of education in diminishing cruelty, and producing charity, 134.
Moral enthusiasm appropriate to different stages of civilisation, 136.
Increase of veracity with civilisation, 137.
Each stage of civilisation specially appropriate to some virtue, 147
Clarke, on moral judgments, i. 77
Classical literature, preservation of, ii. [199].
Manner in which it was regarded by the Church, [200-204]
Claudius, his delight in gladiatorial shows, i. 280.
His decree as to slaves, 307
Claver, Father, his remark on some persons who had delivered a [pg 381] criminal into the hands of justice, i. 41, note
Cleanthes, his suicide, i. 212
Clemency, Seneca's distinction between it and pity, i. 189
Clement of Alexandria, on the two sources of all the wisdom of antiquity, i. 344.
On the Sibylline books, 376.
On wigs, ii. [149]
Clemens, Flavius, put to death, i. 433
Cleombrotus, his suicide, i. 212, note
Clergy, corruption of the, from the fourth century, ii. [150], [237].
Submission of the Eastern, but independence of the Western, clergy to the civil power, [264-268].
History of their celibacy, [328]
Climate, effects of, in stimulating or allaying the passions, i. 144
Clotaire, his treatment of Queen Brunehaut, ii. [237]
Clotilda, her conversion of her husband, i. 410; ii. [180]
Clovis, his conversion, i. 410; ii. [180].
Gregory of Tours' account of his acts, [240], [241]
Cock-fighting among the ancients and moderns, ii. [164], and note, [175], note
Cock-throwing, ii. [164], note, [175], note
Coemgenus, St., legend of, ii. [111], note
Coleridge, S. T., his remarks on the practice of virtue as a pleasure, i. 28, note.
His admiration for Hartley, 28, note.
On the binding ground of the belief of God and a hereafter, i. 55, note
Colman, St., his animal companions, ii. [170].
His girdle, [319], note
Colonies, Roman, the cosmopolitan spirit forwarded by the aggrandisement of the, i. 233
Colosseum, the, i. 275.
Games at the dedication of the, 280
Columbanus, St., his missionary labours, ii. [246]
Comedy, Roman, short period during which it flourished, i. 277
Comet, a temple erected by the Romans in honour of a, i. 367
Commodus, his treatment of the Christians, i. 443
Compassion, theory that it is the cause of our acts of barbarity, i. 71, 72
Concubines, Roman, ii. [350]
Concupiscence, doctrine of the Fathers respecting, ii. [281]
Condillac, cause of the attractiveness of utilitarianism to, i. 71.
Connection with Locke, i. 122, note
Confessors, power of the, in the early Church, i. 390, and note
Congo, Helvétius, on a custom of the people of, i. 102, note
Conquerors, causes of the admiration of, i. 94, 95
Conscience, association of ideas generating, i. 28.
Recognised by the disciples of Hartley, 29.
Definitions of Hobbes, Locke, Bentham, and Bain, 29, note.
The rewards and punishments of conscience, 60-62.
Unique position of, in our nature, 83.
As defined by Cicero, the Stoics, St. Paul, and Butler, 83
Consequences, remote, weakness of the utilitarian doctrine of, i. 42-44
“Consolations,” literature of, leading topics of, i. 204
Constantine, the Emperor, his foundation of the empire of the East, ii. [12].
His humane policy towards children, [29], [30].
His sanction of the gladiatorial shows, [35].
His laws mitigating the severity of punishments, [42].
His treatment of slaves, [64].
His law [pg 382] respecting Sunday, [244].
Magnificence of his court at Constantinople, [265]
Conventual system, effect of the suppression of the, on women, ii. [369]
Cordeilla, or Cordelia, her suicide, ii. [53], note
Corinth, effect of the conquest of, on the decadence of Rome, i. 169
Cornelia, a vestal virgin, incident of her execution, ii. [318], note
Cornelius, the bishop, martyrdom of, i. 454
Cornutus, his disbelief in a future state, i. 183
Corporations, moral qualities of, i. 152
Councils of the Church, character of the, ii. [197], note
Courtesans, Greek, ii. [287].
Causes of their elevation, [291-294].
How regarded by the Romans, [300]
Cousin, Victor, his criticism of the Scotch moralists, i. 74, note.
His objection against Locke, 75, note
Crantor, originates the literature of “Consolations,” i. 204
Cremutius Cordus, trial of, i. 448, note
Crime, value attached by the monks to pecuniary compensations for, ii. [213].
Catalogue of crimes of the seventh century, [237-239]
Criminals, causes of our indulgent judgment of, i. 135
Critical spirit, the, destroyed by Neoplatonism, i. 330
Cromaziano, his history of suicide, i. 216, note
Cruelty, origin and varieties of, i. 132, 134.
Cruelty to animals, utilitarian doctrine concerning, 46, 47
Crusius, his adherence to the opinion of Ockham as to the foundation of the moral law, i. 17, note
Cudworth, his analysis of moral judgments, i. 76
Culagium, a tax levied on the clergy, ii. [330]
Cumberland, Bishop, his unselfish view of virtue, i. 19, note
Cynics, account of the later, i. 309
Cyprian, St., his evasion of persecution by flight, i. 452.
His exile and martyrdom, 455
Cyzicus deprived of its freedom, i. 259
Dæmons, Apuleius' disquisition on the doctrine of, i. 323.
The doctrine supersedes the Stoical naturalism, i. 331.
The dæmons of the Greeks and Romans, 380.
And of the Christians, 382
Dale, Van, his denial of the supernatural character of the oracles, i. 374
Dead, Roman worship of the, i. 168
Death, calmness with which some men of dull and animal natures can meet, i. 89.
Frame of mind in which a man should approach death, according to Epictetus, 195.
Preparation for death one of the chief ends of the philosophy of the ancients, 202.
Bacon's objection to the Stoics' view of, 202.
The Irish legend of the islands of life and death, 203.
The literature of “Consolations,” 204.
Death not regarded by the philosophers as penal, 205.
Popular terrors of death, 205, 206.
Instances of tranquil pagan deaths, 207.
Distinctions between the pagan and Christian conceptions of death, 208
Decius, persecution of the Christians under, i. 449, 450
Defoe, Daniel, his tract against beggars, ii. [98], and note
Delphi, oracle of, its description of the best religion, i. 167
Deogratias, his ransom of prisoners, ii. [72]
Despotism, Helvétius' remarks on the moral effects of, i. 129, note
Diagoras, his denial of the existence of the gods, i. 162
Diodorus, the philosopher, his suicide, i. 215
Dion Chrysostom, his denunciation of images of the Deity, i. 166, 167, note.
His life and works, 312
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on the creed of the Romans, i. 167
Disinterestedness, Bentham's remarks on, quoted, i. 32, note
Disposition, what constitutes, according to the theory of association, i. 30
Divination, a favourite subject of Roman ridicule, i. 166.
Belief of the ancients in, 363
Divorce, unbounded liberty of, among the Romans, ii. [306-308].
Condemned by the Church, [350], [351]
Docetæ, their tenets, ii. [102]
Dog-star, legend of the, ii. [162]
Dolphin, legends of the, ii. [162], and note
Domestic laws, Roman, changes in, i. 297, 298
Domestic virtues, destruction of the, by the ascetics, ii. [125]
Domitian, his law respecting suicide, i. 219.
Anecdote of his cruelty, 289.
His law as to slaves, 307.
His persecution of the Stoics and Christians, 431, 432
Domitilla, banishment of, i. 433
Domnina, her suicide with her daughters, ii. [46]
Donatists, their intolerance, ii. [195]
Dowry of women, rise of the, ii. [277] and note
Dreams, opinions of the Romans concerning, i. 366, 367, note
Dumont, M., on vengeance quoted, i. 41, note
Duty, theory of morals must explain what is, and the notion of there being such a thing as, i. 5.
Paley on the difference between it and prudence, 15, 16, note.
Distinction between natural duties and those resting on positive law, 93.
Duty a distinct motive, 180
Dwarfs, combats of, in the arena, i. 281
Earthquakes, how regarded by the ancients, i. 369.
Cause of persecutions of the Christians, 408
Easter controversy, bitterness of the, ii. [198]
Eclectic school of philosophy, rise of the, i. 242.
Its influence on the Stoics, 245
Eclipses, opinions of the ancients concerning, i. 366
Education, importance ascribed to, by the theory of the association of ideas, i. 30.
Contrast between that adopted by the Catholic priesthood and that of the English public schools, 114.
Its influence on the benevolent feelings, 133, 134.
Two distinct theories of, 187
Egypt, the cradle of monachism, ii. [105].
The Mohammedan conquest of, [143].
Triumphs of the Catholics in, [196]
Egyptians, their reverence for the vulture, i. 108, note.
Their kindness to animals, 289.
Contrast of the spirit of their religion with that of the Greeks, 324.
Difference between the Stoical and Egyptian pantheism, 325
Elephants, legends of, ii. [161]
Emperors, Roman, apotheosis of, i. 170, 257
Endura, the Albigensian practice of, ii. [49]
England, national virtues and vices [pg 384] of, i. 153.
Ancient amusements of, ii. [174], [175], note
Ephrem, St., his charity, ii. [81]
Epictetus, his disbelief in a future state, i. 183.
His life and works, 184, and note.
On the frame of mind in which a man should approach death, 195.
His views of the natural virtue of man, 198.
On suicide, 214, note, 220.
On universal brotherhood, 254.
His stoicism tempered by a milder and more religious spirit, 245, 246.
His remarks on national religious beliefs, 405
Epicureans, their faith preserved unchanged at Athens, i. 128, and note.
Their scepticism, 162.
Roman Epicureans, 162, 163.
Epicureanism the expression of a type of character different from Stoicism, 171, 172.
But never became a school of virtue in Rome, 175.
Destructive nature of its functions, 176.
Esteemed pleasure as the ultimate end of our actions, 186.
Encouraged physical science, 193.
Their doctrine as to suicide, 214, 215, note
Epicurus, the four canons of, i. 14.
Vast place occupied by his system in the moral history of man, 171.
His character, 175, 176, note.
Lucretius' praise of him, 197.
His view of death, 205.
Discovery of one of his treatises at Herculaneum, 205, note
Epidemics, theological notions respecting, i. 356
Epiphanius, St., his miraculous stories, i. 378.
His charges against the Gnostics, 417.
Legend of him and St. Hilarius, ii. 159
Epponina, story of her conjugal fidelity, ii. [342]
Error, the notion of the guilt of, ii. [190-193]
Essenes, virginity their ideal of sanctity, i. 109, ii. [102]
Euhemerus, his explanation of the legends, i. 163
Euphrates the Stoic, his answer to Pliny the Younger, i. 202.
Has permission from Hadrian to commit suicide, 218, note
Euphraxia, St., ii. [110]
Euripides, beauty of the gentler virtues inculcated in the plays of, i. 228
Eusebius, on the allegorical and mythical interpretations of paganism, i. 163, note.
His account of the Christian persecutions, i. 463
Eusebius, St., his penances, ii. [108]
Eustathius, condemnation of, by the council of Gangra, ii. [131]
Evagrius, his inhumanity to his parents, ii. [125]
Evil, views of Hobbes and the Utilitarians of the essence and origin of, i. 8-10
Excellence, supreme, how far it is conducive to happiness, i. 56
Excommunication, penalties of, ii. 7
Executioners, always regarded as unholy, i. 41
Exorcism, among the early Christians, i. 378, 380.
Origin of the notions of possession and exorcism, 380.
Jews the principal exorcists, 380.
Belief of the early Christians in, 382.
Contempt of the pagans for it, 384.
Ulpian's law against exorcists, 384.
Probable explanation of possession and exorcism, 385.
Speedy decline of exorcism, 385.
The practice probably had no appreciable influence in provoking persecution of the Christians, 420
Experience, general statement of the doctrine which bases morals upon, i. 5
Fabianus, martyrdom of, i. 446
Fabiola, founded the first public hospital, ii. [80]
Fabius, his self-sacrifice, i. 185
Fabius Pictor, his works written in Greek, i. 230
Faculty, moral, the term, i. 75
Fairies, belief in, i. 348, 349
Fatalism, Æschylus the poet of, i. 196
Felicitas, St., her martyrdom, i. 444.
In prison, ii. 9
Fénelon, on the unselfish love we should bear to God, i. 18, note
Fetishism, latent, the root of a great part of our opinions, i. 350
Fidenæ, accident at the amphitheatre at, i. 275
Fights, sham, in Italy in the middle ages, ii. [37], [38]
Fire, regarded by the ancients as an emblem of virginity, i. 108, note
Fish, symbol of the early Christians, i. 376
Flamens of Jupiter, ii. [298]
Flora, games of, i. 276
Forethought, brought into a new position by industrial habits, i. 140
Foundlings, hospitals for, ii. [23], note, [32].
Adversaries of, [98], and note
France, condition of, under the Merovingian kings, ii. [236], note
Francis of Assisi, St., story of his death from asceticism, ii. [49].
His kindness to animals, [172]
Franks, cause of their conversion, i. 410
Frédégonde, Queen, her crimes, ii. [236], [237]
Freedmen, influence of, at Rome, i. 233.
Condition of the freedmen of the Romans, 236
Frenchmen, the chief national virtues and causes of their influence in Europe, i. 152.
Compared with Anglo-Saxon nations, 153
Friendship, Utilitarian view of, i. 10
Galerius, his persecution of the Christians, i. 458, 461.
His illness, 462.
Relents towards the Christians, 462
Galilæans, their indifference to death, i. 392, note
Gall, St., legend of, ii. [182].
His missionary labours, [247]
Gallienus, proclaims toleration to the Christians, i. 455, 457
Gallus, the Emperor, persecutions of the Christians under, i. 454
Gambling-table, moral influence of the, i. 148
Gaul, introduction of Christianity into, i. 442.
Foundation of the monastic system in, ii. [106].
Long continuance of polygamy among the kings of, [343]
Gay, his view of the origin of human actions, quoted, i. 8, note.
His suggestion of the theory of association, 23, 24
Genseric, effect of his conquest of Africa upon Italy, ii. [82].
His capture of Rome, [83]
George of Cappadocia, his barbarity, ii. [195]
Germanicus, the Emperor, fury of the populace with the gods, in consequence of the death of, i. 169
Germanus, St., his charity, ii. [245]
Germany, conversion of, to Christianity, ii. [246].
Marriage customs of the early Germans, [278].
Gervasius, St., recovery of his remains, i. 379.
Girdles of chastity, ii. [319], note
Gladiatorial shows, influence of Christianity on the suppression of, i. 34.
Reasons why the Romans saw nothing criminal in them, 101.
History and effect on the Romans of, 271-283.
How regarded by moralists and historians, 284.
The passion for them not inconsistent [pg 386] with humanity in other spheres, 288.
Gnostics, accusations against the, by the early Fathers, i. 417.
Their tenets, ii. 102
God, the Utilitarian view of the goodness of, i. 9, and note.
Question of the disinterestedness of the love we should bear to, 18.
Our knowledge of Him derived from our own moral nature, 55.
Early traces of an all-pervading soul of nature in Greece, 161, 162, 170.
Philosophic definitions of the Deity, 162, note.
Pantheistic conception of, by the Stoics and Platonists, 163.
Recognition of Providence by the Roman moralists, 196.
Two aspects under which the Stoics worshipped the Divinity—providence and moral goodness, 198
Gods, the, of the ancients, i. 161, et seq.
Euhemerus' theory of the explanation of the prevailing legends of the gods, 163.
Views of Cicero of the popular beliefs, 165.
Opinions of the Stoics, of Ovid, and of Horace, 166.
Nature of the gods of the Romans, 167.
Decline of Roman reverence for the gods, 168, 169
Good, pleasure equivalent to, according to the Utilitarians, i. 8, note, 9
Gracchi, colonial policy of the, i. 233
Grazers, sect of, ii. [109]
Greeks, ancient, their callous murder of children, i. 45, 46.
Low state of female morality among them.
Their enforcement of monogamy, 104.
Celibacy of some of their priests and priestesses, 105.
Early traces of a religion of nature, 161.
Universal providence attributed to Zeus, 161.
Scepticism of the philosophers, 161, 162.
Importance of biography in the moral teaching of the, i. 74.
Difference between the teaching of the Roman moralists and the Greek poets, 195.
On death, and future punishment, 205, 206.
Greek suicides, 212.
Gentleness and humanity of the Greek character, 227.
Influence on Roman character, 227, 228.
The Greek spirit at first as far removed from cosmopolitanism as that of Rome, 228.
Causes of Greek cosmopolitanism, 229.
Extent of Greek influence at Rome, 230.
Gladiatorial shows among them, 276.
Spirit of their religion contrasted with that of the Egyptians, 324.
Their intolerance of foreign religions, 406.
Condition and fall of their empire of the East, ii. [12-14].
Their practice of infanticide, [25-27].
Their treatment of animals, [164].
Their treatment of prisoners taken in war, [257], [258].
Their marriage customs, [277].
Women in the poetic age, [278].
Peculiarity of Greek feelings on the position of women, [280], [281].
Unnatural forms assumed by vice amongst them, [294]
Gregory the Great, his contempt for Pagan literature, ii. [201], note.
His attitude towards Phocas, [264]
Gregory of Nyssa, St., his eulogy of virginity, ii. [322]
Gregory of Tours, manner in which he regarded events, ii. [240-242], [261], [277]
Grotesque, or eccentric, pleasure derived from the, compared with that from beauty, i. 85
Gundebald, his murders approved of by his bishop, ii. [237]
Gunpowder, importance of the invention of, i. 126
Guy, Brother, his society for protection and education of children, ii. [33], and note
Hadrian, the Emperor, his view of suicide, i. 219.
Gives Euphrates permission to destroy himself, 218, note.
His laws respecting slaves, 307.
His leniency towards Christianity, 438.
His benevolence, ii. [77]
Hair, false, opinions of the Fathers on, ii. [149]
Hall, Robert, on theological Utilitarianism, i. 15 note
“Happiness, the greatest, for the greatest number,” theory of the, i. 3.
The sole end of human actions, according to the Utilitarians, 8, note.
The best man seldom the happiest, 69.
Mental compared with physical happiness, 87.
Influence of health and temperament on happiness, 88, and note
Hartley, his doctrine of association, i. 22.
Coleridge's admiration for him, 28, note.
On animal food, 48, note.
His attempt to evade the conclusion to which his view leads, quoted, 67, note.
His definition of conscience, 82
Hegesias, the orator of death, i. 215
Heliogabalus, his blasphemous orgies, i. 260
Hell, monkish visions of, ii. [221] and note.
Glimpses of the infernal regions furnished by the “Dialogues” of St. Gregory, [221].
Modern publications on this subject, [223], note
Helvétius, on the origin of human actions, i. 8, note.
On customs of the people of Congo and Siam, 102, note.
Compared with Aulus Gellius, 313
Herbert, of Cherbury, Lord, his profession of the doctrine of innate ideas, i. 123
Hercules, meaning of, according to the Stoics, i. 163
Hereford, Nicholas of, his opposition to indiscriminate alms, ii. [96]
Heresy, punishment of death for, i. 98; ii. [40]
Hermits. See [Asceticism]; [Monasticism]
Heroism, the Utilitarian theory unfavourable to, i. 66.
War, the school of heroism, 173
Hilarius, St., legend of him and St. Epiphanius, ii. [159]
Hildebrand, his destruction of priestly marriage, ii. [322]
Hippopotamus, legend of the, ii. [161]
Historical literature, scantiness of, after the fall of the Roman empire, ii. [235]
Hobbes, Thomas, his opinions concerning the essence and origin of virtue, i. 7, 8, note.
His view of the origin of human actions, quoted, 8, note.
His remarks on the goodness which we apprehend in God, quoted, 9, note.
And on reverence, 9, note.
On charity, 9, 10, note.
On pity, 10, note.
Review of the system of morals of his school, 11.
Gives the first great impulse to moral philosophy in England, 19, note.
His denial of the reality of pure benevolence, 20, 21.
His definition of conscience, 29, note.
His theory of compassion, 72, note
Holidays, importance of, to the servile classes, ii. [244]
Homer, his views of human nature and man's will, i. 196
Horace, his ridicule of idols, i. 166.
His description of the just man, 197
Hospitality enjoined by the Romans, ii. [79]
Hospitals, foundation of the first, ii. [80], [81]
Human life, its sanctity recognised by Christianity, ii. [18].
Gradual acquirement of this sense, [18]
Human nature, false estimate of, by the Stoics, i. 192
Hume, David, his theory of virtue, i. 4.
Misrepresented by many writers, 4.
His recognition of the reality of benevolence in our nature, 20, and note.
His comment on French licentiousness in the eighteenth century, 50, note.
His analysis of the moral judgments, 76.
Lays the foundation for a union of the schools of Clarke and Shaftesbury, 77
Humility, new value placed upon it by monachism, ii. [185], [187]
Hutcheson, Francis, his doctrine of a “moral sense,” i. 4.
Establishes the reality of the existence of benevolence in our nature, 20.
His analysis of moral judgments, 76
Hypatia, murder of, ii. [196]
Iamblichus, his philosophy, i. 330
Ideas, confused association of. Question whether our, are derived exclusively from sensation or whether they spring in part from the mind itself, 122.
The latter theory represented by the Platonic doctrine of pre-existence, 122.
Doctrine of innate ideas, 122
Idols and idolatry, views of the Roman philosophers of, i. 166.
Discussion between Apollonius of Tyana and an Egyptian priest respecting, 166, note.
Idols forbidden by Numa, 166, note.
Plutarch on the vanity of, 166, note
Ignatius, St., his martyrdom, i. 438
Ignis fatuus, legend of the, ii. [224], note
Imagination, sins of, i. 44.
Relation of the benevolent feelings to it, 132, 133.
Deficiency of imagination the cause of the great majority of uncharitable judgments, 134-136.
Feebleness of the imagination a source of legends and myths, 347.
Beneficial effects of Christianity in supplying pure images to the imagination, 299
Imperial system of the Romans, its effect on their morals, i. 257.
Apotheosis of the emperors, 257
India, ancient, admiration for the schools of, i. 229
Inductive, ambiguity of the term, as applied to morals, i. 73
Industrial truth, characteristics of, i. 137.
Influence of the promotion of industrial life upon morals, 139-140
Infanticide, history of the practice of, ii. [24].
Efforts of the Church to suppress it, [29].
Roman laws relating to, [31].
Causes of, in England, [285]
Infants, Augustinian doctrine of the damnation of unbaptised, i. 96.
The Sacrament given to, in the early Church, ii. [6]
Insanity, alleged increase of, ii. [60].
Theological notions concerning, [86].
The first lunatic asylums, [88]
Insurance societies among the poor of Greece and Rome, ii. [78]
Intellectual progress, its relations to moral progress, i. 149-151
Interest, self-, human actions governed exclusively by, according to the Utilitarians, i. 7, 8, note.
Summary of the relations of virtue and public and private, 117
Intuition, rival claims of, and utility to be regarded as the supreme regulator of moral distinctions, i. 1, 2.
Various names by which the theory of intuition is known, 2, 3.
Views of the moralists of the school of, 3.
Summary of their objections to the Utilitarian theory, i. 69.
The intuitive school, 74, 75.
Doctrines of Butler, Adam [pg 389] Smith, and others, 76-77.
Analogies of beauty and virtue, 77.
Distinction between the higher and lower parts of our nature, 83.
Moral judgments, and their alleged diversities, 91.
General moral principles alone revealed by intuition, 99.
Intuitive morals not unprogressive, 102, 103.
Difficulty of both the intuitive and utilitarian schools in finding a fixed frontier line between the lawful and the illicit, 116, 117.
The intuitive and utilitarian schools each related to the general condition of society, 122.
Their relations to metaphysical schools, 123, 124.
And to the Baconian philosophy, 125.
Contrasts between ancient and modern civilisations, 126, 127.
Practical consequences of the opposition between the two schools, 127
Inventions, the causes which accelerate the progress of society in modern times, i. 126
Ireland, why handed over by the Pope to England, ii. [217]
Irenæus, his belief that all Christians had the power of working miracles, i. 378
Irish, characteristics of the, i. 138.
Their early marriages and national improvidences, 146.
Absence of moral scandals among the priesthood, 146.
Their legend of the islands of life and death, 203.
Their missionary labours, ii. [246].
Their perpendicular burials, [253]
Isidore, St., legend of, ii. [205]
Isis, worship of, at Rome, i. 387.
Suppression of the worship, 402
Italians, characteristics of the, i. 138, 144
Italy, gigantic development of mendicancy in, ii. [98].
Introduction of monachism into, [106]
James, the Apostle, Eusebius' account of him, ii. [105]
James, St., of Venice, his kindness to animals, ii. [172]
Jenyns, Soame, his adherence to the opinion of Ockham, i. 17, note
Jerome, St., on exorcism, i. 382.
On the clean and unclean animals in the ark, ii. [104].
Legend of, [115].
Encouraged inhumanity of ascetics to their relations, [134].
His legend of SS. Paul and Antony, [158]
Jews, their law regulating marriage and permitting polygamy, i. 103.
Their treatment of suicides, 218, note.
Influence of their manners and creed at Rome, 235, 337.
Became the principal exorcists, 380, 381, note.
Spread of their creed in Rome, 386.
Reasons why they were persecuted less than the Christians, 402, 407.
How regarded by the pagans, and how the Christians were regarded by the Jews, 415.
Charges of immorality brought against the Christians by the Jews, 417.
Domitian's taxation of them, 432.
Their views of the position of women, ii. [337]
Joffre, Juan Gilaberto, his foundation of a lunatic asylum in Valencia, ii. [89]
John, St., at Patmos, i. 433
John, St., of Calama, story of, ii. [128]
John XXIII., Pope, his crimes, ii. [331]
Johnson, Dr., his adherence to the opinion of Ockham, i. 17, note
Julian, the Emperor, his tranquil death, i. 207, and note.
Refuses the language of adulation, 259.
His attempt to resuscitate paganism, 331.
Attitude of the Church towards him, ii. [261].
Joy at his death, [262]
Julien l'Hospitalier, St., legend of, ii. [84], note
Jupiter Ammon, fountain of, deemed miraculous, i. 366, and note
Justinian, his laws respecting slavery, ii. [65]
Justin Martyr, his recognition of the excellence of many parts of the pagan writings, i. 344.
On the “seminal logos,” 344.
On the Sibylline books, 376.
Cause of his conversion to Christianity, 415.
His martyrdom, 441
Juvenal, on the natural virtue of man, i. 197
Kames, Lord, on our moral judgments, i. 77.
Notices the analogies between our moral and æsthetical judgments, 77
King's evil, ceremony of touching for the, i. 363, note
Labienus, his works destroyed, i. 448, note
Lactantius, character of his treatise, i. 463
Lætorius, story of, i. 259
Laughing condemned by the monks of the desert, ii. [115], note
Law, Roman, its relation to Stoicism, i. 294, 295.
Its golden age not Christian, but pagan, ii. [42]
Lawyers, their position in literature, i. 131, note
Legacies forbidden to the clergy, ii. [151].
Power of making bequests to the clergy enlarged by Constantine, [215]
Leibnitz, on the natural or innate powers of man, i. 121, note
Leo the Isaurian, Pope, his compact with Pepin, ii. [266]
Leonardo da Vinci, his kindness to animals, ii. [172], note
Licentiousness, French, Hume's comments on, i. 50, note.
Locke, John, his view of moral good and moral evil, i. 8, note.
His theological utilitarianism, 16, note.
His view of the sanctions of morality, 19.
His invention of the phrase “association of ideas,” 23.
His definition of conscience, 29, note.
Cousin's objections against him, 75, note.
His refutation of the doctrine of a natural moral sense, 123, 124.
Rise of the sensual school out of his philosophy, 123, note.
Famous formulary of his school, 124
Lombard, Peter, character of his “Sentences,” ii. [226].
His visions of heaven and hell, [228]
Longinus, his suicide, i. 219
Love terms Greek, in vogue with the Romans, i. 231, note
Lucan, failure of his courage under torture, i. 194.
His sycophancy, 194.
His cosmopolitanism, 240
Lucius, the bishop, martyrdom of, i. 454
Lucretius, his scepticism, i. 162.
His disbelief in the immortality of the soul, i. 182, note.
His praise of Epicurus, 197.
His suicide, 215.
On a bereaved cow, ii. 165
Lunatic asylums, the first, ii. [89]
Luther's wife, her remark on the sensuous creed she had left, i. 52
Lyons, persecution of the Christians at, i. 441
Macarius, St., miracle attributed to, ii. [40], note.
Legend of his visit to an enchanted garden, [158].
Other legends of him, [158], [159], [170], [220]
Macedonia, effect of the conquest of, on the decadence of Rome, i. 169
Mackintosh, Sir James, theory of morals advocated by, i. 4.
Fascination [pg 391] of Hartley's doctrine of association over his mind, 29
Macrianus, persuades the Emperor Valerian to persecute the Christians, i. 455
Macrina Cælia, her benevolence to children, ii. [77]
Magdalen asylums, adversaries of, ii. [98], and note
Mallonia, virtue of, ii. [309]
Malthus, on charity, ii. [92], note
Mandeville, his “Enquiry into the Origin of Moral Virtue.” His thesis that “private vices are public benefits,” i. 7.
His opposition to charity schools, ii. [98]
Manicheans, their tenets, ii. [102].
Their prohibition of animal food, [167]
Manilius, his conception of the Deity, i. 163
Manufactures, influence upon morals, i. 139
Marcellinus, Tullius, his self-destruction, i. 222
Marcia, mistress of Commodus, her influence in behalf of toleration to the Christians, i. 443
Marcian, St., legend of the visit of St. Avitus to him, ii. [159]
Marcus, St., story of, and his mother, ii. [128]
Marriage, how regarded by the Jews, Greeks, Romans, and Catholics, i. 103, 104.
Statius' picture of the first night of marriage, 107, note.
Reason why the ancient Jews attached a certain stigma to virginity, 109.
Conflict of views of the Catholic priest and the political economist on the subject of early marriages, 114.
Results in some countries of the difficulties with which legislators surround marriage, 144.
Early marriages the most conspicuous proofs of Irish improvidence, 144.
Influence of asceticism on, ii. [320].
Notions of its impurity, [324].
Second marriages, [324]
Marseilles, law of, respecting suicide, i. 218, note.
Epidemic of suicide among the women of, ii. [55]
Martial, sycophancy of his epigrams, i. 194
Martin of Tours, St., establishes monachism in Gaul, ii. [106]
Martyrdom, glories of, i. 390.
Festivals of the Martyrs, 390, note.
Passion for, 391.
Dissipation of the people at the festivals, ii. [150]
Mary, St., of Egypt, ii. [110]
Mary, the Virgin, veneration of, ii. [367], [368], [390]
Massilians, wine forbidden to women by the, i. 96, note
Maternal affection, strength of, ii. [25], note
Maurice, on the social penalties of conscience, i. 60, note
Mauricus, Junius, his refusal to allow gladiatorial shows at Vienna, i. 286
Maxentius, instance of his tyranny, ii. [46]
Maximilianus, his martyrdom, ii. [248]
Maximinus, Emperor, his persecution of the Christians, i. 446
Maximus of Tyre, account of him and his discourses, i. 312.
His defence of the ancient creeds, 323.
Practical form of his philosophy, 329
Medicine, possible progress of, i. 158, 159
Melania, St., her bereavement, ii. [10].
Her pilgrimage through the Syrian and Egyptian hermitages, 120
Milesians, wine forbidden by the, to women, i. 94, note
Military honour pre-eminent among the Romans, i. 172, 173.
History of the decadence of Roman military virtue, 268
Mill, J., on association, 25, note, et seq.
Mill, J. S., quoted, i. 29, 47, 90, 102
Minerva, meaning of, according to the Stoics, i. 163
Miracles, general incredulity on the subject of, at the present time, i. 346, 348.
Miracles not impossible, 347.
Established by much evidence, 347.
The histories of them always decline with education, 348.
Illustration of this in the belief in fairies, 348.
Conceptions of savages, 349.
Legends, formation and decay of, 350-352.
Common errors in reasoning about miracles, 356.
Predisposition to the miraculous in some states of society, 362.
Belief of the Romans in miracles, 363-367.
Incapacity of the Christians of the third century for judging historic miracles, 375.
Contemporary miracles believed in by the early Christians, 378.
Exorcism, 378.
Neither past nor contemporary Christian miracles had much weight upon the pagans, 378
Missionary labours, ii. [246]
Mithra, worship of, in Rome, i. 386
Mohammedans, their condemnation of suicide, ii. [53].
Their lunatic asylums, [89].
Their religion, [251].
Effects of their military triumphs on Christianity, [252]
Molinos, his opinion on the love we should bear to God, condemned, i. 18, note
Monastic system, results of the Catholic monastic system, i. 107.
Suicide of monks, ii. 52.
Exertions of the monks in the cause of charity, 84.
Causes of the monastic movement, 102.
History of the rapid propagation of it in the West, 183.
New value placed by it on obedience and humility, 185, 269.
Relation of it to the intellectual virtues, 188.
The monasteries regarded as the receptacles of learning, 199.
Fallacy of attributing to the monasteries the genius that was displayed in theology, 208.
Other fallacies concerning the services of the monks, 208-212.
Value attached by monks to pecuniary compensations for crime, 213.
Causes of their corruption, 217.
Benefits conferred by the monasteries, 243
Monica, St., i. 94, note
Monogamy, establishment of, ii. [372]
Monophysites, the cause, to some extent, of the Mohammedan conquest of Egypt, ii. [143]
Montanists, their tenets, ii. [102]
Moral distinctions, rival claims of intuition and utility to be regarded as the supreme regulators of, i. 1
Moral judgments, alleged diversities of, i. 91.
Are frequently due to intellectual causes, 92.
Instances of this in usury and abortion, 92.
Distinction between natural duties and others resting on positive law, 93.
Ancient customs canonised by time, 93.
Anomalies explained by a confused association of ideas, 94, 95.
Moral perceptions overridden by positive religions, 95.
Instances of this in transubstantiation and the Augustinian and Calvinistic doctrines of damnation, 96, 97.
General moral principles alone revealed by intuition, 99.
The moral unity of different ages a unity not of standard but of tendency, 100.
Application of this theory to the history of benevolence, 100.
Reasons why acts regarded in one age as criminal are innocent in another, 101.
Views of Mill and Buckle on the comparative influence of intellectual and moral agencies in civilisation, 102, 103, note.
Intuitive morals not unprogressive, 102, 103.
Answers to miscellaneous [pg 393] objections against the theory of natural moral perceptions, 109.
Effect of the condition of society on the standard, but not the essence, of virtue, 110.
Occasional duty of sacrificing higher duties to lower ones, 110, et seq.
Summary of the relations of virtue and public and private interest, 117.
Two senses of the word natural, 119
Moral law, foundation of the, according to Ockham and his adherents, i. 17, note.
Various views of the sanctions of morality, 19.
Utilitarian theological sanctions, 53.
The reality of the moral nature the one great question of natural theology, 56.
Utilitarian secular sanctions, 57.
The Utilitarian theory subversive of morality, 66.
Plausibility and danger of theories of unification in morals, 72.
Our knowledge of the laws of moral progress nothing more than approximate or general, 136
“Moral sense,” Hutcheson's doctrine of a, i. 4
Moral system, what it should be, to govern society, i. 194
Morals, each of the two schools of, related to the general condition of society, i. 122.
Their relations to metaphysical schools, 123, 124.
And to the Baconian philosophy, 125.
Contrast between ancient and modern civilisations, 125-127.
Causes that lead societies to elevate their moral standard, and determine their preference of some particular kind of virtues, 130.
The order in which moral feelings are developed, 130.
Danger in proposing too absolutely a single character as a model to which all men must conform, 155.
Remarks on moral types, 156.
Results to be expected from the study of the relations between our physical and moral nature, 158.
Little influence of Pagan religions on morals, 161
More, Henry, on the motive of virtue, i. 76
Musonius, his suicide, i. 220
Mutius, history of him and his son, ii. [125]
Mysticism of the Romans, causes producing, i. 318
Myths, formation of, i. 351
Naples, mania for suicide at, ii. [55]
Napoleon, the Emperor, his order of the day respecting suicide, i. 219, note
Nations, causes of the difficulties of effecting cordial international friendships, i. 156
Natural moral perceptions, objections to the theory of, i. 116.
Two senses of the word natural, 118.
Reid, Sedgwick, and Leibnitz on the natural or innate powers of man, 121, note.
Locke's refutation of the doctrine of a natural moral sense, 124
Neoplatonism, account of, i. 325.
Its destruction of the active duties and critical spirit, 329
Neptune, views of the Stoics of the meaning of the legends of, i. 163.
His statue solemnly degraded by Augustus, 169
Nero, his singing and acting, i. 259.
His law about slaves, 307.
His persecution of the Christians, 429
Newman, Dr., on venial sin, i. 111, and note on pride, ii. [188]
Nicodemus, apocryphal gospel of, ii. [221]
Nilus, St., deserts his family, ii. [322]
Nitria, number of anchorites in the desert of, ii. [105]
Nolasco, Peter, his works of mercy, [pg 394] ii. [73].
His participation in the Albigensian massacres, [95]
Novatians, their tenets, ii. [102]
Numa, legend of his prohibition of idols, i. 166, note
Oath, sanctity of an, among the Romans, i. 168
Obedience, new value placed on it by monachism, ii. [185], [186], [269]
Obligation, nature of, i. 64, 65
Ockham, his opinion of the foundation of the moral law, i. 17, and note
Odin, his suicide, ii. [53]
O'Neale, Shane, his charity, ii. [96]
Opinion, influence of character on, i. 171, 172
Oracles, refuted and ridiculed by Cicero, i. 165.
Plutarch's defence of their bad poetry, 165, note.
Refusal of Cato and the Stoics to consult them, 165.
Ridiculed by the Roman wits, 166.
Answer of the oracle of Delphi as to the best religion, 167.
Theory of the oracles in the 'De Divinatione' of Cicero, 368, and note.
Van Dale's denial of their supernatural character, 374.
Books of oracles burnt under the republic and empire, 447, and note
Origen, his desire for martyrdom, i. 391
Orphanotrophia, in the early Church, ii. [32]
Otho, the Emperor, his suicide, i. 219.
Opinion of his contemporaries of his act, 219, note
Ovid, object of his “Metamorphoses,” i. 166.
His condemnation of suicide, 213, and note.
His humanity to animals, ii. 165
Oxen, laws for the protection of, ii. [162]
Oxyrinchus, ascetic life in the city of, ii. [105]
Pachomius, St., number of his monks, ii. [105]
Pætus and Arria, history of, ii. [310]
Pagan religions, their feeble influence on morals, i. 161
Pagan virtues, the, compared with Christian, i. 190
Paiderastia, the, of the Greeks, ii. [294]
Pain, equivalent to evil, according to the Utilitarians, i. 8, note
Palestine, foundation of monachism in, ii. [106].
Becomes a hot-bed of debauchery, [152]
Paley, on the obligation of virtue, i. 14, note.
On the difference between an act of prudence and an act of duty, 16, note.
On the love we ought to bear to God, 18, note.
On the religious sanctions of morality, 19.
On the doctrine of association, 25, note.
On flesh diet, 49, note.
On the influence of health on happiness, 88, note.
On the difference in pleasures, 90, note
Pambos, St., story of, ii. [116], note
Pammachus, St., his hospital, ii. [80]
Panætius, the founder of the Roman Stoics, his disbelief in the immortality of the soul, i. 183
Pandars, punishment of, ii. [316]
Parents, reason why some savages did not regard their murder as criminal, i. 101
Parthenon, the, at Athens, i. 105
Pascal, his advocacy of piety as a matter of prudence, i. 17, note.
His adherence to the opinion of Ockham as to the foundation of the moral law, 17, note.
His thought on the humiliation created by deriving pleasure from certain amusements, i. 86, note
Patriotism, period when it flourished, i. 136.
Peculiar characteristic of the virtue, 177, 178.
Causes of the predominance occasionally accorded [pg 395] to civic virtues, 200.
Neglect or discredit into which they have fallen among modern teachers, 201.
Cicero's remarks on the duty of every good man, 201.
Unfortunate relations of Christianity to patriotism, ii. [140].
Repugnance of the theological to the patriotic spirit, [145]
Paul, St., his definition of conscience, i. 83
Paul, the hermit, his flight to the desert, ii. [102].
Legend of the visit of St. Antony to him, [158]
Paul, St. Vincent de, his foundling hospitals, ii. [34]
Paula, story of her asceticism and inhumanity, ii. [133], [134]
Paulina, her devotion to her husband, ii. [310]
Pelagia, St., her suicide, ii. [46].
Her flight to the desert, [121], and note
Pelagius, ii. [223]
Pelican, legend of the, ii. [161]
Penances of the saints of the desert, ii. [107], et seq.
Penitential system, the, of the early church, ii. [6], [7]
Pepin, his compact with Pope Leo, ii. [267]
Peregrinus the Cynic, his suicide, i. 220
Pericles, his humanity, i. 228
Perpetua, St., her martyrdom, i. 391, 444; ii. [317]
Persecutions, Catholic doctrines justifying, i. 98.
Why Christianity was not crushed by them, 395.
Many causes of persecution, 395-397.
Reasons why the Christians were more persecuted than the Jews, 403, 406, 407.
Causes of the persecutions, 406, et seq.
History of the persecutions, 429.
Nero, 429.
Domitian, 431.
Trajan, 437.
Marcus Aurelius, 439, 440.
From M. Aurelius to Decius, 442, et seq.
Gallus, 454.
Valerian, 454.
Diocletian and Galerius, 458-463.
End of the persecutions, 463.
General considerations on their history, 463-468
Petronian law, in favour of slaves, i. 307
Petronius, his scepticism, i. 162.
His suicide, 215.
His condemnation of the show of the arena, 286
Philip the Arab, his favour to Christianity, i. 445
Philosophers, efforts of some, to restore the moral influence of religion among the Romans, i. 169.
The true moral teachers, 171
Philosophical truth, characteristics of, i. 139, 140.
Its growth retarded by the opposition of theologians, 140
Philosophy, causes of the practical character of most ancient, i. 202.
Its fusion with religion, 352.
Opinions of the early Church concerning the pagan writings, 332.
Difference between the moral teaching of a philosophy and that of a religion, ii. [1].
Its impotency to restrain vice, [4]
Phocas, attitude of the Church towards him, ii. [263]
Phocion, his gentleness, i. 228
Physical science affects the belief in miracles, i. 354, 355
Piety, utilitarian view of the causes of the pleasures and pains of, i. 9, and note.
A matter of prudence, according to theological Utilitarianism, 16
Pilate, Pontius, story of his desire to enrol Christ among the Roman gods, i. 429
Pilgrimages, evils of, ii. [152]
Pior, St., story of, ii. [129]
Pirates, destruction of, by Pompey, i. 234
Pity, a form of self-love, according to some Utilitarians, i. 9, 10, note.
Adam Smith's theory, 10, note.
Seneca's distinction between it and clemency, 189.
Altar to Pity at Athens, 228.
History of Marcus Aurelius' altar to Beneficentia at Rome, 228, note
Plato, his admission of the practice of abortion, i. 92.
Basis of his moral system, 105.
Cause of the banishment of the poets from his republic, 161, 162.
His theory that vice is to virtue what disease is to health, 179, and note.
Reason for his advocacy of community of wives, 200.
His condemnation of suicide, 212, and note.
His remarks on universal brotherhood, 241.
His inculcation of the practice of self-examination, 248
Platonic school, its ideal, i. 322
Platonists, their more or less pantheistic conception of the Deity, i. 163.
Practical nature of their philosophy, 329.
The Platonic ethics ascendant in Rome, 331
Pleasure the only good, according to the Utilitarians, i. 7.
Illustrations of the distinction between the higher and lower parts of our nature in our pleasures, 83-85.
Pleasures of a civilised compared with those of a semi-civilised society, 86.
Comparison of mental and physical pleasures, 87, 88.
Distinction in kind of pleasure, and its importance in morals, 89-91.
Neglected or denied by Utilitarian writers, 89, note
Pliny, the elder, on the probable happiness of the lower animals, i. 87, note.
On the Deity, 164.
On astrology, 171, and note, 164, note.
His disbelief in the immortality of the soul, 182.
His advocacy of suicide, 215.
Never mentions Christianity, 336.
His opinion of earthquakes, 369.
And of comets, 369.
His facility of belief, 370.
His denunciation of finger rings, ii. [148]
Pliny, the younger, his desire for posthumous reputation, i. 185, note.
His picture of the ideal of Stoicism, 186.
His letter to Trajan respecting the Christians, 437.
His benevolence, 242; ii. [77]
Plotinus, his condemnation of suicide, i. 214.
His philosophy, 330
Plutarch, his defence of the bad poetry of the oracles, 165, note.
His mode of moral teaching, 175.
Basis of his belief in the immortality of the soul, 204.
On superstitious fear of death, 206.
His letter on the death of his little daughter, 242.
May justly be regarded as the leader of the eclectic school, 243.
His philosophy and works compared with those of Seneca, 243.
His treatise on “The Signs of Moral Progress,” 249.
Compared and contrasted with Marcus Aurelius, 253.
How he regarded the games of the arena, 286.
His defence of the ancient creeds, 322.
Practical nature of his philosophy, 329.
Never mentions Christianity, 336.
His remarks on the domestic system of the ancients, 419.
On kindness to animals, ii. [165], [166].
His picture of Greek married life, [289]
Pluto, meaning of, according to the Stoics, i. 163
Po, miracle of the subsidence of the waters of the, i. 382, note
Pœmen, St., story of, and of his mother, ii. [129].
Legend of him and the lion, [169]
Political economy, what it has accomplished respecting almsgiving, ii. [90]
Political judgments, moral standard of most men in, lower than in private judgments, i. 151
Political truth, or habit of “fair play,” the characteristic of free communities, i. 139.
Highly civilised form of society to which it belongs, 139.
Its growth retarded by the opposition of theologians, 140
Polybius, his praise of the devotion and purity of creed of the Romans, i. 167
Polycarp, St., martyrdom of, i. 441
Polygamy, long continuance of, among the kings of Gaul, ii. [343]
Pompeii, gladiatorial shows at, i. 276, note
Pompey, his destruction of the pirates, i. 234.
His multiplication of gladiatorial shows, 273
Poor-law system, elaboration of the, ii. [96].
Its pernicious results, [97], [99], [105]
Poppæa, Empress, a Jewish proselyte, i. 386
Porcia, heroism of, ii. [309]
Porphyry, his condemnation of suicides, i. 214.
His description of philosophy, i. 326.
His adoption of Neoplatonism, i. 330
Possevin, his exposure of the Sibylline books, i. 377
Pothinus, martyrdom of, i. 442
Power, origin of the desire of, i. 23, 26
Praise, association of ideas leading to the desire for even posthumous, i. 26
Prayer, reflex influence upon the minds of the worshippers, i. 36
Preachers, Stoic, among the Romans, i. 308, 309
Pride, contrasted with vanity, i. 195.
The leading moral agent of Stoicism, i. 195
Prometheus, cause of the admiration bestowed upon, i. 35
Prophecies, incapacity of the Christians of the third century for judging prophecies, i. 376
Prophecy, gift of, attributed to the vestal virgins of Rome, i. 107.
And in India to virgins, 107, note
Prosperity, some crimes conducive to national, i. 58
Prostitution, ii. [282-286].
How regarded by the Romans, [314]
Protagoras, his scepticism, i. 162
Protasius, St., miraculous discovery of his remains, i. 379
Prudentius, on the vestal virgins at the gladiatorial shows, i. 291
Purgatory, doctrine of, ii. [232-235]
Pythagoras, sayings of, i. 53.
Chastity the leading virtue of his school, 106.
On the fables of Hesiod and Homer, 161.
His belief in an all-pervading soul of nature, 162.
His condemnation of suicide, 212.
Tradition of his journey to India, 229, note.
His inculcation of the practice of self-examination, 248.
His opinion of earthquakes, 369.
His doctrine of kindness to animals, ii. 165
Quakers, compared with the early Christians, ii. [12], and note
Quintilian, his conception of the Deity, i. 164
Rank, secular, consecration of, ii. [260], et seq
Rape, punishment for, ii. [316]
Redbreast, legend of the, ii. [224], note
Regulus, the story of, i. 212
Reid, basis of his ethics, i. 76.
His distinction between innate faculties evolved by experience and [pg 398] innate ideas independent of experience, 121, note
Religion, theological utilitarianism subverts natural, i. 54-56.
Answer of the oracle of Delphi as to the best, 167.
Difference between the moral teaching of a philosophy and that of a religion, ii. [1].
Relations between positive religion and moral enthusiasm, [141]
Religions, pagan, their small influence on morals, i. 161.
Oriental, passion for, among the Romans, 318
Religious liberty totally destroyed by the Catholics, ii. [194-199]
Repentance for past sin, no place for, in the writings of the ancients, i. 195
Reputation, how valued among the Romans, i. 185, 186
Resurrection of souls, belief of the Stoics in the, i. 164
Revenge, Utilitarian notions as to the feeling of, i. 41, and note.
Circumstances under which private vengeance is not regarded as criminal, i. 101
Reverence, Utilitarian views of, i. 9, and note.
Causes of the diminution of the spirit of, among mankind, 141, 142
Rhetoricians, Stoical, account of the, of Rome, i. 310
Ricci, his work on Mendicancy, ii. [98]
Rochefoucauld La, on pity, quoted, i. 10, note.
And on friendship, 10, 11, note
Rogantianus, his passive life, i. 330
Roman law, its golden age not Christian, but pagan, ii. [42]
Romans, abortion how regarded by the, i. 92.
Their law forbidding women to taste wine, 93, 94, note.
Reasons why they did not regard the gladiatorial shows as criminal, 101.
Their law of marriage and ideal of female morality, 104.
Their religious reverence for domesticity, 106.
Sanctity of, and gifts attributed to, their vestal virgins, 106.
Character of their cruelty, 134.
Compared with the modern Italian character in this respect, 134.
Scepticism of their philosophers, 162-167.
The religion of the Romans never a source of moral enthusiasm, 167.
Its characteristics, 168.
Causes of the disappearance of the religious reverence of the people, 169.
Efforts of some philosophers and emperors to restore the moral influence of religion, 169.
Consummation of Roman degradation, 170.
Belief in astrological fatalism, 170, 171.
The stoical type of military and patriotic enthusiasm pre-eminently Roman, 172-174, 178.
Importance of biography in their moral teaching, 178.
Epicureanism never became a school of virtue among them, 175.
Unselfish love of country of the Romans, 178.
Character of Stoicism in the worst period of the Roman Empire, 181.
Main features of their philosophy, 185, et seq.
Difference between the Roman moralists and the Greek poets, 195.
The doctrine of suicide the culminating point of Roman Stoicism, 222.
The type of excellence of the Roman people, 224, 225.
Contrast between the activity of Stoicism and the luxury of Roman society, 225, 226.
Growth of a gentler and more cosmopolitan spirit in Rome, 227.
Causes of this change, 228, et seq.
Extent of Greek influence at Rome, 228.
The cosmopolitan spirit strengthened by the destruction of the power of the aristocracy, 231, 232.
History [pg 399] of the influence of freedmen in the state, 233.
Effect of the aggrandisement of the colonies, the attraction of many foreigners to Rome, and the increased facilities for travelling, on the cosmopolitan spirit, 233, et seq.
Foreigners among the most prominent of Latin writers, 235.
Results of the multitudes of emancipated slaves, 235, 236.
Endeavours of Roman statesmen to consolidate the empire by admitting the conquered to the privileges of the conquerors, 238.
The Stoical philosophy quite capable of representing the cosmopolitan spirit, 239.
Influence of eclectic philosophy on the Roman Stoics, 244.
Life and character of Marcus Aurelius, 249-255.
Corruption of the Roman people, 255.
Causes of their depravity, 256.
Decadence of all the conditions of republican virtue, 256.
Effects of the Imperial system on morals, 257-261.
Apotheosis of the emperors, 257.
Moral consequences of slavery, 262.
Increase of idleness and demoralising employments, 262.
Increase also of sensuality, 263.
Destruction of all public spirit, 264.
The interaction of many states which in new nations sustains national life prevented by universal empire, 264.
The decline of agricultural pursuits, 265.
And of the military virtues, 268.
History and effects of the gladiatorial shows, 271.
Other Roman amusements, 276.
Effects of the arena upon the theatre, 277.
Nobles in the arena, 283.
Effects of Stoicism on the corruption of society, 291.
Roman law greatly extended by it, 294.
Change in the relation of Romans to provincials, 297.
Changes in domestic legislation, 297.
Roman slavery, 300-308.
The Stoics as consolers, advisers, and preachers, 308.
The Cynics and rhetoricians, 309, 310.
Decadence of Stoicism in the empire, 317.
Causes of the passion for Oriental religions, 318-320.
Neoplatonism, 325.
Review of the history of Roman philosophy, 332-335.
History of the conversion of Rome to Christianity, 336.
State of Roman opinion on the subject of miracles, 365.
Progress of the Jewish and Oriental religions in Rome, 386, 387.
The conversion of the Roman empire easily explicable, 393.
Review of the religious policy of Rome, 397.
Its division of religion into three parts, according to Eusebius, 403.
Persecutions of the Christians, 406, et seq.
Antipathy of the Romans to every religious system which employed religious terrorism, 420.
History of the persecutions, 429.
General sketch of the moral condition of the Western Empire, ii. [14].
Rise and progress of the government of the Church of Rome, [14], [15].
Roman practice of infanticide, [27].
Relief of the indigent, [73].
Distribution of corn, [74].
Exertions of the Christians on the subversion of the empire, [82].
Inadequate place given to this movement, [85].
Horrors caused by the barbarian invasions prevented to some extent by Christian charity, [81-84].
Influence of Christianity in hastening the fall of the empire, [140], [141].
Roman treatment of prisoners of war, [256-258].
Despotism of the pagan empire, [260].
Condition of women under the Romans, [297].
Their concubines, [350]
Rome, an illustration of crimes conducive to national prosperity, i. 58, note.
Conversion of, 336.
Three popular errors concerning its conversion, 339.
Capture of the city by the barbarians, ii. [82]
Romuald, St., his treatment of his father, ii. [135]
Rope-dancing of the Romans, i. 291
Sabinus, Saint, his penances, ii. [108]
Sacrament, administration of the, in the early Church, ii. [6]
Salamis, Brutus' treatment of the citizens of, i. 194
Sallust, his stoicism and rapacity, i. 194
Sanctuary, right of, accorded to Christian churches, ii. [40]
Savage, errors into which the deceptive appearances of nature doom him, i. 54.
First conceptions formed of the universe, 349.
The ethics of savages, 120, 121
Scepticism of the Greek and Roman philosophers, i. 162-166.
Influence of, on intellectual progress, ii. [193]
Scholastica, St., the legend of, ii. [136], note
Scifi, Clara, the first Franciscan nun, ii. [135]
Sectarian animosity, chief cause of, i. 134
Sedgwick, Professor, on the expansion of the natural or innate powers of men, i. 121, note
Sejanus, treatment of his daughter by the senate, i. 107, note
Self-denial, the Utilitarian theory unfavourable to, i. 66
Self-examination, history of the practice of, i. 247-249
Self-sacrifice, asceticism the great school of, ii. [155]
Seneca, his conception of the Deity, i. 163, note, 164.
His distinction between the affections and diseases, 189, note.
And between clemency and pity, 189.
His virtues and vices, i. 194.
On the natural virtue of man and power of his will, 197.
On the Sacred Spirit dwelling in man, 198.
On death, 205.
His tranquil end, 207.
Advocates suicide, 213, 220.
His description of the self-destruction of a friend, 222.
His remarks on universal brotherhood, 241.
His stoical hardness tempered by new doctrines, 244.
His practice of self-examination, 248.
His philosophy and works compared with those of Plutarch, 243, 244.
How he regarded the games of the arena, 286.
His exhortations on the treatment of slaves, 306.
Never mentions Christianity, 336.
Regarded in the middle ages as a Christian, 340.
On religious beliefs, 405
Sensuality, why the Mohammedans people Paradise with images of, i. 108.
Why some pagans deified it, 108.
Fallacy of judging the sensuality of a nation by the statistics of its illegitimate births, 144.
Influence of climate upon public morals, 144.
Of large towns, 145.
And of early marriages, 146.
Absence of moral scandals among the Irish priesthood, 146, 147.
Speech of Archytas of Tarentum on the evils of, 200, note.
Increase of sensuality in Rome, 263.
Abated by Christianity, ii. [153].
The doctrine of the Fathers respecting concupiscence, [281].
Serapion, the anthropomorphite, i. 52.
Number of his monks, ii. [105].
His interview with the courtesan, [320]
Sertorius, his forgery of auspicious omens, i. 166.
Severus, Alexander, refuses the language of adulation, i. 259.
His efforts to restore agricultural pursuits, 267.
Murder of, 444.
His leniency towards Christianity, 444.
His benevolence, ii. [77]
Severus, Cassius, exile of, i. 448, note
Severus, Septimus, his treatment of the Christians, i. 443
Sextius, his practice of self-examination, i. 248
Shaftesbury, maintains the reality of the existence of benevolence in our nature, i. 20.
On virtue, 76, 77
Sibylline books, forged by the early Christians, i. 376, 377
Silius Italicus, his lines commemorating the passion of the Spanish Celts for suicide, i. 207, note.
His self-destruction, 221
Silvia, her filthiness, ii. [110]
Simeon, Bishop of Jerusalem, his martyrdom, i. 438
Simeon Stylites, St., his penance, ii. [111].
His inhumanity to his parents, ii. [130]
Sin, the theological doctrine on the subject, i. 111, 112.
Conception of sin by the ancients, 195.
Original, taught by the Catholic Church, 209, 210.
Examination of the Utilitarian doctrine of the remote consequences of secret sins, 43, 44
Sisoes, the abbot, stories of, ii. [126], [127]
Sixtus, Bishop of Rome, his martyrdom, i. 455
Sixtus V., Pope, his efforts to suppress mendicancy, ii. [97]
Slavery, circumstances under which it has been justified, i. 101.
Origin of the word servus, 102, note.
Crusade of England against, 153.
Character of that of the Romans, 235.
Moral consequence of slavery, 262.
Three stages of slavery at Rome, 300.
Review of the condition of slaves, 300-306.
Opinion of philosophers as to slavery, 306.
Laws enacted in favour of slaves, 306.
Effects of Christianity upon the institution of slavery, ii. [61].
Consecration of the servile virtue, [68].
Impulse given to manumission, [70].
Serfdom in Europe, [70], [71], note.
Extinction of slavery in Europe, [71].
Ransom of captives, [72]
Smith, Adam, his theory of pity, quoted, i. 10, note.
His recognition of the reality of benevolence in our nature, 20.
His analysis of moral judgment, 76
Smyrna, persecution of the Christians at, i. 441
Socrates, his view of death, i. 205.
His closing hours, 207.
His advice to a courtesan, ii. [296]
Soul, the immortality of the, resolutely excluded from the teaching of the Stoics, i. 181.
Character of their first notions on the subject, 182.
The belief in the reabsorption of the soul in the parent Spirit, 183.
Belief of Cicero and Plutarch in the immortality of the, 204.
But never adopted as a motive by the Stoics, 204.
Increasing belief in the, 331.
Vague belief of the Romans in the, 168
Sospitra, story of, i. 373
Spain, persecution of the Christians in, i. 461.
Almost complete absence of infanticide in, ii. [25], note.
The first lunatic asylums in Europe established in, [89], [90]
Spaniards, among the most prominent of Latin writers, i. 235.
Their suicides, ii. [54]
Spartans, their intense patriotism, i. 178.
Their legislature continually extolled as a model, 201.
Condition of their women, ii. [290]
Spinoza, his remark on death, i. 203
Anecdote of him, 289
Staël, Madame de, on suicide, ii. [59]
Statius, on the first night of marriage, i. 107, note
Stewart, Dugald, on the pleasures of virtue, i. 32, note
Stilpo, his scepticism and banishment, i. 162.
His remark on his ruin, 191.
Stoics, their definition of conscience, i. 83.
Their view of the animation of the human fœtus, 92.
Their system of ethics favourable to the heroic qualities, 128.
Historical fact in favour of the system, 128.
Their belief in an all-pervading soul of nature, 162.
Their pantheistic conception of the Deity, 163.
Their conception and explanation of the prevailing legends of the gods, 163.
Their opinion as to the final destruction of the universe by fire, and the resuscitation of souls, 164.
Their refusal to consult the oracles, 165.
Stoicism the expression of a type of character different from Epicureanism, 172.
Rome pre-eminently the home of Stoicism, 172.
Account of the philosophy of the Stoics, 177.
Its two essentials—the unselfish ideal and the subjugation of the affections to the reason, 177.
The best example of the perfect severance of virtue and interest, 181.
Their views concerning the immortality of the soul, 182-184.
Taught men to sacrifice reputation, and do good in secret, 186.
And distinguished the obligation from the attraction of virtue, 186.
Taught also that the affections must be subordinate to the reason, 187-191.
Their false estimate of human nature, 192.
Their love of paradox, 192.
Imperfect lives of many eminent Stoics, 193.
Their retrospective tendencies, 193.
Their system unfitted for the majority of mankind, 194.
Compared with the religious principle, 195.
The central composition of this philosophy, the dignity of man, 195.
High sense of the Stoics of the natural virtue of man, and of the power of his will, 195, 196.
Their recognition of Providence, 196.
The two aspects under which they worshipped God, 198.
The Stoics secured from quietism by their habits of public life, 199-201.
Their view of humanity, 202.
Their preparations for, and view of, death, 202.
Their teaching as to suicide, 212, 213, et seq.
Contrast between Stoicism and Roman luxury, 225, 226.
The Stoical philosophy quite capable of representing the cosmopolitan spirit, 239, 240.
Stoicism not capable of representing the softening movement of civilisation, 241.
Influence of the eclectic spirit on it, 244.
Stoicism becomes more essentially religious, 245.
Increasingly introspective character of later Stoicism, 247.
Marcus Aurelius the best example of later Stoicism, 249-255.
Effects of Stoicism on the corruption of Roman Society, 291, 292.
It raised up many good Emperors, 292.
It produced a noble opposition under the worst Emperors, 293.
It greatly extended Roman law, 294.
The Stoics considered as the consolers of the suffering, advisers of the young, and as popular preachers, 308.
Rapid decadence of Stoicism, 317, 318.
Difference between the Stoical and Egyptian pantheism, 324.
Stoical naturalism superseded by the theory of dæmons, 331.
Theory that the writings of the Stoics [pg 403] were influenced by Christianity examined, 332.
Domitian's persecution of them, 432
Strozzi, Philip, his suicide, ii. [56]
Suffering, a courageous endurance of, probably the first form of virtue in savage life, i. 130
Suicide, attitude adopted by Pagan philosophy and Catholicism towards, i. 211, et seq.
Eminent suicides, 215.
Epidemic of suicides at Alexandria, 216.
And of girls at Miletus, 216, note.
Grandeur of the Stoical ideal of suicide, 216.
Influences conspiring towards suicide, 217.
Seneca on self-destruction, 217, 218, 220.
Laws respecting it, 218, note.
Eminent instances of self-destruction, 219, 221.
The conception of, as an euthanasia, 221.
Neoplatonist doctrine concerning, 331.
Effect of the Christian condemnation of the practice of, ii. [43-61].
Theological doctrine on, [45], note.
The only form of, permitted in the early Church, [47].
Slow suicides, [48].
The Circumcelliones, [49].
The Albigenses, [49].
Suicides of the Jews, [50].
Treatment of corpses of suicides, [50].
Authorities for the history of suicides, [50], note.
Reaction against the mediæval laws on the subject, [51].
Later phases of its history, [54].
Self-destruction of witches, [54].
Epidemics of insane suicide, [55].
Cases of legitimate suicide, [55].
Suicide in England and France, [58]
Sunday, importance of the sanctity of the, ii. [244].
Laws respecting it, [245]
Superstition, possibility of adding to the happiness of man by the diffusion of, i. 50-53.
Natural causes which impel savages to superstition, i. 55.
Signification of the Greek word for, 205
Swan, the, consecrated to Apollo, i. 206
Sweden, cause of the great number of illegitimate births in, i. 144
Swinburne, Mr., on annihilation, i. 182, note
Symmachus, his Saxon prisoners, i. 287
Synesius, legend of him and Evagrius, ii. [214].
Refuses to give up his wife, [332]
Syracuse, gladiatorial shows at, i. 275
Tacitus, his doubts about the existence of Providence, i. 171, note
Telemachus, the monk, his death in the arena, ii. [37]
Telesphorus, martyrdom of, i. 446, note
Tertia Æmilia, story of, ii. [313]
Tertullian, his belief in dæmons, i. 382.
And challenge to the Pagans, 383
Testament, Old, supposed to have been the source of pagan writings, i. 344
Thalasius, his hospital for blind beggars, ii. [81]
Theatre, scepticism of the Romans extended by the, i. 170.
Effects of the gladiatorial shows upon the, 277
Theft, reasons why some savages do not regard it as criminal, i. 102.
Spartan law legalising it, 102
Theodebert, his polygamy, ii. [343]
Theodoric, his court at Ravenna, ii. [201], [202], note
Theodorus, his denial of the existence of the gods, i. 162
Theodorus, St., his inhumanity to his mother, ii. [128]
Theodosius the Emperor, his edict forbidding gladiatorial shows, ii. [36].
Denounced by the Ascetics, [139].
His law respecting Sunday, [245]
Theological utilitarianism, theories of, i. 14-17
Theology, sphere of inductive reasoning in, 357
Theon, St., legend of, and the wild beasts, ii. [168]
Theurgy rejected by Plotinus, i. 330.
All moral discipline resolved into, by Iamblichus, 330
Thrace, celibacy of societies of men in, i. 106
Thrasea, mildness of his Stoicism, i. 245
Thrasea and Aria, history of, ii. [311]
Thriftiness created by the industrial spirit, i. 140
Tiberius the Emperor, his images invested with a sacred character, i. 260.
His superstitions, 367, and note
Timagenes, exiled from the palace by Tiberius, i. 448, note
Titus, the Emperor, his tranquil end, i. 207.
Instance of his amiability, 287
Tooth-powder, Apuleius' defence of, ii. [148]
Torments, future, the doctrine of, made by the monks a means of extorting money, ii. [216].
Monastic legends of, 220
Tragedy, effects of the gladiatorial shows upon, among the Romans, i. 277
Trajan, the Emperor, his gladiatorial shows, i. 287.
Letter of Pliny to, respecting the Christians, 437.
Trajan's answer, 437.
His benevolence to children, ii. [77].
Legend of St. Gregory and the Emperor, [223]
Transmigration of souls, doctrine of, of the ancients, ii. [166]
Travelling, increased facilities for, of the Romans, i. 234
Trinitarian monks, their works of mercy, ii. [73]
Troubadours, one of their services to mankind, ii. [232]
'Truce of God,' importance of the, ii. [254]
Truth, possibility of adding to the happiness of men by diffusing abroad, or sustaining, pleasing falsehoods, i. 52.
Saying of Pythagoras, 53.
Growth of, with civilisation, 137.
Industrial, political, and philosophical, 137-140.
Relation of monachism to the abstract love of truth, ii. [189].
Causes of the mediæval decline of the love of truth, [212]
Tucker, his adoption of the doctrine of the association of ideas, i. 25, note
Turks, their kindness to animals, i. 289
Types, moral, i. 156.
All characters cannot be moulded in one type, 158
Ulpian on suicide, i. 218, note
Unselfishness of the Stoics, i. 177
Usury, diversities of moral judgment respecting, i. 92
Utilitarian school. See Morals; Virtue; Vice
Utility, rival claims of, and intuition to be regarded as the supreme regulators of moral distinctions, i. 1, 2.
Various names by which the theory of utility is known, 3.
Views of the moralists of the school of, 3, et seq.
Valerian, his persecutions of the Christians, i. 454
Valerius Maximus, his mode of moral teaching, i. 174
Vandals, their conquest of Africa, ii. [150]
Varro, his conception of the Deity, [pg 405] i. 163.
On popular religious beliefs, 167
Venus, effect of the Greek worship of, on the condition of women, ii. [291], note
Vespasian, his dying jest, i. 259.
Effect of his frugality on the habits of the Romans, 292.
Miracle attributed to him, 347.
His treatment of philosophers, 448, note
Vice, Mandeville's theory of the origin of, i. 7.
And that “private vices were public benefits,” 7.
Views of the Utilitarians as to, 12.
The degrees of virtue and vice do not correspond to the degrees of utility, or the reverse, 40-42.
The suffering caused by vice not proportioned to its criminality, 57-59.
Plato's ethical theory of virtue and vice, 179.
Grote's summary of this theory, 179, note.
Conception of the ancients of sin, 195.
Moral efficacy of the Christian sense of sin, ii. [3], [4]
Virgil, his conception of the Deity, i. 163.
His epicurean sentiment, 193, note.
On suicide, 213.
His interest in animal life, ii. [165]
Virginity, how regarded by the Greeks, i. 105.
Æschylus' prayer to Athene, 105.
Bees and fire emblems of virginity, 108, note.
Reason why the ancient Jews attached a certain stigma to virginity, 109.
Views of Essenes, 109
Virgins, Vestal, sanctity and gifts attributed to the, i. 106, 107, and note.
Executions of, 407, and note.
Reasons for burying them alive, ii. [41].
How regarded by the Romans, [297]
Virtue, Hume's theory of the criterion, essential element, and object of, i. 4.
Motive to virtue according to the doctrine which bases morals upon experience, 6.
Mandeville's the lowest and most repulsive form of this theory, 6, 7.
Views of the essence and origin of virtue adopted by the school of Utilitarians, 7-9.
Views of the Utilitarians of, 12.
Association of ideas in which virtue becomes the supreme object of our affections, 27.
Impossibility of virtue bringing pleasure if practised only with that end, 35, 36.
The utility of virtue not denied by intuitive moralists, 39.
The degrees of virtue and vice do not correspond to the degrees of utility, or the reverse, 53.
The rewards and punishments of conscience, 59, 60.
The self-complacency of virtuous men, 64, 65, and note.
The motive to virtue, according to Shaftesbury and Henry More, 76.
Analogies of beauty and virtue, 77.
Their difference, 78.
Diversities existing in our judgments of virtue and beauty, 79, 80.
Virtues to which we can and cannot apply the term beautiful, 82.
The standard, though not the essence, of virtue, determined by the condition of society, 109.
Summary of the relations of virtue to public and private interest, 117.
Emphasis with which the utility of virtue was dwelt upon by Aristotle, 124.
Growth of the gentler virtues, 132.
Forms of the virtue of truth, industrial, political, and philosophical, 137.
Each stage of civilisation is specially appropriate to some virtue, 147.
National virtues, 151.
Virtues, naturally grouped together according to principles of affinity or congruity, 153.
Distinctive beauty of a moral type, 154.
Rudimentary [pg 406] virtues differing in different ages, nations, and classes, 154, 155.
Four distinct motives leading men to virtue, 178-180.
Plato's fundamental proposition that vice is to virtue what disease is to health, 179.
Stoicism the best example of the perfect severance of virtue and self-interest, 181.
Teachings of the Stoics that virtue should conceal itself from the world, 186.
And that the obligation should be distinguished from the attraction of virtue, 186.
The eminent characteristics of pagan goodness, 190.
All virtues are the same, according to the Stoics, 192.
Horace's description of a just man, 197.
Interested and disinterested motives of Christianity to virtue, ii. [3].
Decline of the civic virtues caused by asceticism, [139].
Influence of this change on moral philosophy, [146].
The importance of the civic virtues exaggerated by historians, [147].
Intellectual virtues, [188].
Relation of monachism to these virtues, [189], et seq.
Vitalius, St., legend of, and the courtesan, ii. [320]
Vivisection, ii. [176].
Approved by Bacon, [176], note
Volcanoes, how regarded by the early monks, ii. [221]
Vultures, why made an emblem of nature by the Egyptians, i. 108, note
War, its moral grandeur, i. 95.
The school of the heroic virtues, 173.
Difference between foreign and civil wars, 232.
Antipathy of the early Christians to a military life, ii. [248].
Belief in battle being the special sphere of Providential interposition, [249].
Effects of the military triumphs of the Mohammedans, [251].
Influences of Christianity upon war considered, [254].
Improved condition of captives taken in war, [256]
Warburton, on morals, i. 15, note, 17, note
Waterland, on the motives to virtue and cause of our love of God, quoted, i. 9, note, 15, note
Wealth, origin of the desire to possess, i. 23.
Associations leading to the desire for, for its own sake, 25
Western Empire, general sketch of the moral condition of the, ii. [14]
Widows, care of the early Church for, ii. [366]
Will, freedom of the human, sustained and deepened by the ascetic life, ii. [123]
Wine, forbidden to women, i. 93, 94, note
Witchcraft, belief in the reality of, i. 363.
Suicide common among witches, ii. [54]
Wollaston, his analysis of moral judgments, i. 76
Women, law of the Romans forbidding women to taste wine, i. 93, 94, note.
Standards of female morality of the Jews, Greeks, and Romans, 103, 104.
Virtues and vices growing out of the relations of the sexes, 143.
Female virtue, 143.
Effects of climate on this virtue, 144.
Of large towns, 146.
And of early marriages, 145.
Reason for Plato's advocacy of community of wives, 200.
Plutarch's high sense of female excellence, 244.
Female gladiators at Rome, 281, and note.
Relations of female devotees with the anchorites, ii. [120], [128], [150].
Their condition in savage life, [276].
Cessation [pg 407] of the sale of wives, [276].
Rise of the dowry, [277].
Establishment of monogamy, [278].
Doctrine of the Fathers as to concupiscence, [281].
Nature of the problem of the relations of the sexes, [282].
Prostitution, [282-284].
Recognition in Greece of two distinct orders of womanhood—the wife and the hetæra, [287].
Condition of Roman women, [297], et seq.
Legal emancipation of women in Rome, [304].
Unbounded liberty of divorce, [306].
Amount of female virtue in Imperial Rome, [308-312].
Legislative measures to repress sensuality, [312].
To enforce the reciprocity of obligation in marriage, [312].
And to censure prostitution, [315].
Influence of Christianity on the position of women, [316], et seq.
Marriages, [320].
Second marriages, [324].
Low opinion of women, produced by asceticism, [338].
The canon law unfavourable to their proprietary rights, [338], [339].
Barbarian heroines and laws, [341-344].
Doctrine of equality of obligation in marriage, [346].
The duty of man towards woman, [347].
Condemnation of transitory connections, [350].
Roman concubines, [351].
The sinfulness of divorce maintained by the Church, [350-353].
Abolition of compulsory marriages, [353].
Condemnation of mixed marriages, [353], [354].
Education of women, [355].
Relation of Christianity to the female virtues, [358].
Comparison of male and female characteristics, [358].
The Pagan and Christian ideal of woman contrasted, [361-363].
Conspicuous part of woman in the early Church, [363-365].
Care of widows, [367].
Worship of the Virgin, [368], [369].
Effect of the suppression of the conventual system on women, [369].
Revolution going on in the employments of women, [373]
Xenocrates, his tenderness, ii. [163]
Xenophanes, his scepticism, i. 162
Xenophon, his picture of Greek married life, ii. [288]
Zadok, the founder of the Sadducees, i. 183, note
Zeno, vast place occupied by his system in the moral history of man, i. 171.
His suicide, 212.
His inculcation of the practice of self-examination, 248
Zeus, universal providence attributed by the Greeks to, i. 161